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Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the etiologic agent of varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles) infections commonly involving skin, mucous membranes, and less frequently the central nervous system. Traditional methods for the laboratory diagnosis of these infections are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and often insensitive. As such, these tests are being replaced by more sensitive and rapid molecular methods. This study evaluated the performance of two different molecular assays, the Simplexa VZV Direct and Simplexa VZV Swab Direct, to detect VZV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lesion-swab specimens, respectively. The Simplexa VZV Direct and Simplexa VZV Swab Direct assays were compared against individual composite reference methods that varied depending on the sample cohort examined. A total of 883 CSF and 452 cutaneous and mucocutaneous prospective, retrospective, and contrived specimens were evaluated in this multicenter study. The results of this study showed that the Simplexa assays demonstrated near perfect agreement (k = 0.98) compared to the composite reference methods for the detection of VZV in CSF and lesion swab specimens. A further comparison between the standard of care molecular assays employed at the site of specimen collection and the Simplexa assays demonstrated excellent agreement (k = 1.0). The Simplexa assays offer rapid and reliable alternatives for the detection of VZV in certain clinical specimens without the need for nucleic acid extraction.
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Varicela , Herpes Zóster , Varicela/diagnóstico , Herpes Zóster/diagnóstico , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Manejo de EspecímenesRESUMEN
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis in developed countries. Recommendations for antepartum GBS detection include enriched culture with several options for identifying GBS, some of which are time-consuming. To reduce the time for identification and determination of the maternal GBS colonization status, rapid nucleic acid amplification technologies have been developed and commercialized. For rapid detection of GBS, a three-site clinical study was conducted to evaluate the NeuMoDx GBS assay, a real-time PCR test performed for vaginal/rectal swab specimens in Lim broth enrichment culture on the NeuMoDx 288 molecular system (NeuMoDx system); these data were used to a support 510(k) submission. A total of 1,250 eligible remnant samples were prospectively enrolled and tested during the study. The results of the PCR assay were compared to the results of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-recommended enriched-culture method, which served as the gold standard reference method for the study. The NeuMoDx GBS assay results yielded a sensitivity of 96.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 94.1 to 98.4), specificity of 96.0% (95% CI = 94.6 to 97.1), and a total agreement with the reference method of 96.2% (95% CI = 93.8 to 98.3). NeuMoDx GBS assay results were also compared to results obtained using the BD MAX GBS assay on the BD MAX system. The two systems demonstrated a total percent agreement of 98.0% (95% CI = 95.5 to 100.0). The performance of the NeuMoDx GBS assay implemented on the NeuMoDx system compared favorably to the CDC enriched-culture method and to the BD MAX GBS assay.
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Portador Sano/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/diagnóstico , Streptococcus agalactiae/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , Recto/microbiología , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Streptococcus agalactiae/clasificación , Streptococcus agalactiae/genética , Vagina/microbiologíaRESUMEN
In areas where Streptococcus pneumoniae is highly endemic, infants experience very early pneumococcal colonization of the upper respiratory tract, with carriage often persisting into adulthood. We aimed to explore whether newborns in high-risk areas have pre-existing pneumococcal-specific cellular immune responses that may affect early pneumococcal acquisition. Cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) of 84 Papua New Guinean (PNG; high endemic) and 33 Australian (AUS; low endemic) newborns were stimulated in vitro with detoxified pneumolysin (dPly) or pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA; families 1 and 2) and compared for cytokine responses. Within the PNG cohort, associations between CBMC dPly and PspA-induced responses and pneumococcal colonization within the first month of life were studied. Significantly higher PspA-specific interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 responses, and lower dPly-IL-6 responses were produced in CBMC cultures of PNG compared to AUS newborns. Higher CBMC PspA-IL-5 and PspA-IL-13 responses correlated with a higher proportion of cord CD4 T cells, and higher dPly-IL-6 responses with a higher frequency of cord antigen-presenting cells. In the PNG cohort, higher PspA-specific IL-5 and IL-6 CBMC responses were associated independently and significantly with increased risk of earlier pneumococcal colonization, while a significant protective effect was found for higher PspA-IL-10 CBMC responses. Pneumococcus-specific cellular immune responses differ between children born in pneumococcal high versus low endemic settings, which may contribute to the higher risk of infants in high endemic settings for early pneumococcal colonization, and hence disease.
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Sangre Fetal/inmunología , Sangre Fetal/microbiología , Inmunidad Celular/inmunología , Infecciones Neumocócicas/inmunología , Streptococcus pneumoniae/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/inmunología , Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Australia , Proteínas Bacterianas/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/microbiología , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/microbiología , Papúa Nueva Guinea , Infecciones Neumocócicas/microbiología , Embarazo , RiesgoRESUMEN
AIM: To examine the effects of tobacco control television advertisements with positive and negative emotional content on adult smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption. DESIGN: Analysis of monthly cross-sectional surveys using generalised additive models. SETTING: England. PARTICIPANTS: 60 000 adults aged 18 years or over living in England and interviewed in the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey from 2004 to 2010. MEASUREMENTS: Current smoking status, daily cigarette consumption, tobacco control gross rating points (GRPs-a measure of per capita advertising exposure), cigarette costliness, concurrent tobacco control policies, sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: After adjusting for cigarette costliness, other tobacco control policies and individual characteristics, we found that a 400-point increase in positive emotive GRPs was associated with 7% lower odds of smoking (odds ratio (OR) 0.93, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.98) 1 month later and a similar increase in negative emotive GRPs was significantly associated with 4% lower odds of smoking (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92 to 0.999) 2 months later. An increase in negative emotive GRPs from 0 to 400 was also associated with a significant 3.3% (95% CI 1.1 to 5.6) decrease in average cigarette consumption. There was no evidence that the association between positive emotive GRPs and the outcomes differed depending on the intensity of negative emotive GRPs (and vice versa). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to explore the effects of campaigns with different types of emotive content on adult smoking prevalence and consumption. It suggests that both types of campaign (positive and negative) are effective in reducing smoking prevalence, whereas consumption among smokers was only affected by campaigns evoking negative emotions.
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Publicidad , Emociones , Prevención del Hábito de Fumar , Televisión , Estudios Transversales , Inglaterra , Humanos , Fumar/epidemiología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is considerable evidence that tobacco control mass media campaigns can change smoking behaviour. In the UK, campaigns over the last decade have contributed to declines in smoking prevalence and been associated with falls in cigarette consumption among continuing smokers. However, it is less evident whether such campaigns can also play a role in changing smokers' behaviour in relation to protecting others from the harmful effects of their smoking in the home. We investigated whether exposure to English televised tobacco control campaigns, and specifically campaigns targeting second hand smoking, is associated with smokers having a smoke-free home. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional national survey data on 9872 households which participated in the Health Survey for England between 2004 and 2010, with at least one adult current smoker living in the household. Exposure to all government-funded televised tobacco control campaigns, and to those specifically with a second hand smoking theme, was quantified in Gross Rating Points (GRPs), an average per capita measure of advert exposure where 100 GRPs indicates 100 % of adults exposed once or 50 % twice. Our outcome was self-reported presence of a smoke-free home (where no one smokes in the home on most days). Analysis used generalised additive models, controlling for individual factors and temporal trends. RESULTS: There was no association between monthly televised campaigns overall and the probability of having a smoke-free home. However, exposure to campaigns specifically targeting second hand smoke was associated with increased odds of a smoke-free home in the following month (odds ratio per additional 100 GRPs, 1.07, 95 % CI 1.01 to 1.13), though this association was not seen at other lags. These effects were not modified by socio-economic status or by presence of a child in the home. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide tentative evidence that mass media campaigns specifically focussing on second hand smoke may be effective in reducing smoking in the home, and further evaluation of campaigns of this type is needed. General tobacco control campaigns in England, which largely focus on promoting smoking cessation, do not impact on smoke-free homes over and above their direct effect at reducing smoking.
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Publicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Promoción de la Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/estadística & datos numéricos , Prevención del Hábito de Fumar , Televisión , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/prevención & control , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Humo , Fumar/epidemiología , Clase Social , Nicotiana , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Hyperglycaemia disproportionately affects African-Americans (AfAs). We tested the transferability of 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with glycaemic traits identified in European ancestry (EuA) populations in 5,984 non-diabetic AfAs. METHODS: We meta-analysed SNP associations with fasting glucose (FG) or insulin (FI) in AfAs from five cohorts in the Candidate Gene Association Resource. We: (1) calculated allele frequency differences, variations in linkage disequilibrium (LD), fixation indices (F(st)s) and integrated haplotype scores (iHSs); (2) tested EuA SNPs in AfAs; and (3) interrogated within ± 250 kb around each EuA SNP in AfAs. RESULTS: Allele frequency differences ranged from 0.6% to 54%. F(st) exceeded 0.15 at 6/16 loci, indicating modest population differentiation. All iHSs were <2, suggesting no recent positive selection. For 18 SNPs, all directions of effect were the same and 95% CIs of association overlapped when comparing EuA with AfA. For 17 of 18 loci, at least one SNP was nominally associated with FG in AfAs. Four loci were significantly associated with FG (GCK, p = 5.8 × 10(-8); MTNR1B, p = 8.5 × 10(-9); and FADS1, p = 2.2 × 10(-4)) or FI (GCKR, p = 5.9 × 10(-4)). At GCK and MTNR1B the EuA and AfA SNPs represented the same signal, while at FADS1, and GCKR, the EuA and best AfA SNPs were weakly correlated (r(2) <0.2), suggesting allelic heterogeneity for association with FG at these loci. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Few glycaemic SNPs showed strict evidence of transferability from EuA to AfAs. Four loci were significantly associated in both AfAs and those with EuA after accounting for varying LD across ancestral groups, with new signals emerging to aid fine-mapping.
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Glucemia/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Hiperglucemia/etnología , Hiperglucemia/genética , Insulina/genética , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano/genética , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Bases de Datos Genéticas/estadística & datos numéricos , delta-5 Desaturasa de Ácido Graso , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/etnología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Humanos , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo/genética , Factores de Riesgo , Población Blanca/genética , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Sepsis/terapia , Anestesiología , Biomarcadores , Humanos , Monitoreo Fisiológico , Sepsis/diagnóstico , Sepsis/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis American Type Culture Collection deposit number PTA-125135 has recently been studied by our laboratory as a potential probiotic strain for avian species. The objective of the present study was to evaluate growth performance and feed efficiency in broiler chickens in response to a dose titration of the Bacillus strain in feed. In addition to a nonsupplemented control, Bacillus spores were supplemented into broiler chicken diets at 4 levels, which were 8.1 × 104, 1.6 × 105, 2.4 × 105, and 3.2 × 105 CFU per g of feed. The titration was applied to two different dietary regimes of standard or low metabolizable energy (ME), which differed in ME by 22, 56, and 110 kcal/kg in starter, grower, and finisher dietary phases, respectively. All diets contained 249 g per metric ton of a previously patented synbiotic feed additive. Performance data were collected at day 14, 26, and 40 of age, and the effects of Bacillus and ME treatments were evaluated by factorial ANOVA. Treatment group means were further examined for significant (P < 0.05) pairwise differences among treatments and for significant (P < 0.05) linear and quadratic effects. At day 14 of age, significant linear effects for decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) with higher CFU of Bacillus supplementation were observed within the standard ME diet. At day 26, a linear trend was observed for increased mortality with increased dose within the standard ME diet only. Bacillus supplementation at day 26 also significantly affected FCR and mortality-adjusted FCR, where supplementation with 3.2 × 105 CFU per g feed produced lower FCR and mortality-adjusted FCR than supplementation with 1.6 × 105 CFU per g feed. We conclude from linear effects related to feed efficiency observed at day 14 and from the significant separation of Bacillus treatment means within the titrated range of supplementation at day 26 that further evaluation for effects on performance should be made of doses at 2.4 × 105, 3.2 × 105, and greater CFU per g in feed.
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Bacillus , Pollos , Dieta , Metabolismo Energético , Probióticos , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Pollos/microbiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Suboptimal sleep, including insufficient/long sleep duration and poor sleep quality, is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) common but there is little information among African Americans, a group with a disproportionate CVD burden. The current study examined the association between suboptimal sleep and incident CVD among African Americans. METHODS: This study included 4,522 African Americans without CVD at baseline (2000-2004) of the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Self-reported sleep duration was defined as very short (<6 h/night), short (6 h/night), recommended (7-8 h/night), and long (≥9 h/night). Participants' self-reported sleep quality was defined as "high" and "low" quality. Suboptimal sleep was defined by low quality sleep and/or insufficient/long sleep duration. Incident CVD was a composite of incident coronary heart disease and stroke. Associations between suboptimal sleep and incident CVD were examined using Cox proportional hazards models over 15 follow-up years with adjustment for predictors of CVD risk and obstructive sleep apnea. RESULTS: Sample mean age was 54 years (SD = 13), 64% female and 66% reported suboptimal sleep. Suboptimal sleep was not associated with incident CVD after covariate adjustment [HR(95% CI) = 1.18(0.97-1.46)]. Long [HR(95%CI) = 1.32(1.02-1.70)] and very short [HR(95% CI) = 1.56(1.06-2.30)] sleep duration were associated with incident CVD relative to recommended sleep duration. Low quality sleep was not associated with incident CVD (p = 0.413). CONCLUSIONS: Long and very short self-reported sleep duration but not self-reported sleep quality were associated with increased hazard of incident CVD.
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Negro o Afroamericano , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Sueño , Adulto , Anciano , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de Tiempo , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) inhibitors have potent anti-angiogenesis activity and are being developed for the treatment of solid tumours. The recently observed specific expression of MetAP-2 in germinal centre B cells suggests that it has a role in regulating B cell function. We have demonstrated a potent MetAP-2-dependent inhibitory effect on the antibody secretion from B cell receptor and CD40 co-stimulated primary human B cells in the presence of interleukin-21. The effect of MetAP-2 inhibition on antibody secretion was due to a block in differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of germinal centres from human, mouse and marmoset spleen showed a similar expression pattern of MetAP-2 in the marmoset and man, whereas mouse spleen showed no detectable expression. In a marmoset, T dependent immunization model, the MetAP-2 inhibitor suppressed an antigen-specific antibody response. Furthermore, histological analysis showed loss of B cells in the spleen and disrupted germinal centre formation. These results provide experimental evidence to support a novel role for MetAP-2 in immunomodulation. These effects of MetAP-2 are mediated by disruption of the germinal centre reaction and a block in the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells.
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Aminopeptidasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Linfocitos B/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos Epoxi/farmacología , Metaloendopeptidasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Valina/análogos & derivados , Aminopeptidasas/análisis , Animales , Anticuerpos/inmunología , Linfocitos B/citología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Callithrix , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Depresión Química , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Centro Germinal/química , Centro Germinal/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/análisis , Inmunohistoquímica , Recuento de Linfocitos , Metaloendopeptidasas/análisis , Ratones , Modelos Animales , Especificidad de la Especie , Bazo/inmunología , Valina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The payload complement on Spacelab 1 included a spectrometer for observations of the brighter cosmic x-ray sources. The primary scientific objective was to study the detailed spectral features of cosmic x-ray sources and their associated temporal variations over a wide energy range from about 2 to 80 kiloelectron volts. The instrument, based on the gas scintillation proportional counter, had a geometrical area of some 180 square centimeters with an energy resolution of about 9 percent at 7 kiloelectron volts. The results presented here show new results from two galactic binary x-ray sources, Cygnus X-3 and Centaurus X-3, and from the Perseus cluster of galaxies. The excellent energy resolution of the instrument permits line features to be identified in these sources with unprecedented quality.
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The effect of dietary inclusion of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 on the intestinal health and growth performance of Cobb 500 male broilers subjected to a Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge was determined in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments of 10 replicate/treatment. In experiment 2, chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments of 12 replicates/treatment. The experimental treatments were non-infected, non-supplemented control, infected, non-supplemented control (IC), infected + Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 (B. subtilis DSM 32315), infected + bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD). In both experiments, NE was induced by oral inoculation of toxin producing C. perfringens on 3 consecutive days between 17 and 20 D of age, following exposure of birds to pre-disposing conditions. At day 28 (experiment 1), broilers fed diets with B. subtilis DSM 32315 exhibited a significantly higher body weight, lower mortality, and intestinal NE lesion score, compared to the IC treatment. At day 42 (experiment 2), B. subtilis DSM 32315 supplementation significantly improved BW, feed conversion ratio, production efficiency factor, NE lesion score, and mortality, compared to IC treatment. The effect of B. subtilis DSM 32315 on intestinal integrity of NE challenged chickens was evaluated with histomorphometry. A significantly shallower crypt depth and higher villus height to crypt depth ratio were observed in the mid-intestine of birds belonging to the B. subtilis DSM 32315 group, compared to the IC group. Furthermore, B. subtilis DSM 32315 supplementation significantly reduced the enteritis index associated with NE. In both experiments, the effect of B. subtilis DSM 32315 on the phenotypic measurements of NE and performance was comparable to the effect observed with BMD supplementation. In conclusion, supplementation of the direct fed microbial strain B. subtilis DSM 32315 can ameliorate the pathology and performance detriments associated with NE.
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Bacillus subtilis/química , Pollos/anatomía & histología , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Probióticos/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacitracina/farmacología , Pollos/inmunología , Infecciones por Clostridium/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Clostridium/microbiología , Clostridium perfringens/fisiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Enteritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Enteritis/microbiología , Intestinos/anatomía & histología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Necrosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Necrosis/microbiología , Necrosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Salicilatos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Essentials Reporting guidelines and trial/review registration aim to limit bias in research. We systematically reviewed hematology journals to examine the use of these policies. Forty-eight percent of journals made no use of these policies. Improving the use of reporting guidelines will improve research for all stakeholders. SUMMARY: Background Reporting guidelines and trial/review registration policies have been instituted in order to minimize bias and improve research practices. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the policies of hematology journals concerning reporting guideline adoption and trial/review registration. Methods We performed a web-based data abstraction from the Instructions for Authors of 67 hematology journals catalogued in the Expanded Science Citation Index of the 2014 Journal Citation Reports to identify whether each journal required, recommended or made no mention of the following reporting guidelines: EQUATOR, ICMJE, CONSORT, MOOSE, QUOROM, PRISMA, STARD, STROBE, ARRIVE and CARE. We also extracted whether journals required or recommended trial or systematic review registration. We e-mailed editors three times to determine which types of studies their journal accepts. Results Forty-eight per cent (32/67) of hematology journals do not adhere to any reporting guidelines. For responding journals, the QUOROM statement, MOOSE, CARE and PROSPERO were the least often mentioned, whereas the ICMJE guidelines, CONSORT statement and general trial registration were most often mentioned. Discussion Reporting guidelines are infrequently required or recommended by hematology journals. Furthermore, few require clinical trial or systematic review database registration. A higher rate of adherence to reporting guidelines can prevent bias from entering the literature. Participation from all stakeholders, including authors and journal editors, to improve reporting guideline and policy practices is required.
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Investigación Biomédica/normas , Guías como Asunto , Hematología/normas , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto/normas , Políticas Editoriales , Adhesión a Directriz , Humanos , Internet , EdiciónRESUMEN
Avi-Lution® is a defined, patented, synbiotic product containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Enterococcus faecium, and Bacillus spp. Broiler chickens (n = 1,250) were experimentally treated as uninoculated controls (uCon), inoculated controls (iCon) with Clostridium perfringens, or inoculated and treated with bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) at 55 mg/kg as an infected/treated control or Avi-Lution® at 1.0 (AvL1) or 2.0 (AvL2) g/kg in feed for 42 d. Each treatment was applied to 10 replicate pens of 25 straight-run, newly hatched chicks. Pens treated with AvL1, AvL2, or BMD showed improved growth, feed efficiency, or mortality from necrotic enteritis compared with iCon pens at d 14, 28, and 42. No differences in these measurements, however, were observed between pens treated with AvL1 and AvL2, which suggests that Avi-Lution® was effective at 1.0 g/kg in feed. Despite improved performance, BMD, AvL1, and AvL2 treatments did not decrease the severity of intestinal lesion scores through 42 d of age compared with the infected control. These results demonstrate that Avi-Lution® improved growth performance and feed conversion rates in broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens despite no difference in severity of intestinal lesion scores.
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Bacitracina/administración & dosificación , Pollos , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Clostridium perfringens/fisiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Salicilatos/administración & dosificación , Simbióticos/administración & dosificación , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Bacillus/química , Bacitracina/farmacología , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Infecciones por Clostridium/prevención & control , Clostridium perfringens/efectos de los fármacos , Dieta/veterinaria , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Enterococcus faecium/química , Masculino , Distribución Aleatoria , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/químicaRESUMEN
Rotational grazing management is commonly recommended to improve persistence of legumes interseeded into bermudagrass, but impacts on animal performance are poorly understood. Steers (n = 365, BW = 249 ± 22.9 kg) grazed mixed alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)/bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) pastures (n = 10; 1.6-ha) with either continuous grazing (CONT) or rotational grazing (ROT) management over 3 yr. Initial stocking rate was set at 6.25 steers/ha. When forage allowance of CONT became limiting in mid-July each year, 2 randomly selected steers were removed from all pastures to maintain equal stocking rates in CONT and ROT. Rotational grazing pastures were divided into 8 paddocks with 3-d grazing and 21-d rest between grazing events. Initial, final, and interim (28-d) BW were collected following a 16-h removal from feed and water. Data were analyzed as a repeated measures experiment with completely random design using the mixed procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) using pasture within treatment by year in the random statement. Across years, steer BW did not differ (P ≥ 0.47) at the midpoint or end of the grazing season. Daily BW gains during the early summer period tended (P = 0.10) to be 0.11 kg greater for CONT than ROT in yr 1, but did not differ (P ≥ 0.24) in yr 2 and 3. In the late summer, ADG was 0.15 kg less (P < 0.01) for CONT than ROT in yr 1, were not different (P = 0.23) in yr 2, and were 0.29 kg less (P < 0.01) for CONT than ROT in yr 3. Over the entire experimental period, ADG did not differ (P ≥ 0.67) in yr 1 or 2, but tended (P = 0.09) to be 0.10 kg greater for ROT than CONT in yr 3. Forage mass of ROT was greater (P < 0.01) than CONT throughout the grazing season. Because stocking rates were maintained at the same level, ROT pastures provided greater (P < 0.01) forage allowance during the grazing season than CONT explaining differences in ADG between treatments. Alfalfa stand percentage did not differ (P = 0.79) at the beginning of the experiment, but was less (P ≤ 0.03) for CONT than ROT at all other sampling dates. These data indicate that at equal stocking rates, ROT can maintain greater alfalfa persistence, forage nutritive quality, and forage allowance compared with continuous grazing and provided increased animal performance during the late summer when the alfalfa stand was reduced in CONT pastures.
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Alimentación Animal/análisis , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Bovinos/fisiología , Cynodon , Medicago sativa , Animales , Bovinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Masculino , Valor Nutritivo , Distribución Aleatoria , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH) is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. aTRH is common and disproportionately affects African Americans. The objective of this study is to explore psychosocial correlates of aTRH in a population-based cohort of African Americans with hypertension. The sample included 1392 participants in the Jackson Heart Study with treated hypertension who reported being adherent to their antihypertensive medications. aTRH was defined as uncontrolled clinic BP (⩾140/90 mm Hg) with ⩾3 classes of antihypertensive medication or treatment with ⩾4 classes of antihypertensive medication, including a diuretic. Self-reported medication adherence was defined as taking all prescribed antihypertensive medication in the 24 h before the study visit. The association of psychosocial factors (chronic stress, depressive symptoms, perceived social support and social network) with aTRH was evaluated using Poisson regression with progressive adjustment for demographic, clinical and behavioural factors. The prevalence of aTRH was 15.1% (n=210). Participants with aTRH had lower social network scores (that is, fewer sources of regular social contact) compared with participants without aTRH (P<0.01). No other psychosocial factors differed between groups. Social network was also the only psychosocial factor that was associated with aTRH prevalence in regression analyses. In age-, sex-adjusted and fully adjusted models, one additional unique source of social contact was associated with a 19% (PR=0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68-0.94, P=0.001) and a 13% (PR=0.87; 95% CI 0.74-1.0, P=0.041) lower prevalence of aTRH, respectively. Social network was independently associated with aTRH and warrants further investigation as a potentially modifiable determinant of aTRH in African Americans.
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Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Hipertensión/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Apoyo Social , Insuficiencia del TratamientoRESUMEN
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2016.100.
RESUMEN
The 2003 Beagle 2 Mars lander has been identified in Isidis Planitia at 90.43° E, 11.53° N, close to the predicted target of 90.50° E, 11.53° N. Beagle 2 was an exobiology lander designed to look for isotopic and compositional signs of life on Mars, as part of the European Space Agency Mars Express (MEX) mission. The 2004 recalculation of the original landing ellipse from a 3-sigma major axis from 174 km to 57 km, and the acquisition of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) imagery at 30â cm per pixel across the target region, led to the initial identification of the lander in 2014. Following this, more HiRISE images, giving a total of 15, including red and blue-green colours, were obtained over the area of interest and searched, which allowed sub-pixel imaging using super high-resolution techniques. The size (approx. 1.5 m), distinctive multilobed shape, high reflectivity relative to the local terrain, specular reflections, and location close to the centre of the planned landing ellipse led to the identification of the Beagle 2 lander. The shape of the imaged lander, although to some extent masked by the specular reflections in the various images, is consistent with deployment of the lander lid and then some or all solar panels. Failure to fully deploy the panels-which may have been caused by damage during landing-would have prohibited communication between the lander and MEX and commencement of science operations. This implies that the main part of the entry, descent and landing sequence, the ejection from MEX, atmospheric entry and parachute deployment, and landing worked as planned with perhaps only the final full panel deployment failing.
RESUMEN
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) can detect phenotypes associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Diabetes is associated with increased CVD risk but few data are available documenting whether blood pressure (BP) phenotypes, detected by ABPM, differ between individuals with versus without diabetes. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 567 participants in the Jackson Heart Study, a population-based study of African Americans, taking antihypertensive medication to evaluate the association between diabetes and ABPM phenotypes. Two clinic BP measurements were taken at baseline following a standardized protocol. ABPM was performed for 24 h following the clinic visit. ABPM phenotypes included daytime, sustained, nocturnal and isolated nocturnal hypertension, a non-dipping BP pattern, and white coat, masked and masked isolated nocturnal hypertension. Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ⩾126 mg dl-1, haemoglobin A1c ⩾6.5% (48 mmol mol-1) or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic medications. Of the included participants (mean age 62.3 years, 71.8% female), 196 (34.6%) had diabetes. After multivariable adjustment, participants with diabetes were more likely to have daytime hypertension (prevalence ratio (PR): 1.32; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.60), masked hypertension (PR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.11-1.93) and masked isolated nocturnal hypertension (PR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.02-1.89). Although nocturnal hypertension was more common among participants with versus without diabetes, this association was not present after adjustment for daytime systolic BP. Diabetes was not associated with the other ABPM phenotypes investigated. This study highlights the high prevalence of ABPM phenotypes among individuals with diabetes taking antihypertensive medication.