Pediatric exploratory ingestions involving novel pill pack packaging.

Pill packs are novel packaging systems designed to contain multiple medications and increase medication access but are not child-resistant and increase the risk of pediatric ingestions. We present two pediatric ingestion cases suspected to involve pill packs. Case 1 describes a 19-month-old male presenting to the Emergency Department with altered mental status and unsteady gait after a suspected clonidine and buspirone ingestion. The patient's father reportedly received his medications in mail delivery "baggies". Case 2 involves a 21-month-old female presenting to the Emergency Department with unsteady gait. During an extensive workup we eventually found a clonazepam metabolite in her urine. A family friend supervising the patient at the time reportedly received medications through mail delivery in "plastic packs". Emergency physicians should be alert to this packaging system as these products contain multiple medications, potentially increasing injury risk and obfuscating diagnosis. Manufacturers, regulatory agencies and public health authorities should assess and reduce the dangers these products pose to children.

Respiratory Pathogen Detection in Pediatric Patients Intubated for Presumed Infection.

OBJECTIVES: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in pediatric patients has been associated with low risk of concomitant bacterial infection. However, in children with severe disease, it occurs in 22% to 50% of patients. As viral testing becomes routine, bacterial codetections are increasingly identified in patients with non-RSV viruses. We hypothesized, among patients intubated for respiratory failure secondary to suspected infection, there are similar rates of codetection between RSV and non-RSV viral detections. METHODS: This retrospective chart review, conducted over a 5-year period, included all patients younger than 2 years who required intubation secondary to respiratory failure from an infectious etiology in a single pediatric emergency department. Patients intubated for noninfectious causes were excluded. RESULTS: We reviewed 274 patients, of which 181 had positive viral testing. Of these, 48% were RSV-positive and 52% were positive for viruses other than RSV. Codetection of bacteria was found in 76% (n = 65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 66%, 84%) of RSV-positive patients and 66% (n = 63, 95% CI: 57%, 76%) of patients positive with non-RSV viruses. Among patients with negative viral testing, 33% had bacterial growth on lower respiratory culture. Male sex was the only patient-related factor associated with increased odds of codetection (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.08-4.38). The odds of codetection between RSV-positive patients and non-RSV viruses were not significantly different (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.62-2.71). CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial codetection is common and not associated with anticipated patient-related factors or with a specific virus. These results suggest consideration of empiric antibiotics in infants with respiratory illness requiring intubation.

Providers' Ability to Identify Sentinel Injuries Concerning for Physical Abuse in Infants.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess the ability of pediatric health care providers and social workers to recognize sentinel injuries in infants under 6 months of age and to determine what factors influence their decision to evaluate for physical abuse. METHODS: A statewide collaborative focused on sentinel injuries administered a survey to pediatric health care providers and social workers in the emergency department, urgent care, and primary care. The survey contained 8 case scenarios of infants under 6 months of age with an injury, and respondents were asked if they would consider the injury to be a sentinel injury requiring a physical abuse evaluation. Respondents were then presented with several factors and asked how much each influences the decision to perform a physical abuse evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 565 providers completed the survey. Providers had moderate interrater reliability on their classification of the cases as sentinel injuries or not (κ = 0.57). Nearly all respondents (97%) recognized genital bruising as a sentinel injury, whereas 77% of respondents recognized intraoral injuries. Agreement was highest among social workers (κ = 0.76) and physicians with categorical pediatrics training and pediatric emergency medicine fellowship (κ = 0.63) and lowest among nurse practitioners (κ = 0.48) and residents (κ = 0.51). Concern over missing the diagnosis of abuse had the greatest influence on the decision to perform a physical abuse evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel injuries are not uniformly recognized as potential signs of child abuse requiring further evaluation by pediatric health care providers. Additional evidence and education are needed regarding sentinel injuries.

Triage Standing Orders Decrease Time to Antibiotics in Neonates in Pediatric Emergency Department.

INTRODUCTION: Infants aged 0 days to 28 days are at high risk for serious bacterial infection and require an extensive evaluation, including blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures, and admission for empiric antibiotics. Although there are no guidelines that recommend a specific time to antibiotics for these infants, quicker administration is presumed to improve care and outcomes. At baseline, 19% of these infants in our emergency department received antibiotics within 120 minutes of arrival, with an average time to antibiotics of 192 minutes. A quality improvement team convened to increase our percentage of infants who receive antibiotics within 120 minutes of arrival. METHODS: The team evaluated all infants aged 0 days to 28 days who received a diagnostic evaluation for a serious bacterial infection and empiric antibiotics in our emergency department. A nurse-driven team implemented multiple Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles to improve use of triage standing orders and improve time to antibiotics. Data were analyzed using statistical process control charts. RESULTS: Through use of triage standing orders and multiple educational interventions, the team surpassed initial goals, and 84% of the infants undergoing a serious bacterial infection evaluation received antibiotics within 120 minutes of ED arrival. The average time to antibiotics improved to 74 minutes. DISCUSSION: The use of triage standing orders improves time to antibiotics for infants undergoing a serious bacterial infection evaluation. Increased use, associated with nurse empowerment to drive the flow of these patients, leads to a joint-responsibility model within the emergency department. The cultural shift to allow nurse-initiated work-ups leads to sustained improvement in time to antibiotics.

Ewings Sarcoma: A Case of Respiratory Distress and Opacification That Was not Pneumonia.

The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors typically appears in the second decade of life with regional pain and swelling of a long bone. The following case presents a pediatric patient, aged 4 years, given a diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma of the rib with the initial presentation of respiratory distress, hypoxia, and pleural effusion. Respiratory distress accounts for a large majority of emergency department visits annually, so it is the distinct responsibility of the emergency department physician to avoid premature closure in attributing the most common diagnoses to account for the presenting symptoms. In this case, the careful study of the initial radiographic findings led to further identification and characterization of the mass through thoracic computed tomography to suggest Ewing sarcoma, despite the patient's unlikely demographics and presentation.

Using a Multimedia Presentation to Enhance Informed Consent in a Pediatric Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: Informed consent is an ethical process for ensuring patient autonomy. Multimedia presentations (MMPs) often aid the informed consent process for research studies. Thus, it follows that MMPs would improve informed consent in clinical settings. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine if an MMP for the informed consent process for ketamine sedation improves parental satisfaction and comprehension as compared with standard practice. METHODS: This 2-phase study compared 2 methods of informed consent for ketamine sedation of pediatric patients. Phase 1 was a randomized, prospective study that compared the standard verbal consent to an MMP. Phase 2 implemented the MMP into daily work flow to validate the previous year's results. Parents completed a survey evaluating their satisfaction of the informed consent process and assessing their knowledge of ketamine sedation. Primary outcome measures were parental overall satisfaction with the informed consent process and knowledge of ketamine sedation. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-four families from a free-standing, urban, tertiary pediatric emergency department with over 85,000 annual visits were enrolled. Different demographics were not associated with a preference for the MMP or improved scores on the content quiz. Intervention families were more likely "to feel involved in the decision to use ketamine" and to understand that "they had the right to refuse the ketamine" as compared with control families. The intervention group scored significantly higher overall on the content section than the control group. Implementation and intervention families responded similarly to all survey sections. CONCLUSIONS: Multimedia presentation improves parental understanding of ketamine sedation, whereas parental satisfaction with the informed consent process remains unchanged. Use of MMP in the emergency department for informed consent shows potential for both patients and providers.

Three unique presentations of atraumatic spinal cord infarction in the pediatric emergency department.

Nontraumatic spinal cord infarction is especially rare in children. Although diagnosis is easily made with magnetic resonance imaging, the typical presenting signs and symptoms and etiology remain elusive. Evidence-based treatment courses are not available. We assess a series of 3 unique patients with nontraumatic spinal cord infarction who presented to our emergency department over the course of 2 years. We consider their presentation, etiology, and treatment course to provide other emergency department physicians with the ability to better identify and evaluate these patients. We also note the need for further research on nontraumatic spinal cord infarction because these patients' outcomes can be quite devastating.

How Super Is Supertrack? Expediting Care of Fast-track Patients through a Pediatric Emergency Department.

Background: Fast-track models decrease patient crowding in emergency departments (EDs) by redirecting low-acuity patients to an expedited care pathway. In 2016, this institution's pediatric ED created a fast-track pathway for patients evaluated in a rapid assessment triage area who needed further management in the primary ED. This "Supertrack" designation was intended for patients requiring up to 1 hour of additional care, though means of ensuring these patients were discharged within their anticipated timeframe were lacking. Methods: We aimed to increase the percentage of Supertrack patients discharged within 1 hour of their ED bed assignment from 17% to 50%. Interventions included the creation of objective Supertrack criteria, departmental-wide progress reports, personalized reminders, intake huddles, and documentation prompts. We visualized data from Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) cycles with statistical process control charts to determine special cause variation. Results: The percentage of Supertrack patients discharged within their anticipated timeframe increased from 17% to 27% without an increase in return ED visits. The average time Supertrack patients spent in the ED decreased from 121 to 103 minutes. Personalized reminders demonstrated a significant but short-lived improvement. Conclusions: We improved the flow of Supertrack patients by decreasing their length of stay and increasing how many were discharged within their anticipated timeframe. Limitations included an unexpected surge in patients with respiratory complaints and staffing and structural constraints preventing the designation of a discrete Supertrack assessment space with dedicated providers. These findings are helpful for institutions seeking to develop an effective fast-track model with limited space and resources.

Impact of Respiratory Bacterial Codetection on Outcomes in Ventilated Infants With Bronchiolitis.

BACKGROUND: Viral bronchiolitis is a common cause of acute respiratory failure requiring intubation for infants. Bacterial respiratory tract infections can occur with bronchiolitis, although their prevalence and impact on outcomes are unclear, especially with increased use of noninvasive respiratory support. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of children <2 years old requiring intubation in the emergency department for bronchiolitis from 2012 to 2017 who had viral testing plus a lower respiratory culture obtained. We evaluated the impact of bacterial codetection (positive respiratory culture plus moderate or many polymorphonuclear neutrophils on Gram stain) on mechanical ventilation (MV) duration and intensive care unit length of stay using multivariable gamma regression. RESULTS: Of 149 patients enrolled, 52% had bacterial codetection. In adjusted analysis, patients with codetection had shorter MV duration [adjusted relative risk (aRR) 0.819, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69-0.98; marginal mean duration of 5.31 days (4.71-5.99) compared to 6.48 days (5.72-7.35) without codetection]. Patients with codetection had a shorter intensive care unit stay [aRR 0.806 (0.69-0.94); marginal mean length of stay 6.9 days (6.21-7.68) vs. 8.57 days (7.68-9.56) without codetection]. The association between codetection and duration of ventilation appears confined to those receiving earlier antibiotics (less than the median time) rather than later antibiotics [aRR 0.738 (0.56-0.95) for earlier vs. aRR 0.92 (0.70-1.18) for later]. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory bacterial codetection is common and associated with shorter MV duration in infants requiring early intubation for bronchiolitis. Early antibiotics may contribute to these outcomes, but further multicenter studies are needed to understand the role of codetection and antibiotics on bronchiolitis outcomes.

Recognizing Nonaccidental Trauma in a Pediatric Tertiary Hospital: A Quality Improvement Imperative.

Abusive injuries can go unrecognized or improperly managed by medical providers. This study sought to standardize the nonaccidental trauma (NAT) workup and improve NAT evaluation completion for children <7 months with concerning injuries in the pediatric emergency department (PED) and inpatient settings at an urban, tertiary care children's hospital. Methods: The quality improvement (QI) team created hospital guidelines for suspected NAT, including age-based recommendations (care bundle). The team embedded an order for NAT evaluation into the electronic health record (EHR). The QI team provided education on child abuse identification and evaluation across the hospital. Hospital providers received written guides focused on enhancing communication with families. Outcome measures included monthly NAT bundle use and cases between incomplete bundles in children with suspicious injuries. Chart review of incomplete bundles helped accurately identify patients who needed NAT bundles and improved accurate NAT bundle completion for appropriate patients. Results: Appropriate NAT bundle completion increased from 31% during the baseline period in January 2019 to 100% in April 2020 and remained at 100% for the remainder of the study period, ending June 2021. The number of patients between missed bundles was 11 from August 2019 until March 2020, when it increased to 583. There were no missed bundles from March 2020 through June 2021. Conclusions: Standardizing NAT evaluation and creating a NAT care bundle to facilitate the appropriate evaluation preceded an increase in appropriate bundle completion in patients <7 months old with possible NAT in the PED and inpatient units.

Clinical Pathway Adherence and Missed Diagnostic Opportunities Among Children with Musculoskeletal Infections.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical care pathways (CPs) integrate best evidence into the local care delivery context to promote efficiency and patient safety. However, the impact of CPs on diagnostic performance remains poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate adherence to a musculoskeletal infection (MSKI) diagnostic CP and identify recurrent failure points leading to missed diagnostic opportunities (MDOs). METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed from January 2018 to February 2022 for children 6 months to 18 years of age who had an unplanned admission for MSKI after being evaluated and discharged from the pediatric emergency department (PED) for related complaints within the previous 10 days. MDOs were identified using the Revised Safer Dx. Demographic and clinical characteristics of children with and without MDOs were compared using bivariate descriptive statistics. An improvement team reviewed the diagnostic trajectories of MDOs for deviations from the MSKI CP and developed a fishbone diagram to describe contributing factors to CP deviations. RESULTS: The study identified 21 children with and 13 children without MSKI-associated MDOs. Children with MDOs were more likely to have an initial C-reactive protein value > 2 mg/dL (90.0% vs. 0%, p = 0.01) and returned to care earlier than children without MDOs (median 2.8 days vs. 6.7 days, p = 0.004). Factors contributing to MDOs included failure to obtain screening laboratory tests, misinterpretation of laboratory values, failure to obtain orthopedic consultation, and failure to obtain definitive imaging. CONCLUSION: Several recurrent deviations from an MSKI diagnostic CP were found to be associated with MDOs. Future quality improvement efforts to improve adherence to this MSKI CP may prevent MDOs.

Stratification of risk for emergent intracranial abnormalities in children with headaches: a Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Headache is a common chief complaint of children presenting to emergency departments (EDs). Approximately 0.5%-1% will have emergent intracranial abnormalities (EIAs) such as brain tumours or strokes. However, more than one-third undergo emergent neuroimaging in the ED, resulting in a large number of children unnecessarily exposed to radiation. The overuse of neuroimaging in children with headaches in the ED is driven by clinician concern for life-threatening EIAs and lack of clarity regarding which clinical characteristics accurately identify children with EIAs. The study objective is to derive and internally validate a stratification model that accurately identifies the risk of EIA in children with headaches based on clinically sensible and reliable variables. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Prospective cohort study of 28 000 children with headaches presenting to any of 18 EDs in the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). We include children aged 2-17 years with a chief complaint of headache. We exclude children with a clear non-intracranial alternative diagnosis, fever, neuroimaging within previous year, neurological or developmental condition such that patient history or physical examination may be unreliable, Glasgow Coma Scale score<14, intoxication, known pregnancy, history of intracranial surgery, known structural abnormality of the brain, pre-existing condition predisposing to an intracranial abnormality or intracranial hypertension, head injury within 14 days or not speaking English or Spanish. Clinicians complete a standardised history and physical examination of all eligible patients. Primary outcome is the presence of an EIA as determined by neuroimaging or clinical follow-up. We will use binary recursive partitioning and multiple regression analyses to create and internally validate the risk stratification model. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval was obtained for all participating sites from the University of Utah single Institutional Review Board. A waiver of informed consent was granted for collection of ED data. Verbal consent is obtained for follow-up contact. Results will be disseminated through international conferences, peer-reviewed publications, and open-access materials.

Meeting the challenge of teaching bioethics: a successful residency curricula utilizing Team-Based Learning.

BACKGROUND: Despite recognition by both the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the American Board of Paediatrics (ABP) of the importance of bioethics education, curricular crowding, lack of perceived significance, and insufficient administrative support remain significant barriers to trainees gaining competency in bioethics. Few bioethics curricula at the graduate medical education level are evidence-based or comprehensive. We sought to develop and assess the effectiveness of a Team Based Learning (TBL) curriculum in improving residents' bioethics knowledge and their ability to evaluate ethical dilemmas. METHODS: We integrated L. Dee Fink's curricular design principles of "Significant Learning," Jonsen et. al's "Four-Box Method" of ethical analysis, and ABP bioethics content specifications to create 10 TBL bioethics sessions. Paediatric residents at a major academic centre then completed a 3-year longitudinal, integrated TBL-based bioethics curriculum. Primary outcomes included individual and group readiness assessment tests (iRAT/gRAT), pre-work completion, and satisfaction with sessions. RESULTS: The TBL-based bioethics curriculum contains 10 adaptable modules. Paediatric residents (n = 348 total resident encounters) were highly engaged and satisfied with the curriculum. gRAT scores (mean 89%) demonstrated significant improvement compared to iRAT scores (72%) across all TBLs and all post-graduate years (p < .001). Higher gRAT scores correlated with higher level of training. Although pre-work completion was low (28%), satisfaction was high (4.42/5 on Likert scale). CONCLUSIONS: Our TBL-based bioethics curriculum was effective in improving knowledge, practical and flexible in its implementation, and well-received. We attribute its success to its grounding in ethical theory, relevance to ABP specifications, and a multi-modal, engaging format. This curriculum is easily modified to different specialties, virtual formats, or other specific institutional needs.Key messagesDespite formidable challenges to teaching bioethics in residency education, evidence-based methods such as Team-Based Learning (TBL) can be employed to increase knowledge and satisfaction.This study reports the first successful TBL bioethics curriculum, planned and executed longitudinally over 3 years, with paediatric residents at a large academic children's hospital in the US.TBL can be utilised to teach bioethics at the graduate medical education level and is adaptable to different situational factors, disciplines, and levels of clinical experience.

A Quality Improvement Initiative to Increase the Number of Pediatric Resident Laceration Repairs.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric residents must demonstrate competence in several clinical procedures prior to graduation, including simple laceration repair. However, residents may lack opportunities to perform laceration repairs during training, affecting their ability and confidence to perform this procedure. OBJECTIVE: We implemented a quality improvement initiative to increase the number of laceration repairs logged by pediatric residents from a baseline mean of 6.75 per month to more than 30 repairs logged monthly. METHODS: We followed the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Model for Improvement with rapid plan-do-study-act cycles. From July 2016 to February 2018, we increased the number of procedure shifts and added an education module on performing laceration repairs for residents in a pediatric emergency department at a large tertiary hospital. We used statistical process control charting to document improvement. Our outcome measure was the number of laceration repairs documented in resident procedure logs. We followed the percentage of lacerations repairs completed by residents as a process measure and length of stay as a balancing measure. RESULTS: Following the interventions, logged laceration repairs initially increased from 6.75 to 22.75 per month for the residency program. After the number of procedure shifts decreased, logged repairs decreased to 13.40 per month and the percentage of lacerations repaired by residents also decreased. We noted an increased length of stay for patients whose lacerations were repaired by residents. CONCLUSIONS: While our objective was not met, our quality improvement initiative resulted in more logged laceration repairs. The most effective intervention was dedicated procedure shifts.

Emergency management of adrenal insufficiency in children: advocating for treatment options in outpatient and field settings.

Adrenal insufficiency (AI) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children with 1 in 200 episodes of adrenal crisis resulting in death. The goal of this working group of the Pediatric Endocrine Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee was to raise awareness on the importance of early recognition of AI, to advocate for the availability of hydrocortisone sodium succinate (HSS) on emergency medical service (EMS) ambulances or allow EMS personnel to administer patient's HSS home supply to avoid delay in administration of life-saving stress dosing, and to provide guidance on the emergency management of children in adrenal crisis. Currently, hydrocortisone, or an equivalent synthetic glucocorticoid, is not available on most ambulances for emergency stress dose administration by EMS personnel to a child in adrenal crisis. At the same time, many States have regulations preventing the use of patient's home HSS supply to be used to treat acute adrenal crisis. In children with known AI, parents and care providers must be made familiar with the administration of maintenance and stress dose glucocorticoid therapy to prevent adrenal crises. Patients with known AI and their families should be provided an Adrenal Insufficiency Action Plan, including stress hydrocortisone dose (both oral and intramuscular/intravenous) to be provided immediately to EMS providers and triage personnel in urgent care and emergency departments. Advocacy efforts to increase the availability of stress dose HSS during EMS transport care and add HSS to weight-based dosing tapes are highly encouraged.

Writing Group Increases Quality Improvement Writing Competency.

Quality improvement (QI) is critically important in current medical practice. Although many QI courses teach improvement science and methods, formal education in writing QI manuscripts for academic journal publication is lacking. The authors developed a QI Writing program, consisting of educational sessions with both coach and peer mentors, to improve comfort and productivity in preparing QI manuscripts for publication. Program participants conducted pre- and post-course QI writing skills self-evaluations in 4 competency domains: SQUIRE guidelines, writing for peer-reviewed journals, QI publication submission steps, and critically examining QI results. Course success was measured by the number of manuscripts submitted for publication. QI writing competencies doubled in 3 of 4 domains and increased 70% in the fourth. Fifteen of 17 (88%) course participants submitted manuscripts to a peer-reviewed journal, and 12 have been accepted to date. A formal writing group with didactic content and committed mentors increases QI writing competencies and manuscript submissions to peer-reviewed journals.

Optimizing Rapid Sequence Intubation for Medical and Trauma Patients in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

INTRODUCTION: Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is a critical procedure for severely ill and injured patients presenting to the pediatric emergency department (PED). This procedure has a high risk of complications, and multiple attempts increase this risk. We aimed to increase successful intubation within two attempts, focusing on medical and trauma patients separately to identify improvement barriers for each group. METHODS: A multifaceted intervention was implemented using quality improvement methods. The analysis included adherence to the standardized process, successful intubation within two attempts, and frequency of oxygen saturations <92% during laryngoscopy. Trauma and medical patients were analyzed separately as team composition differed for each. RESULTS: This project began in February 2018, and we included 290 patients between April 2018 and December 2019. Adherence to the standardized process was sustained at 91% for medical patients and a baseline of 55% for trauma patients with a trend toward improvement. In May 2018, we observed and sustained special cause variations for medical patients' successful intubations within two attempts (77-89%). In September 2018, special cause variation was observed and sustained for the successful intubation of trauma patients within two attempts (89-96%). The frequency of oxygen saturation of <92% was 21% for medical patients; only one trauma patient experienced oxygen desaturation. CONCLUSION: Implementation of a standardized process significantly improved successful intubations within two attempts for medical and trauma patients. Trauma teams had more gradual adherence to the standardized process, which may be related to the relative infrequency of intubations and variable team composition.

Audit-and-Feedback and Workflow Changes Improve Emergency Department Care of Critically Ill Children.

INTRODUCTION: Children with severe infection have improved outcomes when they received antibiotics promptly. Positive cultures help guide physicians in antibiotic selection. In 2011, 30% of children intubated in the emergency department received antibiotics and had respiratory culture collected within 60 minutes of intubation. Knowing the risk of delaying appropriate antibiotics, we charted a quality improvement team to improve compliance with 80% of intubated patients receiving both. METHODS: The team evaluated all children intubated with concern for infection in the emergency department. Using a multidisciplinary team and employing quality improvement methods, we implemented multiple plan-do-study-act cycles to improve time to antibiotics and respiratory cultures. The team continued to implement successful interventions and restarted interventions directly affecting improvement. RESULTS: While multiple interventions had small effects on the baseline of 30% compliance, 2 interventions appeared more influential than others. Workflow changes and audit-and-feedback created the largest, persistent positive changes. The importance of audit-and-feedback became very obvious when the project entered sustain mode. An abrupt decrease in compliance occurred when audit-and-feedback stopped. Complete recovery in compliance to greater than 80% occurred with the resumption of the audit-and-feedback intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Workflow changes and audit-and-feedback interventions resulted in large improvements. Loss of compliance with cessation of the audit-and-feedback and resumption demonstrated the importance of this intervention. Recovery to >80% compliance with the renewal of the audit-and-feedback program indicates its strength as a positive intervention.

Elevated endotracheal tube cuff pressure in the pediatric emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate endotracheal tube cuff pressure after emergency intubation and identify variables associated with an elevated cuff pressure. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of intubated patients in the emergency department of Nationwide Children's Hospital. The primary study outcome, cuff pressure, was measured via manometer. Clinical details related to the intubation were collected and analyzed as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 104 patients enrolled, cuff pressure was 30 cmH2O in 59 (57%); exceeding the recommended safe upper limit. The average cuff pressure was 38 cmH2O for the entire cohort. Patients who had their endotracheal tube cuff inflated by a respiratory therapist tended to be exposed to a lower cuff pressure. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of patients in this study were exposed to a cuff pressure greater than the safe upper limit. Our analysis of secondary outcomes suggests that patient care could be improved by having certified respiratory therapists inflate the endotracheal tube cuffs of intubated children.