Socioeconomic status of practice location and Australian GP registrars' training: a cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a major determinant of health. In Australia, areas of socioeconomic disadvantage are characterised by complex health needs and inequity in primary health care provision. General Practice (GP) registrars play an important role in addressing workforce needs, including equitable health care provision in areas of greater socioeconomic disadvantage. We aimed to characterize GP registrars' practice location by level of socioeconomic disadvantage, and establish associations (of registrar, practice, patient characteristics, and registrars' clinical behaviours) with GP registrars training being undertaken in areas of greater socioeconomic disadvantage. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis from the Registrars' Clinical Encounters in Training (ReCEnT) study. ReCEnT is an ongoing, multi-centre, cohort study that documents 60 consecutive consultations by each GP registrar once in each of their three six-monthly training terms. The outcome factor was the practice location's level of socioeconomic disadvantage, defined using the Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (SEIFA-IRSD). The odds of being in the lowest quintile was compared to the other four quintiles. Independent variables related to the registrar, patient, practice, and consultation. RESULTS: A total of 1,736 registrars contributed 241,945 consultations. Significant associations of training being in areas of most disadvantage included: the registrar being full-time, being in training term 1, being in the rural training pathway; patients being Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, or from a non-English-speaking background; and measures of continuity of care. CONCLUSIONS: Training in areas of greater social disadvantage, as well as addressing community need, may provide GP registrars with richer learning opportunities.

Configurations for obtaining in-consultation assistance from supervisors in general practice training, and patient-related barriers to trainee help-seeking: a survey study.

BACKGROUND: General practice (GP) trainees may seek supervisor assistance to complete their patient consultations. This in-consultation assistance plays a key role in the supervisory oversight of trainees and in trainee learning. It may be obtained face-to-face, or using phone or messaging systems, and either in front of patients or outside their hearing. Trainee concerns about decreased patient impressions of their competence, and discomfort presenting patients within their hearing, act as barriers to seeking help during consultations. Little is known about the frequency and associations of trainee concerns about these patient-related barriers, or the various trainee-supervisor-patient configurations used to obtain in-consultation assistance. METHODS: Australian GP trainees rated their frequency of use of five specific configurations for obtaining in-consultation assistance, perceived change in patient impressions of their competence after this assistance, and relative trainee comfort presenting patients outside, compared to within, patients' hearing. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Responses were received from 778 Australian GP trainees (response rate 89%). Help-seeking configurations did not differ between trainees at different training stages, except for greater use of electronic messaging in later stages. In-consultation assistance was most commonly provided by phone between trainee and supervisor consulting rooms, or outside the trainee's patient's hearing. Supervisor assistance in the trainee's room face-to-face with the patient was reported as either never or rarely obtained by 12% of respondents. More trainees (25%) perceived that patient impressions of their competence increased after help-seeking than perceived that these impressions decreased (19%). Most trainees (55%) preferred to present patients outside their hearing. Trainee age was the only variable associated with both patient-related barriers. CONCLUSION: Supervisors appear to have considerable influence over trainee help-seeking, including which configurations are used and trainee perceptions of patient-related barriers. In-consultation supervision may actually increase trainee perceptions of patient impressions of their competence. Many supervisors and trainees may benefit from additional educational and workplace interventions to facilitate comfortable and effective trainee help-seeking in front of patients. More work is required to understand the clinical and educational implications of different help-seeking configurations when trainees require 'just in time' supervisor assistance.

General practice training in regional and rural Australia: A cross-sectional analysis of the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate registrar, practice and consultation characteristics associated with varying degrees of GP registrars' practice rurality. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of 12 rounds of data collection (2010-2015) from the longitudinal Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training study, an ongoing, cohort study of Australian GP registrars. The principal analysis used was a generalised ordered logistic regression. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: GP registrars in training practices within five of 17 GP regional training providers in five Australian states. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Degree of rurality of the practice in which the registrar undertook training terms was calculated from the practice postcode using the Australian Standard Classification-Remoteness Area classification. RESULTS: A total of 1161 registrars contributed data for 166 998 patient consultations (response rate 95.5%). Of these, 56.9% were in major city practices (ASGC-RA1), 25.7% were in inner-regional practices (ASGC-RA2) and 17.4% were in outer-regional/rural practices (ASGC-RA3-5). Several statistically significant associations (P = < .001) were found within regional/rural practices (ASGC-RA2-5), when compared with major city practices (ASGC-RA1). These included registrar characteristics such as being in Term 1, being medically trained overseas, and having worked at the practice previously; patient characteristics such as the patient being an existing patient, being older and being Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander; and consultation characteristics such as performance of procedures. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that registrars are undertaking rural practice early in their GP training and are being exposed to a rich and challenging mix of clinical and educational practice.

What proportion of paediatric specialist referrals originates from general practitioners?

AIM: To determine (i) the proportion of different referral sources for new referrals to paediatric specialist outpatient clinics and (ii) any association of referral source with utilisation of additional health services. METHODS: Survey of parents presenting with their child at five paediatric specialist outpatient clinics at two Melbourne public hospitals. RESULTS: Just over half (52%) of the respondents were referred by a general practitioner (GP). The remainder were referred by a paediatrician (27%) at hospital discharge (16%) or from the ED (6%). Most respondents (71%) reported that their child also has a referral to see another specialist for the same health concern but had not yet had the consultation; 44% had consulted another doctor for the same health concern between receiving the referral and the appointment. Paediatrician referrals were more likely to see another specialist for the same health concern compared to other referral sources (P = 0.032). CONCLUSION: Only half of the referrals of new patients to paediatric specialist outpatient clinics come from GPs. Future research should investigate whether multiple referral sources have a negative impact on the co-ordination and cost of paediatric health care.

Procedural skills of Australian general practice registrars: A cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Procedural skills are an essential component of general practice vocational training. The aim of this study was to investigate the type, frequency and rural or urban associations of procedures performed by general practice registrars, and to establish levels of concordance of procedures performed with a core list of recommended procedural skills in general practice training. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study of registrars' consultations between 2010 and 2016 was undertaken. Registrars record 60 consecutive consultations during each six-month training term. The outcome was any procedure performed. RESULTS: In 182,782 consultations, 19,411 procedures were performed. Procedures (except Papanicolaou [Pap] tests) were performed more often in rural than urban areas. Registrars commonly sought help from supervisors for more complex procedures. The majority of procedures recommended as essential in registrar training were infrequently performed. DISCUSSION: Registrars have low exposure to many relevant clinical procedures. There may be a need for greater use of laboratory-based training and/or to review the expectations of the scope of procedural skills in general practice.

Parental preferences for paediatric specialty follow-up care.

Objective The aim of the present study was to examine factors associated with: (1) parental preference to receive follow-up care for their child from a general practitioner (GP); and (2) a decision to seek treatment when there is a slight worsening of their child's condition. Methods Parents presenting with their child at any one of five paediatric out-patient clinics at two public hospitals in Melbourne (Vic., Australia) were surveyed. We performed frequency distributions, bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression to evaluate associations with the preference for a GP for follow-up care and treatment in case of a slight worsening. Results In all, 606 parents were recruited to the study, 283 being new presentations and 323 presenting for review. GPs were selected as the preference for follow-up care by 23% (n=142) of respondents, and 26% (n=160) reported they would seek treatment from a GP if the condition of their child were to worsen slightly. There was an increased likelihood to prefer a GP for follow-up care for new patients (odds ratio (OR) 3.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.99-4.83), those attending general paediatrics clinic (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.11-2.70), and parents with a lower level of education (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.09-2.78). For review patients, if during the previous visit a paediatrician suggested follow-up with a GP, parents were more likely to prefer a GP as a follow-up provider (OR 6.70; 95% CI 3.42-13.10) and to seek treatment from a GP in case of a slight worsening (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.03-3.37). Conclusion Most parents attending paediatric out-patient appointments prefer to return for follow-up care; however, a paediatrician's advice may have an important role in return of paediatric patients to primary care. What is known about the topic? In Australia, there has been a growing concern regarding long waiting times for specialist consultations in out-patient clinics and difficulties with access for new patients. This has occurred when the ratio of review attendees to new patients has tipped towards the review attendees. What does this paper add? Most parents of children attending paediatric out-patient clinics value follow-up care with paediatric specialists, even if the referring GP requested a return to their surgery. The advice of the consulting paediatrician in support of follow-up care with a GP contributes significantly to the willingness of parents to return to primary care and to seek treatment from their GP for a slight worsening of their child's condition. What are the implications for practitioners? The findings of the present study have significant implications for the discharge of patients from speciality care: paediatricians can have an important role in the return of paediatric patients to primary care.

Changes in early-career family physicians' antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infection and acute bronchitis: a multicentre longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Inappropriate antibiotic prescription and subsequent antibacterial resistance are major threats to health worldwide. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to establish whether early-career 'apprenticeship-model' experience in family practice influences antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections and to also establish other associations of antibiotic prescribing changes during this early-career experience. METHODS: A longitudinal analysis (2010-2014) of a cohort study of Australian GP registrars' (vocational trainees') consultations. Registrars from five regional training programs recorded data from 60 consecutive consultations, once each 6-month training Term, including the diagnoses managed and medications prescribed. The outcomes were whether an antibiotic was prescribed for the diagnoses 'upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)' and 'acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis'. Generalized linear mixed modelling was used to account for repeated measures on registrars and to include the time component: 'Term'. RESULTS: A total of 856 registrars recorded 108759 consultations, including 8715 'URTI' diagnoses (5.15% of diagnoses) and 2110 'acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis' diagnoses (1.25%). Antibiotics were prescribed in 16.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 14.9-17.8] of URTI and 72.2% (95% CI 69.6-74.6) of acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis diagnoses. Moving from an earlier to later term did not significantly influence registrars' antibiotic prescribing for URTI [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.95; 95% CI 0.87, 1.04, P = 0.27] or acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis [OR 1.01 (95% CI 0.90-1.14), P = 0.86]. Significant associations of antibiotic prescribing for URTIs were the registrar being non-Australian educated, greater patient age, practices not privately billing patients, pathology being ordered, longer consultation duration and the registrar seeking in-consultation information or advice (including from their supervisor). CONCLUSIONS: Early-career experience/training failed to produce rational antibiotic prescribing for URTI and acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis. Our findings suggest that prescribing interventions could target the registrar-supervisor dyad.

Pathology test-ordering behaviour of Australian general practice trainees: a cross-sectional analysis.

OBJECTIVE: In the context of increasing over-testing and the implications for patient safety, to establish the prevalence and nature of pathology test-ordering of GP trainees, and to describe the associations of this test-ordering. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of data from the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training (ReCEnT) cohort study. SETTING: Five of Australia's 17 general practice regional training providers, encompassing urban-to-very remote practices. PARTICIPANTS: GP trainees. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of pathology tests ordered per problem/diagnosis managed. RESULTS: A total of 856 individual trainees (response rate 95.2%) contributed data from 1832 trainee-terms, 108 759 encounters and 169 304 problems. Pathology test-ordering prevalence was 79.3 tests (95% CI: 78.8-79.8) per 100 encounters, 50.9 (95% CI: 50.6-51.3) per 100 problems, and at least 1 test was requested in 22.4% of consultations. Most commonly ordered was full blood count (6.1 per 100 problems). The commonest problem prompting test-ordering was 'check-up' (18.6%). Test-ordering was significantly associated, on multivariable analysis, with the trainee having worked at the practice previously; the patient being adult, male and new to both trainee and practice; the practice being urban; the problem/diagnosis being new; imaging being ordered; referral being made and follow-up being arranged. Trainees were significantly less likely to order tests for problems/diagnoses for which they had sought in-consultation information or advice. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the established GPs, trainees order more pathology tests per consultation and per problem managed, and in a higher proportion of consultations. Our findings will inform educational policy to enhance quality and safety in general practice training.

Changes in longer consultations for children in general practice.

AIM: To determine if the duration of general practitioner (GP) consultations, or the proportional distribution of item numbers associated with longer consultations, with children has changed in association with the demographic changes in Australia. METHOD: Secondary data analysis of Medicare claims from 1996 to 2010, which were stratified by patient age and visit type as designated by billing item number, and of the Bettering the Evaluation of Care and Health (BEACH) database was conducted. The Medicare data that were analysed were changes in overall proportion and absolute numbers of longer consultations for children from 1996 to 2010, while the BEACH data that were analysed were changes in the average duration of visits for children and the proportion of visits by children for chronic conditions. RESULTS: Despite the increase in the population of children, and the increasing numbers of children with chronic illness, the absolute number of longer consultations for children has decreased over the time period studied. Further, the proportion of all longer consultations that are being provided to children has diminished. For those consultations that do occur, the GPs are not spending any more time with children in 2010 than they did in consultations in 2000. CONCLUSIONS: There have been significant changes in the patterns of longer consultations provided to children by GPs. Efforts to ensure that children receive primary care for chronic conditions and preventive care must now take on a greater urgency for the health-care system.

Cross-sectional analysis of the clinical work hours of early-career general practitioners.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The clinical working hours of early-career general practitioners (GPs) are an important factor in Australian GP workforce planning. This study aimed to establish the prevalence and associations of early-career GPs working full time (nine or more sessions per week) in clinical practice. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of alumni (from six months to two years post-Fellowship) from three regional training organisations. Multivariable logistic regression was used to establish factors associated with alumni working full time. RESULTS: Of 356 currently practising early-career alumni participants, 30% worked full time. Factors associated with working full time included spouse/partner employment and family structure and any examination failure. Factors associated with working less than full time included female gender, being an Australian medical graduate, provision of other medical work and having taken additional leave during training. DISCUSSION: A high proportion of early-career GPs working part time in clinical general practice has implications for workplace planning, as GPs seek workload diversity and flexibility across their career stages.

Socioeconomic disadvantage and the practice location of recently Fellowed Australian GPs: a cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic disadvantage and the 'inverse care law' have significant effects on the health and well-being of Australians. Early career GPs can help address the needs of socioeconomically disadvantaged communities by choosing to practice in these locations. This study addressed an evidence gap around GPs post-Fellowship (within 2 years) practice location, and whether practice location is related to postgraduate vocational training. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of recently Fellowed GPs from New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania. Questionnaire items elicited information about participants' current practice, including location. Where consent was provided, participants' questionnaire responses were linked to previously collected vocational GP training data. The outcome factor in analyses was practice location socioeconomic status (SES): the four deciles of greater socioeconomic disadvantage versus locations with a higher SES. SES was classified according to the Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas - Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage. Multivariable logistic regression was undertaken. RESULTS: Of participants currently working in clinical general practice, 26% were practicing in the four deciles of greater socioeconomic disadvantage. Significant multivariable associations of working in these locations included having trained in a practice located in an area of greater socioeconomic disadvantage (odds ratio (OR) 3.14), and having worked at their current practice during vocational training (OR 2.99). CONCLUSION: Given the association of training and practice location for recently Fellowed GPs, policies focused on training location may help in addressing ongoing workforce issues faced by areas of higher socioeconomic disadvantage.

General Practice Registrars' Management of and Specialist Referral Patterns for Atopic Dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common presentation in the general practice (GP) setting. Implementation of appropriate referral pathways is instrumental for best patient care and is an essential skill for Australian GP registrars. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore the prevalence and associations of GP registrar referrals to specialists for AD management. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis utilizing data from the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training (ReCEnT) project, an ongoing cohort study that documents in-consultation clinical and educational experience of Australian GP registrars. Registrar, patient, and consultation factors associated with referrals for AD were established using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 2,783 registrars (96% response rate) provided data from 381,180 consultations from 2010 to 2019. A total of 3,285 (0.55%) of 595,412 diagnoses managed were AD, of which 222 (6.8%) resulted in referral. Of these referrals, 70% were to dermatologists, 17% to allergists/immunologists, and 10% to pediatricians. Associations of referral included registrar female gender, patient age, longer consultation duration; an established (rather than new) AD diagnosis; supervisor advice being sought; and learning goals being generated. CONCLUSIONS: Both registrar and patient factors influence AD referral patterns. Registrars referred established rather than newly diagnosed AD, suggesting a level of comfort in initial management. Referral was associated with longer consultations, seeking supervisor advice, and generation of learning goals-suggesting these are more complex presentations and, possibly, registrar learning opportunities. A significant proportion of referrals were to non-dermatologist specialists. The implication of this for optimal patient care is a subject for further study.

Management of a Chronic Skin Disease in Primary Care: An Analysis of Early-Career General Practitioners' Consultations Involving Psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: The management of psoriasis by general practitioners (GPs) is vital, given its prevalence, chronicity, and associated physical and psychosocial co-morbidities. However, there is little information on how GPs (including early-career GPs) manage psoriasis. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the frequency with which Australian specialist GP vocational trainees ('registrars') provide psoriasis care and the associations of that clinical experience. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was done of data from the ReCEnT study, an ongoing multi-site cohort study of Australian GP registrars' experiences during vocational training. In ReCEnT, 60 consecutive consultations are recorded 3 times (6-monthly) during each registrar's training. The outcome factor for this analysis was a problem/diagnosis being psoriasis, and independent variables were related to registrar, patient, practice and consultation factors. This study analysed 17 rounds of data collection (2010-2017) using univariate and multivariable regression. RESULTS: Data from 1,741 registrars regarding 241,888 consultations and 377,980 problems/diagnoses were analysed. Psoriasis comprised 0.15% (n=550) of all problems/diagnoses (95% CI, 0.13-0.16). Significant patient multivariable associations of a problem/diagnosis being psoriasis included age, gender, being new to a practice or a registrar, and psoriasis being an existing problem rather than a new diagnosis. Significant registrar associations included seeking in-consultation information/assistance, not scheduling a follow-up appointment, prescribing medication, and generating learning goals. CONCLUSIONS: Australian registrars have modest training exposure to psoriasis and may find psoriasis management challenging. Furthermore, continuity of care (essential for optimal chronic disease management) was modest. The findings have implications for GPs' approaches to the management of psoriasis more widely as well for general practice education and training policies.

Prevalence and Associations of General Practice Registrars' Management of Atopic Dermatitis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training Study.

INTRODUCTION: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory condition which imposes substantial burden upon patients and their families. As a frequent primary care presentation, general practice (GP) trainees must develop adequate skills in AD diagnosis and management. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore the prevalence and associations of GP registrars' management of patients with AD. METHODS: This study used data from the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training (ReCEnT) project, an ongoing cohort study of the clinical and educational experience of Australian GP registrars. Registrar, patient, and consultation factors were independent variables in multivariable logistic regression with outcome factor 'diagnosis/problem being AD'. RESULTS: From 2010-2019, 2,783 registrars (96% response rate) provided data from 381,180 consultations. AD was encountered in 0.6% of consults. AD was more likely to be seen in patients aged 0-1 years and patients from a non-English speaking background. AD was less likely to be seen in Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander patients. Learning goals were more likely to be generated for AD and these consultations were associated with registrars seeking information or assistance. AD was strongly associated with a medication being prescribed, of which the most prescribed medications were mild or moderate potency topical corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that, similar to other dermatological presentations, registrars find AD challenging to manage. There may be some gaps in AD management knowledge and application.

General practitioner referrals to paediatric specialist outpatient clinics: referral goals and parental influence.

INTRODUCTION Previous research on general practitioner (GP) referrals in adult populations demonstrated that patient pressure influenced referral practice. No research has been conducted to investigate how involvement of a parent influences paediatric referrals. AIM To investigate whether GPs who report parental influence on their decision to refer paediatric patients differ in their referral patterns from GPs who do not report parental influence. METHOD A mail survey of 400 GPs who had referred at least two children to paediatric specialist outpatient clinics during 2014 was distributed. RESULTS The response rate was 67% (n = 254). For initial referrals, 27% of GPs stated that parental request frequently or almost always influenced their referral decision. For returning referrals, 63% of GPs experienced parental influence to renew a referral because a paediatrician wanted a child to return; 49% of GPs experienced influence to renew a referral because a parent wanted to continue care with a paediatrician. Experiencing parental influence was associated with increased likelihood for frequent referrals in order for a paediatrician to take over management of a child's condition. DISCUSSION GPs who frequently refer with a goal for a paediatrician to take over management of a child's condition also report that parental request almost always influences their decision to refer.

Gender differences in Australian general practice trainees performing procedures related to women's reproductive health: A cross-sectional analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gender differences may exist in the performance of women's reproductive procedures. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and association of general practice registrars' performance of women's procedures with trainees' gender, rurality of practice and in-consultation seeking of information or assistance. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study of registrars' consultations in 2010­17. Registrars recorded 60 consecutive consultations during each six-month training term. The outcome was performance of a procedure related to women's reproductve health. RESULTS: Of 24,333 procedures performed in 332,700 encounters, 15,634 were on female patients and 6025 of those included procedures relating to women's reproductive health; 5002 were Pap smears (20.6%). Only 235 (4.7%) Pap smears were performed by male trainees. Performing women's procedures was significantly associated with trainees' gender, with an adjusted odds ratio of 4.80 (95% confidence interval: 4.10, 5.61). DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that a gender difference exists in general practice trainees' frequency of performing women's procedures. Male trainees require more opportunities and support from their preceptors, clinical settings and training programs to perform these procedures.

Referrals to dietitians/nutritionists: A cross-sectional analysis of Australian GP registrars' clinical practice.

AIM: The present study aimed to describe referral patterns of general practitioner (GP) registrars to dietitians/nutritionists. There is a paucity of research regarding GP referral patterns to dietitians/nutritionists. Limited data show increasing referrals from established GPs to dietitians/nutritionists. There are no data on GP registrar (trainee) referrals. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training (ReCEnT) study. ReCEnT is an ongoing, multicentre, prospective cohort study of registrars, which documents 60 consecutive consultations of each registrar in each of the three six-month GP training terms. The outcome factor in this analysis was a problem/diagnosis resulting in dietitian/nutritionist referral (2010-2015). Independent variables were related to registrar, patient, practice and consultation. RESULTS: A total of 1124 registrars contributed data from 145 708 consultations. Of 227 190 problems/diagnoses, 587 (0.26% (confidence interval: 0.23-0.29)) resulted in dietitian/nutritionist referral. The most common problems/diagnoses referred related to overweight/obesity (27.1%) and type 2 diabetes (21.1%). Of referrals to a dietitian/nutritionist, 60.8% were for a chronic disease, and 38.8% were related to a Chronic Disease Management plan. Dietitian/nutritionist referral was significantly associated with a number of independent variables reflecting continuity of care, patient complexity, chronic disease, health equity and registrar engagement. CONCLUSIONS: Established patients with chronic disease and complex care needs are more likely than other patients to be referred by registrars to dietitians/nutritionists. Nutrition behaviours are a major risk factor in chronic disease, and we have found evidence for dietitian/nutritionist referrals representing one facet of engagement by registrars with patients' complex care needs.

Management of transient ischemic attacks diagnosed by early-career general practitioners: A cross-sectional study.

Background Transient ischemic attack incurs a risk of recurrent stroke that can be dramatically reduced by urgent guideline-recommended management at the point of first medical contact. Aims This study describes the prevalence and associations of new transient ischemic attack presentations to general practice registrars and the management undertaken. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training cohort study. General practice registrars from five Australian states (urban to very remote practices) collected data on 60 consecutive patient encounters during each of their three six-month training terms. The proportion of problems managed being new transient ischemic attacks and proportion of transient ischemic attacks with guideline-recommended management were calculated. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression established associations of patient, registrar, and practice factors with a problem being a new transient ischemic attack. Results A total 1331 general practice registrars contributed data (response rate 95.8%). Of the 250,625 problems, there were 65 new transient ischemic attacks diagnosed (0.03% [95% confidence interval: 0.02-0.03%]). General practice registrars were more likely to seek help, generate learning goals, and spend more time for a new transient ischemic attack compared to other problems. Compliance with management guidelines was modest: 15.4% ordered brain and arterial imaging, 36.9% prescribed antiplatelet medication, and 3.1% prescribed antihypertensive medication. Conclusions Transient ischemic attack is a very infrequent presentation for general practice registrars, giving little clinical opportunity to reinforce training program education regarding guideline-recommended management. General practice registrars found transient ischemic attacks challenging and management was not ideal. Since most transient ischemic attacks first present to general practice and urgent management is essential, an enhanced model of care utilizing rapid access to specialist transient ischemic attack support and follow-up could improve guideline compliance.

GP registrar consultations addressing menopause-related symptoms: a cross-sectional analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and associations of general practitioner registrars' (trainees') management of women with menopause-related symptoms. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis from the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training (ReCEnT) cohort study. In ReCEnT registrars collected data of 60 consecutive consultations on three occasions during training. The outcome factor was menopause-related problems/diagnoses (compared with other problems/diagnoses). Associations of registrar, patient, practice, and consultation-independent variables were assessed by univariate and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: In all, 1,333 registrars conducted 189,774 consultations involving 295,017 problems/diagnoses. Of these, there were 1,291 problems/diagnoses (0.44% of all problems/diagnoses) relating to menopause. Significant multivariable independent associations of a problem being menopause-related were registrar female sex (odds ratio [OR] 2.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.30-3.26) and registrars working part-time (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72-0.98 for full-time work). Consultation-related associations included an increased number of problems addressed in the consultation (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.21-1.37), and menopause-related problems/diagnoses not being new (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66-0.86). Significant educational associations were increased odds of recourse to in-consultation sources of information or assistance (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.80-2.44) and of generating learning goals (OR 3.15, 95% CI 2.66-3.72). CONCLUSIONS: Registrars seek more assistance and further knowledge about menopause compared with other problems. Thus, they may find the area particularly challenging and could benefit from further education regarding managing menopause. Our findings may help inform the design of measures aimed at improving the delivery of menopause training for general practice registrars.