Molecular hybridization yields triazole bronchodilators for the treatment of COPD.

A 1,2,4-triazole motif was employed as a bioisostere for the ester commonly used in muscarinic antagonists, and subsequent integrative conjugation to a ß2 agonist quinolinone furnished a new class of bifunctional MABAs for the treatment of COPD. Medicinal chemistry optimization using the principles of 'inhalation by design' furnished a clinical candidate with desirable pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical properties.

Synthesis and evaluation of heteroarylalanine diacids as potent and selective neutral endopeptidase inhibitors.

Heteroarylalanine derivatives 4 were designed as potential inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase (NEP EC 3.4.24.11). Selectivity over other zinc metalloproteinases was explored through occupation of the S2' subsite within NEP. Structural optimisation led to the identification of 5-phenyl oxazole 4f, a potent and selective NEP inhibitor. A crystal structure of the inhibitor bound complex is reported.

Oxygenated analogues of UK-396082 as inhibitors of activated thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor.

A suitable inhibitor of activated thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa) has the potential to be a novel treatment for thrombosis. The TAFIa inhibitor UK-396082 (1) was used as a starting point to seek more potent analogues. With knowledge of encouraging human pharmacokinetics and toleration for the clinical candidate (1), the programme continued to seek structure-activity relationships (SAR) that could positively impact on both potency and half-life, and therefore the projected dose of any future nominated clinical agent. A series of oxygenated analogues based on compound 1 were prepared to evaluate changes in pharmacology, selectivity and pharmacokinetics.

Discovery of CDZ173 (Leniolisib), Representing a Structurally Novel Class of PI3K Delta-Selective Inhibitors.

The predominant expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) in leukocytes and its critical role in B and T cell functions led to the hypothesis that selective inhibitors of this isoform would have potential as therapeutics for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory disease. Targeting specifically PI3Kδ should avoid potential side effects associated with the ubiquitously expressed PI3Kα and ß isoforms. We disclose how morphing the heterocyclic core of previously discovered 4,6-diaryl quinazolines to a significantly less lipophilic 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine, followed by replacement of one of the phenyl groups with a pyrrolidine-3-amine, led to a compound series with an optimal on-target profile and good ADME properties. A final lipophilicity adjustment led to the discovery of CDZ173 (leniolisib), a potent PI3Kδ selective inhibitor with suitable properties and efficacy for clinical development as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic. In vitro, CDZ173 inhibits a large spectrum of immune cell functions, as demonstrated in B and T cells, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, plasmocytoid dendritic cells, and mast cells. In vivo, CDZ173 inhibits B cell activation in rats and monkeys in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. After prophylactic or therapeutic dosing, CDZ173 potently inhibited antigen-specific antibody production and reduced disease symptoms in a rat collagen-induced arthritis model. Structurally, CDZ173 differs significantly from the first generation of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγδ-selective clinical compounds. Therefore, CDZ173 could differentiate by a more favorable safety profile. CDZ173 is currently in clinical studies in patients suffering from primary Sjögren's syndrome and in APDS/PASLI, a disease caused by gain-of-function mutations of PI3Kδ.

Inhalation by design: novel tertiary amine muscarinic M3 receptor antagonists with slow off-rate binding kinetics for inhaled once-daily treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

A novel tertiary amine series of potent muscarinic M(3) receptor antagonists are described that exhibit potential as inhaled long-acting bronchodilators for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Geminal dimethyl functionality present in this series of compounds confers very long dissociative half-life (slow off-rate) from the M(3) receptor that mediates very long-lasting smooth muscle relaxation in guinea pig tracheal strips. Optimization of pharmacokinetic properties was achieved by combining rapid oxidative clearance with targeted introduction of a phenolic moiety to secure rapid glucuronidation. Together, these attributes minimize systemic exposure following inhalation, mitigate potential drug-drug interactions, and reduce systemically mediated adverse events. Compound 47 (PF-3635659) is identified as a Phase II clinical candidate from this series with in vivo duration of action studies confirming its potential for once-daily use in humans.