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1.
New Phytol ; 237(6): 2224-2237, 2023 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36564967

RESUMEN

Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene compound synthesized and stored in the glandular trichome of Artemisia annua leaves, has been used to treat malaria. Previous studies have shown that both light and jasmonic acid (JA) can promote the biosynthesis of artemisinin, and the promotion of artemisinin by JA is dependent on light. However, the specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report a MYB transcription factor, AaMYB108, identified from transcriptome analysis of light and JA treatment, as a positive regulator of artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua. AaMYB108 promotes artemisinin biosynthesis by interacting with a previously characterized positive regulator of artemisinin, AaGSW1. Then, we found that AaMYB108 interacted with AaCOP1 and AaJAZ8, respectively. The function of AaMYB108 was influenced by AaCOP1 and AaJAZ8. Through the treatment of AaMYB108 transgenic plants with light and JA, it was found that the promotion of artemisinin by light and JA depends on the presence of AaMYB108. Taken together, our results reveal the molecular mechanism of JA regulating artemisinin biosynthesis depending on light in A. annua. This study provides new insights into the integration of light and phytohormone signaling to regulate terpene biosynthesis in plants.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua , Artemisininas , Artemisia annua/genética , Factores de Transcripción , Proteínas de Plantas/genética
2.
Plant Biotechnol J ; 19(7): 1412-1428, 2021 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33539631

RESUMEN

Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment, was discovered in the medicinal plant Artemisia annua. The biosynthesis of artemisinin is efficiently regulated by jasmonate (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) via regulatory factors. However, the mechanisms linking JA and ABA signalling with artemisinin biosynthesis through an associated regulatory network of downstream transcription factors (TFs) remain enigmatic. Here we report AaTCP15, a JA and ABA dual-responsive teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating (TCP) TF, which is essential for JA and ABA-induced artemisinin biosynthesis by directly binding to and activating the promoters of DBR2 and ALDH1, two genes encoding enzymes for artemisinin biosynthesis. Furthermore, AaORA, another positive regulator of artemisinin biosynthesis responds to JA and ABA, interacts with and enhances the transactivation activity of AaTCP15 and simultaneously activates AaTCP15 transcripts. Hence, they form an AaORA-AaTCP15 module to synergistically activate DBR2, a crucial gene for artemisinin biosynthesis. More importantly, AaTCP15 expression is activated by the multiple reported JA and ABA-responsive TFs that promote artemisinin biosynthesis. Among them, AaGSW1 acts at the nexus of JA and ABA signalling to activate the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway and directly binds to and activates the AaTCP15 promoter apart from the AaORA promoter, which further facilitates formation of the AaGSW1-AaTCP15/AaORA regulatory module to integrate JA and ABA-mediated artemisinin biosynthesis. Our results establish a multilayer regulatory network of the AaGSW1-AaTCP15/AaORA module to regulate artemisinin biosynthesis through JA and ABA signalling, and provide an interesting avenue for future research exploring the special transcriptional regulation module of TCP genes associated with specialized metabolites in plants.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua , Artemisininas , Ácido Abscísico , Artemisia annua/genética , Artemisininas/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Oxilipinas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo
3.
New Phytol ; 231(5): 1858-1874, 2021 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33973259

RESUMEN

Artemisinin, isolated from Artemisia annua, is recommended as the preferred drug to fight malaria. Previous research showed that jasmonate (JA)-mediated promotion of artemisinin accumulation depended on light. However, the mechanism underlying the interaction of light and JA in regulating artemisinin accumulation is still unknown. We identified a WRKY transcription factor, AaWRKY9, using transcriptome analysis. The glandular trichome-specific AaWRKY9 positively regulates artemisinin biosynthesis by directly binding to the promoters of AaDBR2 and AaGSW1. The key regulator in the light pathway AaHY5 activates the expression of AaWRKY9 by binding to its promoter. In addition, AaWRKY9 interacts with AaJAZ9, a repressor in the JA signalling pathway. AaJAZ9 represses the transcriptional activation activity of AaWRKY9 in the absence of methyl jasmonate. Notably, in the presence of methyl jasmonate, the transcriptional activation activity of AaWRKY9 is increased. Taken together, our results reveal a novel molecular mechanism underlying AaWRKY9 contributes to light-mediated and jasmonate-mediated to regulate the biosynthesis of artemisinin in A. annua. Our study provides new insights into integrating the two signalling pathways to regulate terpene biosynthesis in plants.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua , Artemisininas , Artemisia annua/genética , Ciclopentanos , Oxilipinas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Tricomas
4.
Biotechnol Appl Biochem ; 68(2): 338-344, 2021 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32339306

RESUMEN

Artemisinin, an effective antimalarial compound, is isolated from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua L. However, because of the low content of artemisinin in A. annua, the demand of artemisinin exceeds supply. Previous studies show that the artemisinin biosynthesis is promoted by light in A. annua. Cryptochrome1 (CRY1) is involved in many processes in the light response. In this study, AaCRY1 was cloned from A. annua. Overexpressing AaCRY1 in Arabidopsis thaliana cry1 mutant resulted in blue-light-dependent short hypocotyl phenotype and short coleoptile under blue light. Yeast two-hybrid and subcellular colocalization showed that AaCRY1 interacted with AtCOP1 (ubiquitin E3 ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1). Overexpression of AaCRY1 in transgenic A. annua increased the artemisinin content. When AaCRY1 was overexpressed in A. annua driven by the CYP71AV1 (cytochrome P450 dependent amorpha-4,11-diene 12-hydroxylase) promoter, the artemisinin content was 1.6 times higher than that of the control. Furthermore, we expressed the C terminal of AaCRY1(CCT) involved a GUS-CCT fusion protein in A. annua. The results showed that the artemisinin content was increased to 1.7- to 2.4-fold in GUS-CCT transgenic A. annua plants. These results demonstrate that overexpression of GUS-CCT is an effective strategy to increase artemisinin production in A. annua.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua , Artemisininas/metabolismo , Criptocromos , Lactonas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Artemisia annua/genética , Artemisia annua/metabolismo , Criptocromos/biosíntesis , Criptocromos/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo
5.
New Phytol ; 217(1): 261-276, 2018 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28940606

RESUMEN

The glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) on Artemisia annua leaves have the capacity to secrete and store artemisinin, a compound which is the most effective treatment for uncomplicated malaria. An effective strategy to improve artemisinin content is therefore to increase the density of GSTs in A. annua. However, the formation mechanism of GSTs remains poorly understood. To explore the mechanisms of GST initiation in A. annua, we screened myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor genes from a GST transcriptome database and identified a MIXTA transcription factor, AaMIXTA1, which is expressed predominantly in the basal cells of GST in A. annua. Overexpression and repression of AaMIXTA1 resulted in an increase and decrease, respectively, in the number of GSTs as well as the artemisinin content in transgenic plants. Transcriptome analysis and cuticular lipid profiling showed that AaMIXTA1 is likely to be responsible for activating cuticle biosynthesis. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter assays further demonstrated that AaMIXTA1 could directly activate the expression of genes related to cuticle biosynthesis. Taken together, AaMIXTA1 regulated cuticle biosynthesis and prompted GST initiation without any abnormal impact on the morphological structure of the GSTs and so provides a new way to improve artemisinin content in this important medicinal plant.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua/metabolismo , Artemisininas/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Tricomas/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Artemisia annua/genética , Artemisia annua/ultraestructura , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Especificidad de Órganos , Filogenia , Epidermis de la Planta/genética , Epidermis de la Planta/metabolismo , Epidermis de la Planta/ultraestructura , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Alineación de Secuencia , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Tricomas/genética , Tricomas/ultraestructura
6.
Theor Appl Genet ; 131(3): 569-579, 2018 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29147724

RESUMEN

KEY MESSAGE: Map-based cloning identified CmGL that encodes a HD-ZIP type IV transcription factor that controls multicellular trichome initiation in melon. Trichomes are small hairs covering the aerial parts of plants that originate from the epidermal cells, which can protect plants against the damage by insects and pathogens. The regulatory pathway of unicellular trichomes has been well studied in the model plant Arabidopsis. Little is known about the genetic control and regulation of trichome development in melon (Cucumis melo L.) which has multicellular trichomes. In this study, we identified a melon mutant, cmgl, which showed completely glabrous on all aerial organs. A bulked segregant analysis was conducted to identify polymorphic markers for linkage analysis in a population with 256 F2 plants, which allowed to locate the cmgl locus in melon chromosome VIII. Next-generation sequencing-aided marker discovery and fine mapping in a large population with 1536 F2 plants narrowed the candidate gene region to 12 kb that harbored only one candidate gene for cmgl, which encoded a class IV homeodomain-associated leucine zipper transcription factor. Four SNPs in the coding region of the CmGL gene were identified between the two parental lines; a single base substitution from C to A resulted in a premature termination codon and a truncated protein in the cmgl. The SNP was converted into a dCAPS marker, which showed co-segregation in the F2 population and 564 melon accessions. Result of this study will be helpful for better understanding of genetic control of trichome development in melon and marker-assisted selection in developing new cultivars.


Asunto(s)
Cucumis melo/genética , Leucina Zippers , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Tricomas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Mapeo Cromosómico , Cucumis melo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Genes de Plantas , Ligamiento Genético , Marcadores Genéticos , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN
7.
New Phytol ; 213(3): 1145-1155, 2017 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27659595

RESUMEN

Glandular trichomes are generally considered biofactories that produce valuable chemicals. Increasing glandular trichome density is a very suitable way to improve the productivity of these valuable metabolites, but little is known about the regulation of glandular trichome formation. Phytohormone jasmonate (JA) promotes glandular trichome initiation in various plants, but its mechanism is also unknown. By searching transcription factors regulated by JA in Artemisia annua, we identified a novel homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factor, HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN 1 (AaHD1), which positively controls both glandular and nonglandular trichome initiations. Overexpression of AaHD1 in A. annua significantly increased glandular trichome density without harming plant growth. Consequently, the artemisinin content was improved. AaHD1 interacts with A. annua jasmonate ZIM-domain 8 (AaJAZ8), which is a repressor of JA, thereby resulting in decreased transcriptional activity. AaHD1 knockdown lines show decreased sensitivity to JA on glandular trichome initiation, which indicates that AaHD1 plays an important role in JA-mediated glandular trichome initiation. We identified a new transcription factor that promotes A. annua glandular trichome initiation and revealed a novel molecular mechanism by which a homeodomain protein transduces JA signal to promote glandular trichome initiation. Our results also suggested a connection between glandular and nonglandular trichome formations.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua/embriología , Artemisia annua/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Tricomas/embriología , Tricomas/metabolismo , Artemisia annua/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Modelos Biológicos , Organogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Filogenia , Hojas de la Planta/ultraestructura , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Dominios Proteicos , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Tricomas/efectos de los fármacos , Tricomas/ultraestructura
8.
Inorg Chem ; 56(6): 3506-3511, 2017 Mar 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28257205

RESUMEN

Two hybrids (C5H6N)CdCl3 (1) and (C5H6N)Cd2Cl5 (2) were synthesized by stoichiometric regulation of reactants. 1 with a one-dimensional chain-like structure shows a step-like dielectric anomaly at around 158 K. 2 with a layered structure undergoes a prominent phase transition in the vicinity of 182 K, accompanying obvious dielectric relaxation behavior in a broad temperature range. Systematic characterization, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and dielectric measurements, has demonstrated that the phase transitions of 1 and 2 are both attributable to the dynamic motion of the organic cation. Significantly, dimensionality modulation triggers the tunable dielectric responses in these two compounds. Thus, regulation of the phase transition temperature and dielectric responses in the various dimensions of the structure is a potentially effective method to construct tunable dielectric phase transition materials.

9.
Inorg Chem ; 56(20): 12193-12198, 2017 Oct 16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28968076

RESUMEN

Multifunctional-material-integrated various properties have been an attractive research field. In spite of persistent explorations into such materials, the conditions of coexistence are still confused. Organic-inorganic hybrid compounds are appropratie for designing these materials because of both their rich properties and flexible compositions. Here, a perovskite-type organic-inorganic hybrid compound, (Hmpy)MnCl3 (1; Hmpy = N-methylpyrrolidinium), with temperature, light, and electric stimuli-response characteristics has been rationally designed and synthesized. This hybrid compound shows a dielectric anomaly, a broad dielectric dispersion of the temperature range from 296 to 400 K, and brilliant red fluorescence at 632 nm with a high quantum yield of 54.54% under UV excitation. The coexistence of temperature, optical, and electric multiple stimuli-response properties in 1 demonstrates that our finding has a profound influence on the further exploration of the novel multifunctional materials.

10.
Plant Cell Physiol ; 57(3): 588-602, 2016 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26858285

RESUMEN

There are many biosynthetic pathways competing for the metabolic flux with the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway in Artemisia annua L. To study the relationship between genes encoding enzymes at branching points and the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway, ß-caryophyllene, ß-farnesene and squalene were sprayed on young seedlings of A. annua. Transient expression assays indicated that the transcription levels of ß-caryophyllene synthase (CPS), ß-farnesene synthase (BFS) and squalene synthase (SQS) were inhibited by ß-caryophyllene, ß-farnesene and squalene, respectively, while expression of some artemisinin biosynthetic pathway genes increased. Thus, inhibition of these genes encoding enzymes at branching points may be helpful to improve the artemisinin content. For further study, the expression levels of four branch pathway genes CPS, BFS, germacrene A synthase (GAS) and SQS were down-regulated by the antisense method in A. annua. In anti-CPS transgenic plants, mRNA levels of BFS and ADS were increased, and the contents of ß-farnesene, artemisinin and dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) were increased by 212, 77 and 132%, respectively. The expression levels of CPS, SQS, GAS, amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), amorphadiene 12-hydroxylase (CYP71AV1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) were increased in anti-BFS transgenic plants and, at the same time, the contents of artemisinin and DHAA were increased by 77% and 54%, respectively, and the content of squalene was increased by 235%. In anti-GAS transgenic plants, mRNA levels of CPS, BFS, ADS and ALDH1 were increased. The contents of artemisinin and DHAA were enhanced by 103% and 130%, respectively. In anti-SQS transgenic plants, the transcription levels of BFS, GAS, CPS, ADS, CYP71AV1 and ALDH1 were all increased. Contents of artemisinin and DHAA were enhanced by 71% and 223%, respectively, while ß-farnesene was raised to 123%. The mRNA level of artemisinic aldehyde Δ11(13) reductase (DBR2) had changed little in almost all transgenic plants.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua/metabolismo , Artemisininas/metabolismo , Vías Biosintéticas , Lactonas/metabolismo , Artemisia annua/efectos de los fármacos , Artemisia annua/enzimología , Artemisia annua/genética , Artemisininas/química , Vías Biosintéticas/efectos de los fármacos , Vías Biosintéticas/genética , Farnesil Difosfato Farnesil Transferasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Farnesil Difosfato Farnesil Transferasa/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Genes de Plantas , Lactonas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos , Pirofosfatasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirofosfatasas/metabolismo , Sesquiterpenos/farmacología , Escualeno/farmacología , Terpenos/farmacología
11.
Plant Cell Physiol ; 57(9): 1961-71, 2016 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27388340

RESUMEN

The NAC (NAM, ATAF and CUC) superfamily is one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor families. NAC transcription factors always play important roles in response to various abiotic stresses. A NAC transcription factor gene AaNAC1 containing a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 864 bp was cloned from Artemisia annua. The expression of AaNAC1 could be induced by dehydration, cold, salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ), suggesting that it might be a key regulator of stress signaling pathways in A. annua. AaNAC1 was shown to be localized to the nuclei by transforming tobacco leaf epidermal cells. When AaNAC1 was overexpressed in A. annua, the content of artemisinin and dihydroartemisinic acid was increased by 79% and 150%, respectively. The expression levels of artemisinin biosynthetic pathway genes, i.e. amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), artemisinic aldehyde Δ11(13) reductase (DBR2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), were increased. Dual luciferase (dual-LUC) assays showed that AaNAC1 could activate the transcription of ADS in vivo. The transgenic A. annua exhibited increased tolerance to drought and resistance to Botrytis cinerea. When AaNAC1 was overexpressed in Arabidopsis, the transgenic Arabidopsis were markedly more tolerant to drought. The transgenic Arabidopsis showed increased resistance to B. cinerea. These results indicate that AaNAC1 can potentially be used in transgenic breeding for improving the content of artemisinin and drought tolerance in A. annua.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua/fisiología , Artemisininas/metabolismo , Botrytis/patogenicidad , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/microbiología , Artemisia annua/genética , Artemisia annua/microbiología , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Sequías , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo
12.
New Phytol ; 210(4): 1269-81, 2016 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26864531

RESUMEN

The plant Artemisia annua is well known due to the production of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is widely used in malaria treatment. Phytohormones play important roles in plant secondary metabolism, such as jasmonic acid (JA), which can induce artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua. Nevertheless, the JA-inducing mechanism remains poorly understood. The expression of gene AaMYC2 was rapidly induced by JA and AaMYC2 binds the G-box-like motifs within the promoters of gene CYP71AV1 and DBR2, which are key structural genes in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. Overexpression of AaMYC2 in A. annua significantly activated the transcript levels of CYP71AV1 and DBR2, which resulted in an increased artemisinin content. By contrast, artemisinin content was reduced in the RNAi transgenic A. annua plants in which the expression of AaMYC2 was suppressed. Meanwhile, the RNAi transgenic A. annua plants showed lower sensitivity to methyl jasmonate treatment than the wild-type plants. These results demonstrate that AaMYC2 is a positive regulator of artemisinin biosynthesis and is of great value in genetic engineering of A. annua for increased artemisinin production.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua/genética , Artemisininas/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Acetatos/farmacología , Artemisia annua/metabolismo , Vías Biosintéticas , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Expresión Génica , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Interferencia de ARN , Factores de Transcripción/genética
13.
Biotechnol Appl Biochem ; 63(6): 834-840, 2016 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26340706

RESUMEN

Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Artemisia annua L. (sweet wormwood), is extensively used in the treatment of malaria. In order to better understand the metabolism of terpenes in A. annua and the influence of terpene synthases on artemisinin yield, the expression pattern of a monoterpene alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2) has been studied using transgenic plants expressing promoter-ß-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion. ADH2 played a major role in monoterpenoid biosynthesis including carveol, borneol, and artemisia ketone through in vitro biochemical analysis. In this study, the ADH2 promoter was cloned by the genome walking method. A number of putative cis-acting elements were predicted in promoter region, suggesting that the ADH2 is driven by a complex regulation mechanism. ADH2 gene was highly expressed in old leaves, whereas the artemisinin biosynthetic genes were mainly expressed in bud and young leaves. The expression of ADH2 gene increased quickly during leaf development, revealed by qRT-PCR. GUS expression analysis in different tissues of transgenic A. annua demonstrates that ADH2 expression is exclusively located to T-shaped trichome, not glandular secretory trichome.


Asunto(s)
Transferasas Alquil y Aril/genética , Artemisia annua/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Glucuronidasa/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Tricomas/genética , Artemisia annua/citología , Secuencia de Bases , Clonación Molecular , Genómica , Especificidad de Órganos , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente
14.
Zhong Yao Cai ; 37(8): 1410-4, 2014 Aug.
Artículo en Zh | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25726650

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: By substituting Hedyseri Radix for Astragali Radix in Yiqiyangxue prescription, to compare the effects of both serum containing medicine on aged mice spleen lymphocyte proliferation and anti-oxidant effect. METHOD: After using the same dose of Hedyseri Radix to replace Astragali Radix in Yiqiyangxue prescription, the best concentration of serum containing medicine,the best incubation time and the effects of ConA-induced spleen lymphocyte proliferation were determined by MTY method. Use reagent kits to detect the activity of SOD, MDA and ROS levels in aged mice spleen lymphocytes and IL-2 level in culture supernatant fluid of spleen lymphocytes. RESULTS: Both serum containing medicine can enhance the proliferation of aged mice spleen lymphocytes. The best concentration of serum containing medicine was 40% and the incubation time was 72 h. The serum containing Yiqiyangxue of Hedyseri Radix prescription acted more effective than that of Astragali Radix on the enhancement of proliferation. Both serum containing medicine showed similar effects on increasing SOD activity, IL-2 level and decreasing MDA and ROS level. Moreover,serum of Hedyseri Radix was superior in the enhancement of proliferation, IL-2 and the reduction of ROS level. CONCLUSION: Both serum containing medicine of Hedyseri Radix and Astragali Radix generate the same effect of anti-aging and enhancement of proliferation.


Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Planta del Astrágalo/química , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos/citología , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Bazo/citología , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Envejecimiento , Animales , Astragalus propinquus , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Interleucina-2 , Activación de Linfocitos , Masculino , Ratones
15.
Eur J Pharm Sci ; 192: 106658, 2024 Jan 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38048851

RESUMEN

Early-stage clinical evaluation of tinengotinib (TT-00420) demonstrated encouraging preliminary efficacies in multiple types of refractory cancers, including fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) inhibitors relapsed cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and HR+/HER2- breast cancer and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). To further evaluate drug-like properties of the drug candidate, it is imperative to understand its metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties. This manuscript presented the investigation results of in vitro permeability, plasma protein binding, metabolic stability, metabolite identification, and drug-drug interaction of tinengotinib. Preclinical ADME (absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism) studies in rats and dogs was also conducted using a radioactive labeled tinengotinib, [14C]tinengotinib. Tinengotinib was found to have high permeability and high plasma protein binding and equally distributed between blood and plasma. There were no unique metabolites in human liver microsomes and tinengotinib showed moderate hepatic clearance. Tinengotinib is neither a potential inhibitor nor an inducer of P450 enzymes at clinically relevant concentrations, and unlikely to cause drug-drug interactions when used in combination with other drugs mediated by a key transporter, either as victim or perpetrator. Taken together, tinengotinib demonstrated a minimal risk of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. Tinengotinib showed good oral bioavailability and dose-dependent exposures in both rat and dog after oral administration. The total radioactivity was largely distributed in the gastrointestinal system and liver, and tinengotinib could not easily pass through the blood-brain barrier. The major drug-related component in rat and dog plasma was unchanged drug (>89 %) with primary route of elimination via feces (>93 % of the dose) and minor via renal excretion (<4 % of the dose). Tinengotinib metabolism is mediated largely by CYP3A4, with minor contributions from CYP2D6 and CYP2C8. Major metabolic pathways include oxidation, oxidative cleavage of the morpholine ring, glucuronide and glutathione conjugations. The overall preclinical pharmacokinetics profile supported the selection and development of tinengotinib as a clinical candidate.


Asunto(s)
Colangiocarcinoma , Drogas en Investigación , Masculino , Ratas , Humanos , Animales , Perros , Drogas en Investigación/metabolismo , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/metabolismo , Disponibilidad Biológica , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacocinética , Administración Oral , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Colangiocarcinoma/metabolismo
16.
Plant Sci ; 339: 111959, 2024 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38101619

RESUMEN

Glandular trichomes are specialized structures found on the surface of plants to produce specific compounds, including terpenes, alkaloids, and other organic substances. Artemisia annua, commonly known as sweet wormwood, synthesizes and stores the antimalarial drug artemisinin in glandular trichomes. Previous research indicated that increasing the glandular trichome density could enhance artemisinin production, and the cuticle synthesis affected the initiation and development of glandular trichomes in A. annua. In this study, AaABCG12 and AaABCG20 were isolated from A. annua that exhibited similar expression patterns to artemisinin biosynthetic genes. Of the two, AaABCG20 acted as a specific transporter in glandular trichomes. Downregulating the expression of AaABCG20 resulted in a notable reduction in the density of glandular trichome, while overexpressing AaABCG20 resulted in an increase in glandular trichome density. GC-MS analysis demonstrated that AaABCG20 was responsible for the transport of cutin and wax in A. annua. These findings indicated that AaABCG20 influenced the initiation and development of glandular trichomes through transporting cutin and wax in A. annua. This glandular trichome specific half-size ABCG-type transporter is crucial in facilitating the transportation of cutin and wax components, ultimately contributing to the successful initiation and development of glandular trichomes.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua , Artemisininas , Lípidos de la Membrana , Tricomas , Artemisia annua/genética , Artemisia annua/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Artemisininas/metabolismo
17.
Drugs R D ; 24(3): 465-476, 2024 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39231890

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Tinengotinib, a novel multi-target small molecule kinase inhibitor, is currently undergoing phase II clinical trial in the USA and China. The purpose of this open-label study was to investigate the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of [14C]tinengotinib following a single oral dose in healthy subjects. METHODS: Six healthy male subjects received a single oral dose of [14C]tinengotinib capsules at 10 mg/100 µCi, and blood, urine, and feces samples were collected. Phenotyping experiments were further conducted to confirm the enzymes involved in its metabolism. RESULTS: Tinengotinib was rapidly absorbed in plasma with a time to peak drug concentration (Tmax) of 1.0-4.0 h post-dose and a long terminal half-life (t½) of 23.7 h. Blood-to-plasma radioactivity concentration ratios across timepoints ranged from 0.780 to 0.827, which indicated minimal association of radioactivity with blood cells. The mean cumulative excreted radioactivity was 99.57% of the dose, including 92.46% (68.65% as unchanged) in feces and 7.11% (0.28% as unchanged) in urine. In addition to unchanged tinengotinib, a total of 11 radioactive metabolites were identified in plasma, urine, and feces. The most abundant circulating radioactivity was the parent drug in plasma, which comprised 88.23% of the total radioactivity area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). Metabolite M410-3 was a major circulating metabolite, accounting for 5.38% of the parent drug exposure and 4.75% of the total drug-related exposure, respectively. All excreted metabolites accounted for less than 5.10% and 1.82% of the dose in feces and urine, respectively. In addition, no unique metabolites were observed in humans. Tinengotinib was metabolized mainly via CYP3A4. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, tinengotinib demonstrated a complete mass balance with limited renal excretion, no disproportionate blood metabolism, and slow elimination, primarily through the fecal route. The results of this study provide evidence to support the rational use of tinengotinib as a pharmacotherapeutic agent. REGISTRATION: ChinadrugTrials.org.cn identifier: CTR20212852.


Asunto(s)
Biotransformación , Voluntarios Sanos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacocinética , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/orina , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/administración & dosificación , Adulto Joven , Heces/química , Administración Oral , Semivida , Radioisótopos de Carbono , Piridinas , Triazoles
18.
Mol Biol Rep ; 39(3): 2267-74, 2012 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21643745

RESUMEN

Allene oxide synthase (AOS) is the first committed step in the biosynthetic pathway of Jasmonate. In this study, a full-length cDNA of AOS gene (named as AaAOS) was cloned from Artemisia annua. The gene was 1891 bp in size containing an open reading frame (1581 bp) encoding 526 amino acids. Comparative and bioinformatic analysis revealed that the deduced protein of AaAOS was highly homologous to AOSs from other plant species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the protein of AaAOS belonged to the dicotyledonous group, which was consistent with the category of A. annua. Southern blot analysis revealed that it was a low-copy gene. Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that AaAOS mRNA accumulated most abundantly in leaves and flowers. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that MeJA, ABA and ethylene treatments significantly enhanced AaAOS transcript expression.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua/enzimología , Vías Biosintéticas/genética , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Oxidorreductasas Intramoleculares/genética , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Acetatos/farmacología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Southern Blotting , Clonación Molecular , Biología Computacional , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Cartilla de ADN/genética , ADN Complementario/genética , Etilenos/farmacología , Flores/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/genética , Oxidorreductasas Intramoleculares/metabolismo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta/genética , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia
19.
Plant Sci ; 317: 111172, 2022 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35193735

RESUMEN

Glandular trichomes can secrete and store a large number of secondary metabolites in plants, some of which are of high medicinal and commercial value. For example, artemisinin, isolated from Artemisia annua L. plants, and its derivatives have great high medicinal value. Previous research indicated that artemisinin was synthesized in the glandular trichomes on the leaves of A. annua. It is an important study direction to improve artemisinin yield by promoting the initiation and development of glandular trichome. In this study, SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like 9 (AaSPL9) was identified. In AaSPL9 overexpression transgenic plants, the glandular trichomes density was increased by 45-60 %, and the content of artemisinin was increased by 33-60 %, indicating that AaSPL9 positively regulate the glandular trichomes initiation. Yeast one-hybrid(Y1H), Dual-luciferase (Dual-Luc), Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) demonstrated that AaSPL9 activated the expression of AaHD1 by combining directly the GTAC-box of the AaHD1 promoter. Taken together, we identified AaSPL9, a positive transcription factor, regulating the glandular trichome initiation in A. annua, and revealed a novel molecular mechanism by which a SPL protein to promote glandular trichome initiation.


Asunto(s)
Artemisia annua , Artemisia annua/genética , Artemisia annua/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Tricomas/metabolismo
20.
J Biomed Biotechnol ; 2011: 793198, 2011.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21660143

RESUMEN

The tetraploid plants of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don was obtained by colchicine induction from seeds explants, and the ploidy of the plants was identified by flow cytometry. The optimal treatment is 0.2% colchicine solution treated for 24 hours, and the induction rate reaches up to 30%. Comparing with morphological characteristics and growth habits between tetraploids and the control, we found that tetraploids of C. roseus had larger stoma and more branches and leaves. HPLC analysis showed tetraploidization could increase the contents of terpenoid indole alkaloids in C. roseus. Thus, tetraploidization could be used to produce higher alkaloids lines for commercial use. QRT-PCR results showed that the expression of enzymes involved in terpenoid indole alkaloids biosynthesis pathway had increased in the tetraploid plants. To our knowledge, this was the first paper to explore the secondary metabolism in autotetraploid C. roseus induced by colchicine.


Asunto(s)
Catharanthus/efectos de los fármacos , Catharanthus/genética , Colchicina/farmacología , Citometría de Flujo/métodos , Alcaloides de Triptamina Secologanina/aislamiento & purificación , Alcaloides de Triptamina Secologanina/metabolismo , Semillas/genética , Análisis de Varianza , Catharanthus/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Fenotipo , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Semillas/metabolismo , Tetraploidía
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