Coupling Direct Atmospheric CO2 Capture with Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction for Highly Efficient C2H6 Production.

As massive amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) have been emitted into the atmosphere causing severe global warming problems, developing carbon-negative techniques to control atmospheric CO2 concentrations is enormously urgent. Herein, by coupling the direct atmosphere CO2 capture adsorbent ZSM-5 with the CO2 reduction photocatalyst NiV2Se4, we present the first synergistic approach for concentrating and converting atmospheric CO2 into C2 solar fuels. A C2H6 yield of 1.85 µmol g-1 h-1 has been achieved in the air, outperforming state-of-the-art direct atmospheric CO2 conversion photocatalysts. Comprehensive characterizations show that ZSM-5 enhances CO2 capture from the atmosphere, improving the interfacial interaction of CO2 on the NiV2Se4 surface for C-C coupling of CH3* to form C2H6. This work demonstrates the first example of integrating direct CO2 capture material with a CO2 reduction photocatalyst for atmospheric CO2 capture and utilization, which paves the way for the negative-carbon technology development under worldwide carbon-neutral pressure.

Global, regional, and national trends of syphilis from 1990 to 2019: the 2019 global burden of disease study.

BACKGROUND: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum, and the infection source is syphilis patients. This study aimed to estimate the incidence, mortality rate, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of syphilis to improve the understanding of the current global situation of syphilis. METHODS: This study collected data on syphilis incidence, mortality, and DALYs from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease database. RESULTS: The global number of incident cases and age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) increased from 8,845,220 (95% UI: 6,562,510-11,588,860) in 1990 to 14,114,110 (95% UI: 10,648,490-18,415,970) in 2019 and 160.03/100,000 persons (95% UI: 120.66-208.1) to 178.48/100,000 persons (95% UI: 134.94-232.34), respectively. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in the ASIR was 0.16 (95% CI: 0.07-0.26). The EAPC in the ASIR associated with high and high-middle sociodemographic indices increased. The ASIR increased among males but decreased among females, and the incidence peaked among males and females between the ages of 20 and 30 years. The EAPCs in the age-standardized death rate and age-standardized DALY rate decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and ASIR of syphilis increased worldwide from 1990 to 2019. Only the regions with high and high-middle sociodemographic indices showed an increase in the ASIR. Moreover, the ASIR increased among males but decreased among females. The age-standardized death rate and DALY rate both declined worldwide. The increase in the global ASIR of syphilis is a challenge.

An experimental and theoretical study on the growth of plate-like ß-HMX crystals in the hydroxylated interlayer space.

Plate-like ß-HMX crystals are grown in the hydroxylated interlayer space using a crystallization technique combining the cooling crystallization and solvent-antisolvent methods. The obtained crystals have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The experimental results indicate that the most morphologically important face of the plate-like ß-HMX crystals is the (011) face adopting a layer-by-layer growth mode. Meanwhile, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to study the crystal morphology in HMX crystal growth in the hydroxylated interlayer space based on a modified attachment energy (MAE) model. The calculated results show that the major face is the (011) face and the interaction energies between the crystal face and the hydroxylated interlayer are in the order of (011) > (110) > (020), which agree well with the experimental results above.

A combination of ssGSEA and mass cytometry identifies immune microenvironment in muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a heterogeneous disease with varying clinical courses and responses to treatment. To improve the prognosis of patients, it is necessary to understand such heterogeneity. METHODS: We used single-sample gene set enrichment analysis to classify 35 MIBC cases into immunity-high and immunity-low groups. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to compare the differences between these groups. Eventually, single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) was used to compare the characteristics of the immune microenvironment between the patients in the two groups. RESULTS: Compared with patients in the immunity-low group, patients in the immunity-high group had a higher number of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and greater enrichment of gene sets associated with antitumor immune activity. Furthermore, positive immune response-related pathways were more enriched in the immunity-high group. We identified 26 immune cell subsets, including cytotoxic T cells (Tcs), helper T cells (Ths), regulatory T cells (Tregs), B cells, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) using CyTOF. Furthermore, there was a higher proportion of CD45+ lymphocytes and enrichment of one Tc subset in the immunity-high group. Additionally, M2 macrophages were highly enriched in the immunity-low group. Finally, there was higher expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 on Tregs as well as a higher proportion of PD-1+ Tregs in the immunity-low group than in the immunity-high group. CONCLUSION: In summary, the immune microenvironments of the immunity-high and immunity-low groups of patients with MIBC are heterogeneous. Specifically, immune suppression was observed in the immune microenvironment of the patients in the immunity-low group.

Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Stability of CL-20-Based Host-Guest Energetic Materials.

CL-20-based host-guest complexes are promising energetic materials, which are prepared by embedding small molecules into the crystal lattice cavity of anhydrous CL-20. The structure, interaction, stability, and detonation performance of a series of host-guest complexes were investigated by the combination method of density functional theory and experiment. Both the crystal structure of α-CL-20/H2O and α-CL-20/N2O revealed by powder X-ray diffraction and the thermal stability order of α-CL-20/N2O, α-CL-20/CO2, α-CL-20/H2O, and α-CL-20/H2O2 measured using a differential scanning calorimeter show excellent accordance between experimental results and simulative predication. Thus, the reliability of the calculation method can be judged by the result of this comparison. The stability of different host-guest structures was compared under vacuum, and the influence of intermolecular interactions on the structural stability was discussed. In view of the various factors affecting the performance of high-energy explosives, such as detonation performance, thermal stability, and density, we conclude that α-CL-20/O3 could be regarded as a potential target high-energetic compound. On the basis of the above results, this calculation method can provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of CL-20-based host-guest energetic compounds.

High-dimensional single-cell proteomics analysis reveals the landscape of immune cells and stem-like cells in renal tumors.

BACKGROUND: Renal tumors are highly heterogeneous, and identification of tumor heterogeneity is an urgent clinical need for effective treatment. Mass cytometry (MC) can be used to perform high-dimensional single-cell proteomics analysis of heterogeneous samples via cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF), in order to achieve more accurate observation and classification of phenotypes within a cell population. This study aimed to develop a high-dimensional MC method for the detection and analysis of heterogeneity in renal tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected tissue samples from 8 patients with different types of renal tumors. Single-cell suspensions were prepared and stained using a panel of 28 immune cell-centric antibodies and a panel of 21 stem-like cell-centric antibodies. The stained cells were detected using CyTOF. RESULT: Renal tumors were divided into 25 immune cell subsets (4 CD4+ T cells, 7 CD8+ T cells, 1 B cells, 8 macrophages, 1 dendritic cells, 2 natural killer (NK) cells, 1 granulocyte, and 1 other subset) and 7 stem-like cells subsets (based on positivity of vimentin, CD326, CD34, CD90, CD13, CD44, and CD47). Different types of renal tumors have different cell subsets with significantly different characteristics. CONCLUSION: High-dimensional single-cell proteomics analysis using MC aids in the discovery and analysis of renal tumors heterogeneity. Additionally, it can be used to accurately classify the immune cell population and analyze the expression of stem cell-related markers in renal tumors. Our findings provide a valuable resource for deciphering tumor heterogeneity and might improve the clinical management of patients with renal tumors.

Multiple scattering effects on the return spectrum of oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar.

The return spectrum of the oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) is simulated with a semianalytic spectral Monte Carlo (MC) method. The results show that the spectrum is similar to the single scattering spectrum at the water surface but broadens with the depth due to multiple scattering. Therefore, if the non-spectral MC method that ignores the spectrum broadening is used, deviations will be introduced into the HSRL retrieval, e.g., the effective particulate 180° volume scattering function (backscatter) and lidar attenuation coefficient (attenuation). The simulation indicates that the backscatter and attenuation deviations are within 10% and 2%, respectively, when the HSRL discriminator is the iodine absorption cell, and are within 3% and 1%, respectively, when the discriminator is changed to the field-widened Michelson interferometer.

Formation Mechanism of alpha-Fe2O3 Nanotubes via Electrospinning and Their Adsorption Characteristics of BSA and DNA.

The alpha-Fe2O3 nanotubes with diameters of 400-700 nm have been prepared via the sol-gel assisted electrospinning and subsequent one-step heat treatment with ferric nitrate, ethanol and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) as starting regents. The resultant alpha-Fe2O3 nanotubes were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and VSM techniques. The hollow structure is mainly influenced by the water content in the gel precursor and the heating rate, and the hollow formation mechanism of alpha-Fe2O9 nanotubes is discussed. Adsorption of BSA onto the as-prepared alpha-Fe2O3 nanotubes exhibits a good capacity of 56.5 mg/g with the initial BSA concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, which demonstrates their feasibility in delivery of biomacromolecules. Subsequently, the adsorption characteristics of DNA onto the alpha-Fe2O3 nanotubes were investigated, and the adsorbance of DNA can achieve a maximum value of 4.19 microg/g when the initial DNA concentration is 50 microg/mL. The adsorption process of DNA onto alpha-Fe2O3 nanotubes can be described well by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model at room temperature according to the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9978.

Comparison of the plasmonic performances between lithographically fabricated and chemically grown gold nanorods.

Noble metal nanostructures, especially gold nanocrystals, have attracted intensive interest due to their rich plasmonic properties and enormous potential technological applications. The preparation process of gold nanocrystals can strongly affect their plasmonic properties and therefore their performances in various applications. Chemically synthesized colloidal gold nanocrystals are usually employed in biomedical fields, while lithographically fabricated ones are highly preferred for constructing optical meta-structures. A detailed careful comparison of the plasmonic performances between lithographical and chemical metal nanostructures is strongly desired for using them for different applications. Herein, we experimentally measured and quantitatively compared the plasmonic properties, including longitudinal localized surface plasmon wavelengths (LLSPWs) and plasmon peak widths, scattering intensities, and local electric field enhancements, of lithographically fabricated and chemically grown gold nanorods. The lithographical nanorods exhibit much weaker scattering, largely broadened spectral widths, and considerably reduced electric field enhancements. Electrodynamic simulations suggest that the reduction in the plasmonic performance of the lithographical nanorods is caused mainly by the use of an adhesive metal layer and slightly by their polycrystalline nature. Our quantitative comparison results will be very helpful in guiding the selection of proper types of metal nanostructures for targeted technological applications.

Small Cajal Body-Specific RNA12 Promotes Carcinogenesis through Modulating Extracellular Matrix Signaling in Bladder Cancer.

Background: Small Cajal body-specific RNAs (scaRNAs) are a specific subset of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) that have recently emerged as pivotal contributors in diverse physiological and pathological processes. However, their defined roles in carcinogenesis remain largely elusive. This study aims to explore the potential function and mechanism of SCARNA12 in bladder cancer (BLCA) and to provide a theoretical basis for further investigations into the biological functionalities of scaRNAs. Materials and Methods: TCGA, GEO and GTEx data sets were used to analyze the expression of SCARNA12 and its clinicopathological significance in BLCA. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and in situ hybridization were applied to validate the expression of SCARNA12 in both BLCA cell lines and tissues. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) combined with bioinformatics analyses were conducted to reveal the changes in gene expression patterns and functional pathways in BLCA patients with different expressions of SCARNA12 and T24 cell lines upon SCARNA12 knockdown. Single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) was then used to evaluate the tumor-related cell cluster affected by SCARNA12. Moreover, SCARNA12 was stably knocked down in T24 and UMUC3 cell lines by lentivirus-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 approach. The biological effects of SCARNA12 on the proliferation, clonogenic, migration, invasion, cell apoptosis, cell cycle, and tumor growth were assessed by in vitro MTT, colony formation, wound healing, transwell, flow cytometry assays, and in vivo nude mice xenograft models, respectively. Finally, a chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP) experiment was further conducted to delineate the potential mechanisms of SCARNA12 in BLCA. Results: The expression of SCARNA12 was significantly up-regulated in both BLCA tissues and cell lines. RNA-seq data elucidated that SCARAN12 may play a potential role in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM) related signaling pathways. CyTOF results further showed that an ECM-related cell cluster with vimentin+, CD13+, CD44+, and CD47+ was enriched in BLCA patients with high SCARNA12 expression. Additionally, SCARNA12 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion abilities in T24 and UMUC3 cell lines. SCARNA12 knockdown prompted cell arrest in the G0/G1 and G2/M phase and promoted apoptosis in T24 and UMUC3 cell lines. Furthermore, SCARNA12 knockdown could suppress the in vivo tumor growth in nude mice. A ChIRP experiment further suggested that SCARNA12 may combine transcription factors H2AFZ to modulate the transcription program and then affect BLCA progression. Conclusions: Our study is the first to propose aberrant alteration of SCARNA12 and elucidate its potential oncogenic roles in BLCA via the modulation of ECM signaling. The interaction of SCARNA12 with the transcriptional factor H2AFZ emerges as a key contributor to the carcinogenesis and progression of BLCA. These findings suggest SCARNA12 may serve as a diagnostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for the treatment of BLCA.

Identification and validation of an H2AZ1-based index model: a novel prognostic tool for hepatocellular carcinoma.

The H2A.Z variant histone 1 (H2AZ1) is aberrantly expressed in various tumors, correlating with an unfavorable prognosis. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the pathways affected by H2AZ1 and identify promising therapeutic targets for HCC. Following bioinformatic analysis of gene expression and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus database, we found 6,344 dysregulated genes related to H2AZ1 overexpression in HCC tissues (P < 0.05). We performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify the gene module most related to H2AZ1. The H2AZ1-based index was further developed using Cox regression analysis, which revealed that the poor prognosis in the high H2AZ1-based index group could be attributed to elevated tumor stemness (P < 0.05). Moreover, the clinical model showed good prognostic potential (AUC > 0.7). We found that H2AZ1 knockdown led to reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased apoptosis rate in tumor cells (P < 0.001). Thus, we developed an H2AZ1-based index model with the potential to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC. Our findings provide initial evidence that H2AZ1 overexpression plays a pivotal role in HCC initiation and progression.

Cancer burden and risk in the Chinese population aged 55 years and above: A systematic analysis and comparison with the USA and Western Europe.

Background: We analysed the cancer burden among elderly Chinese people over the age of 55 years and compared them to USA and Western Europe to explore the cancer model in China. Methods: We retrieved data on 29 cancers with 34 risk factors from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease database to evaluate the cancer burden in Chinese elderly individuals aged 55 years and older. We then used the age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), age-standardised disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate, and average annual percentage change (AAPC) to compare the characteristics and change trend of cancers among China, USA, and Western Europe. Results: In 2019, the number of incident cases of 29 cancers among people aged 55 years and above in China increased more than 3-fold compared to 1990, while the number of deaths and DALYs approximately doubled. We also found that the cancer population in China was ageing; meanwhile, the cancer burden became significantly higher for men than for women, and the gap between men and women had widened. Cancers with the highest cancer DALYs were lung cancer (13 444 500; 95% uncertainty interval (UI) = 11 307 100, 15 853 700), stomach cancer (7 303 900; 95% UI = 6 094 600, 8 586 500), oesophageal cancer (4 633 500; 95% UI = 3 642 500, 5 601 200), colon and rectum cancer (4 386 500; 95% UI = 3 769 500, 5 067 200), liver cancer (2 915 100, 95% UI = 2 456 300, 3 463 900), and pancreatic cancer (2 028 400; 95% UI = 1 725 000, 2 354 900). Compared with 1990, the DALY rate and incidence rate of stomach cancer, oesophageal cancer, and liver cancer had markedly decreased. The DALY rate and incidence rate of lung, colon, rectum, and pancreatic cancer had increased significantly, as did the incidence rate of breast cancer in women. Smoking and diet were the top two cancer risk factors, and the impact of ambient particulate matter pollution on cancer increased each year. The overall 29 cancers age-standardised DALY rate and ASDR in China, USA, and Western Europe were similar, and all showed downward trend in the past 30 years. Compared with the USA and Western Europe, the age-standardised DALY rate of liver, nasopharyngeal, oesophageal, stomach, and cervical cancers in China was more prominent. The age-standardised DALY rate of lung cancer and colon and rectum cancer decreased annually in Western Europe and the USA, but increased in China. Conclusions: Over the past 30 years, China had made progress in controlling stomach, oesophageal, and liver cancer. However, lung, colon, rectum, pancreatic, and breast cancers had become more prevalent, having risen alongside economic development. The risks of smoking and dietary were major issues that need to be addressed urgently. The cancer situation in China remains serious; future cancer prevention efforts need to balance economic development with people's physical health, identify key groups, improve the health environment of residents and guide them to live a healthy life, and expand the scope of cancer screening.

Anisotropic third-order optical nonlinearity of a single ZnO micro/nanowire.

We report a systematic study about the anisotropic third-order optical nonlinearity of a single ZnO micro/nanowire by using the Z-scan method with a femtosecond laser. The two-photon absorption coefficient and nonlinear refraction index, which are measured as a function of polarization angle and sample orientation angle, exhibit oscillation curves with a period of π/2, indicating a highly polarized optical nonlinearity of the ZnO micro/nanowire. Further studies show that the polarized optical nonlinearity of the ZnO micro/nanowire is highly size-dependent. The results indicate that ZnO nanowire has great potential in applications of nanolasers, all-optical switching and polarization-sensitive photodetectors.

Diminished LAG3+ B cells correlate with exacerbated rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) positive B cells have been identified as a novel regulatory B cell subset, while the role of LAG3+ B cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from RA, osteoarthritis (OA) patients and healthy volunteers were collected for flow cytometry staining of LAG3+ B cells. Their correlation with RA patient clinical and immunological features were analyzed. Moreover, the frequencies of LAG3+ B cells in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice and naive mice were also detected. RESULTS: A significant decrease of LAG3+ B cells was observed in RA patients as compared with healthy individuals and OA patients. Notably, the frequencies of LAG3+ B cells were negatively correlated with tender joint count (r = -0.4301, p = .0157) and DAS28-ESR (r = -0.4018, p = .025) in RA patients. In CIA mice, LAG3+ B cell frequencies were also decreased and negatively correlated with the CIA arthritis score. CONCLUSIONS: Impairment of LAG3+ B cells potentially contributes to RA development. Reconstituting LAG3+ B cells might provide novel therapeutic strategies for the persistent disease.Key messagesLAG3+ B cells have been identified as a novel regulatory B cell subset. However, its role in the pathogenesis of RA remains unknown.This study revealed the decreased frequency of LAG3+ B cells in RA patients. Notably, LAG3+ B cells were negatively correlated with RA disease activity including the tender joint count and DAS28-ESR.In CIA mice, LAG3+ B cell frequencies were also decreased and negatively correlated with the CIA arthritis score.Reconstitution of LAG3+ B cells might provide novel therapeutic strategies for disease perpetuation.

Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing Combined with High-Dimensional Proteomic Technologies Reveals the Potential Value of miR-135b-5p as a Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Purpose: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a disease with great heterogeneity and a high mortality rate. It is crucial to identify reliable biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment to improve clinical outcomes in patients with HCC. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is not only a widely used biomarker in clinical practice but also plays a complicated role in HCC, and it has recently been considered to be related to immunotherapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regarded as key regulators and promising biomarkers of HCC. We investigated the role of an AFP-related miRNA, miR-135b-5p, in HCC progression. Methods: Identification of miR-135b-5p was performed based on a cohort of 65 HCC cases and the liver hepatocellular carcinoma cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas (Asian people only). A combination of whole-transcriptome sequencing and high-dimensional proteomic technologies was used to study the role of miR-135b-5p in HCC. Results: Upregulation of miR-135b-5p was detected in patients with HCC with high serum AFP levels (AFP > 400 ng/ml). Elevated miR-135b-5p expression was associated with adverse prognosis. We also identified the relevance between high miR-135b-5p expression and tumor-related pathological characteristics, such as Edmondson grade and vascular invasion. We revealed tyrosine kinase nonreceptor 1 as a potential target of miR-135b-5p. Additionally, the transcriptional start site of miR-135b-5p had potential binding sites for SRY-box transcription factor 9, and the stemness properties of tumor cells were more remarkable in HCC with the upregulation of miR-135b-5p. The molecular characterization of the miR-135b-5p-high group was similar to that of the HCC subclasses containing moderately and poorly differentiated tumors. Finally, gene signatures associated with improved clinical outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy were upregulated in the miR-135b-5p-high group. Conclusion: miR-135b-5p could be a biomarker for predicting the prognosis and antiprogrammed cell death protein 1 monotherapy response in HCC.

Fabrication, characterization, and emulsifying properties of complex based on pea protein isolate/pectin for the encapsulation of pterostilbene.

In this study, pectin (PEC) and pea protein isolate(PPI) was successfully used to create complexes as a novel delivery system for pterostilbene (PT). When the mass ratio of PEC to PPI was 0.5, the particle size and ζ-potential of PPI-PEC-PT were 119.41 ± 5.68 nm and -23.26 ± 0.61 mV, respectively, and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of PT was 90.92 ± 2.08%. The photochemical stability of PT was enhanced after encapsulation. The results of the molecular docking and multispectral analysis demonstrated that the PPI and PT binding was spontaneous and mostly fueled by hydrophobic interactions. The hydrophobicity of PPI was significantly decreased and the emulsification activity and emulsion stability were significantly improved after production with PEC and PT. The best emulsification impact was demonstrated by the PPI-PEC-PT complex. PPI-PEC is an effective PT delivery material, and the PPI-PEC-PT complex is a new functional emulsification material with significant potential in liquid and semi-liquid food and health products.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals cell subpopulations in the tumor microenvironment contributing to hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the deadliest cancers worldwide, and advanced HCC is difficult to treat. Identifying specific cell subpopulations in the tumor microenvironment and exploring interactions between the cells and their environment are crucial for understanding the development, prognosis, and treatment of tumors. Methods: In this study, we constructed a tumor ecological landscape of 14 patients with HCC from 43 tumor tissue samples and 14 adjacent control samples. We used bioinformatics analysis to reveal cell subpopulations with potentially specific functions in the tumor microenvironment and to explore the interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Results: Immune cell infiltration was evident in the tumor tissues, and BTG1 + RGS1 + central memory T cells (Tcms) interact with tumor cells through CCL5-SDC4/1 axis. HSPA1B may be associated with remodeling of the tumor ecological niche in HCC. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and macrophages (TAMs) were closely associated with tumor cells. APOC1 + SPP1 + TAM secretes SPP1, which binds to ITGF1 secreted by CAFs to remodel the tumor microenvironment. More interestingly, FAP + CAF interacts with naïve T cells via the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis, which may lead to resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Conclusion: Our study suggests the presence of tumor cells with drug-resistant potential in the HCC microenvironment. Among non-tumor cells, high NDUFA4L2 expression in fibroblasts may promote tumor progression, while high HSPA1B expression in central memory T cells may exert anti-tumor effects. In addition, the CCL5-SDC4/1 interaction between BTG1 + RGS1 + Tcms and tumor cells may promote tumor progression. Focusing on the roles of CAFs and TAMs, which are closely related to tumor cells, in tumors would be beneficial to the progress of systemic therapy research.

Management of priming fluids in cardiopulmonary bypass for adult cardiac surgery: network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is frequently employed for cardiac surgery, and selecting a suitable priming fluid is a prerequisite for CPB. Currently, the commonly used priming fluids in clinics are classified as crystalloids and colloids, including balanced crystalloids, albumin, dextran, gelatin and hydroxyethyl starch (HES). This network meta-analysis compared the effects of eight fluids used during CPB in adults to determine optimal priming fluid during CPB surgery. METHODS: Randomised controlled trials assessing priming fluids for CPB in adult cardiac surgery published before 13 April 2023 were searched across Ovid MEDLINE(R) ALL, OVID EMbase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Various priming fluids were classified into eight categories, including balanced crystalloids, 0.9% NaCl, iso-oncotic human albumin, hyperoncotic human albumin, HES with molecular weight 130k, HES with molecular weight 200k, gelatin and dextran. RESULTS: The NMA of platelet counts revealed no significant differences in any result. In direct comparison results, only the comparison of HES with molecular weight 130k vs. gelatin (standard mean difference = -0.40, 95% confidence interval [95%CI: -0.63, -0.16) revealed a significant difference. According to the SUCRA, balanced crystalloids had the highest platelet count, followed by gelatin, and HES with a molecular weight of 130k had the lowest platelet, followed by HES with a molecular weight of 200k. CONCLUSION: Patients using dextran have a low mortality rate and a short mean CPB time, the use of balanced crystalloids is beneficial in terms of platelet count, and HES with molecular weight 130k is beneficial for postoperative urine volume at 24h. However, all priming fluids have pros and cons quite, and the optimal choice of priming fluids remains unsupported by current evidences. When performing CPB surgery, the type of priming fluid should be selected according to the actual situation in CPB for adult cardiac surgery.

When dextran was used as the CPB priming fluid, patients had the lowest mortality and shortest mean CPB time.With iso-oncotic HA, patients had the shortest length of ICU stay, the least blood loss 24h after surgery, and the lowest chest tube output 24h after surgery.The use of balanced crystalloids was beneficial for platelet count, the use of L-HES was beneficial for urine output 24h after surgery, and the use of H-HES resulted in the shortest hospital stay.In summary, each of these fluids has pros and cons quite, and an optimal choice of priming fluids during CPB surgery remains unsupported by current evidence.When performing CPB surgery, the type of priming fluids should be selected according to the actual condition of the patient's body.

TP53-related signature for predicting prognosis and tumor microenvironment characteristics in bladder cancer: A multi-omics study.

Background: The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is frequently mutated or inactivated in bladder cancer (BLCA), which is implicated in the pathogenesis of tumor. However, the cellular mechanisms of TP53 mutations are complicated, yet well-defined, but their clinical prognostic value in the management of BLCA remains controversial. This study aimed to explore the role of TP53 mutation in regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME), elucidate the effects of TP53 activity on BLCA prognosis and immunotherapy response. Methods: A TP53-related signature based on TP53-induced and TP53-repressed genes was used to construct a TP53 activity-related score and classifier. The abundance of different immune cell types was determined using CIBERSORT to estimate immune cell infiltration. Moreover, the heterogeneity of the tumor immune microenvironment between the high and low TP53 score groups was further evaluated using single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) and imaging mass cytometry (IMC). Moreover, pathway enrichment analysis was performed to explore the differential biological functions between tumor epithelial cells with high and low TP53 activity scores. Finally, the receptor-ligand interactions between immune cells and tumor epithelial cells harboring distinct TP53 activity were analyzed by single-cell RNA-sequencing. Results: The TP53 activity-related gene signature differentiated well between TP53 functional retention and inactivation in BLCA. BLCA patients with low TP53 scores had worse survival prognosis, more TP53 mutations, higher grade, and stronger lymph node metastasis than those with high TP53 scores. Additionally, CyTOF and IMC analyses revealed that BLCA patients with low TP53 scores exhibited a potent immunosuppressive TME. Consistently, single-cell sequencing results showed that tumor epithelial cells with low TP53 scores were significantly associated with high cell proliferation and stemness abilities and strongly interacted with immunosuppressive receptor-ligand pairs. Conclusion: BLCA patients with low TP53 scores have a worse prognosis and a more immunosuppressive TME. This TP53 activity-related signature can serve as a potential prognostic signature for predicting the immune response, which may facilitate the development of new strategies for immunotherapy in BLCA.

Shipborne oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar for accurate estimation of seawater depth-resolved optical properties.

Lidar techniques present a distinctive ability to resolve vertical structure of optical properties within the upper water column at both day- and night-time. However, accuracy challenges remain for existing lidar instruments due to the ill-posed nature of elastic backscatter lidar retrievals and multiple scattering. Here we demonstrate the high performance of, to the best of our knowledge, the first shipborne oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) and illustrate a multiple scattering correction algorithm to rigorously address the above challenges in estimating the depth-resolved diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd and the particulate backscattering coefficient bbp at 532 nm. HSRL data were collected during day- and night-time within the coastal areas of East China Sea and South China Sea, which are connected by the Taiwan Strait. Results include vertical profiles from open ocean waters to moderate turbid waters and first lidar continuous observation of diel vertical distribution of thin layers at a fixed station. The root-mean-square relative differences between the HSRL and coincident in situ measurements are 5.6% and 9.1% for Kd and bbp, respectively, corresponding to an improvement of 2.7-13.5 and 4.9-44.1 times, respectively, with respect to elastic backscatter lidar methods. Shipborne oceanic HSRLs with high performance are expected to be of paramount importance for the construction of 3D map of ocean ecosystem.