Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by diet and exercise.

AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the selective sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled by diet and exercise. METHODS: Patients received placebo or dapagliflozin (5 or 10 mg) once daily for 24 weeks. The primary outcome measure was change from baseline in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). RESULTS: Patients (N = 261) had modestly elevated baseline HbA1c (mean ≈ 7.5%) and most had mild or moderate renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate range 43-103 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). Greater reductions in mean HbA1c level were observed with dapagliflozin (5 mg, -0.41%; 10 mg, -0.45%) than with placebo (-0.06%) at week 24 and these were greater in patients with higher baseline HbA1c levels. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was also significantly reduced with dapagliflozin (5 mg, -8.6 mg/dl; 10 mg, -13.7 mg/dl) compared with placebo (+5.8 mg/dl). Dapagliflozin significantly reduced body weight (5 mg, -2.13 kg; 10 mg, -2.22 kg) compared with placebo (-0.84 kg). Overall, 47.7 and 64.8% of patients with dapagliflozin 5 and 10 mg, respectively, and 51.7% with placebo experienced ≥ 1 adverse event, mostly mild or moderate, and unrelated to study treatment. Two patients on dapagliflozin 10 mg reported hypoglycaemia. Four patients across all groups reported events suggestive of genital infection and four of urinary tract infection. No events of pyelonephritis were reported. CONCLUSION: Dapagliflozin (5 and 10 mg) was well tolerated and effective in reducing HbA1c, FPG and body weight over 24 weeks in Japanese patients with T2DM inadequately controlled by diet and exercise.

Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin as a monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese patients with inadequate glycaemic control: a phase II multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

AIM: Dapagliflozin is a selective sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor under development as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study assessed the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin monotherapy in Japanese T2DM patients with inadequate glycaemic control. METHODS: Patients (n = 279) were randomized to receive dapagliflozin (1, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/day) or placebo once daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at week 12. Secondary endpoints included change from baseline in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and proportion of patients achieving HbA1c <7.0% at week 12. RESULTS: Significant reductions in HbA1c were seen with all dapagliflozin doses (-0.11 to -0.44%) versus placebo (+0.37%). Reductions were also observed in FPG with dapagliflozin (-0.87 to -1.77 mmol/l [-15.61 to -31.94 mg/dl]) versus placebo (+0.62 mmol/l [+11.17 mg/dl]). No significant difference in the proportion of patients achieving HbA1c levels <7.0% was noted with dapagliflozin versus placebo. Adverse events (AEs) were more frequent with dapagliflozin (40.7-53.8%) versus placebo (38.9%) and were mostly mild/moderate in intensity. Three hypoglycaemic events were reported (1 each with placebo, dapagliflozin 2.5 mg and 10 mg). The frequency of signs and symptoms suggestive of urinary tract or genital infections was 0-3.8 and 0-1.8% respectively with dapagliflozin and 1.9 and 0% with placebo. No AEs of pyelonephritis were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with placebo, dapagliflozin significantly reduced hyperglycaemia over 12 weeks with a low risk of hypoglycaemia in Japanese T2DM patients with inadequate glycaemic control.

Preventive effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on new-onset atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients: a propensity score matching analysis.

It is still controversial whether treatment with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors reduces the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF). This longitudinal observational study was performed to investigate the confounder-independent effects of RAS inhibitors on new-onset AF in hypertensive patients. Among 1263 consecutive hypertensive patients who underwent echocardiography, 964 eligible patients (mean age, 63 years) were enrolled as the study population. Forty-nine patients developed new-onset AF during the follow-up period (mean: 4.6 years). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the cumulative AF event rate was lower in patients receiving RAS inhibitors than in patients without these drugs, but the difference between these two groups was not significant (P=0.057). Since the use of RAS inhibitors was influenced by concomitant diabetes, chronic kidney disease and left ventricular hypertrophy, propensity score matching (1:1) was employed to minimize the influence of selection bias for RAS inhibitors. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters showed no significant differences between the propensity score-matched groups with and without RAS inhibitor therapy (both n=326), but the cumulative AF event rate was significantly lower in the group receiving RAS inhibitors (P=0.013). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses also revealed that RAS inhibitor therapy was associated with a significantly lower risk of new-onset AF during the follow-up period. In conclusion, this propensity score matching study demonstrated that the incidence of new-onset AF was lower in hypertensive patients receiving RAS inhibitor therapy.

Phase II study of ipilimumab monotherapy in Japanese patients with advanced melanoma.

PURPOSE: Ipilimumab is designed to block cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 to augment antitumor T cell responses. In studies of predominantly Caucasian patients with advanced melanoma, ipilimumab was associated with durable response, long-term survival benefit, and a manageable safety profile. This phase II study assessed the safety of ipilimumab in Japanese patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma. METHODS: Patients received ipilimumab 3 mg/kg every 3 weeks for four doses. The database lock for the original analysis was in August 2014. Overall survival, progression-free survival, and data on deaths were based on an updated, follow-up analysis (database lock April 2015). RESULTS: Data are reported from 20 patients. Fifteen patients (75 %) received all four doses of ipilimumab during induction. Twelve patients (60 %) had at least one drug-related adverse event (AE), and no patients discontinued due to a drug-related AE. There were no deaths related to study drug. The most common drug-related AEs were rash (n = 7), pyrexia (n = 3), increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST; n = 3), and increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT; n = 3). Twelve patients (60 %) reported immune-related AEs (irAEs); most frequent were skin (n = 9) and liver (n = 3) disorders. Grade 3 irAEs were ALT and AST elevation (n = 2) and diabetes mellitus (n = 1). Two patients had a partial response and two had stable disease, yielding a 20 % disease control rate. Median overall survival and progression-free survival were 8.71 and 2.74 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ipilimumab 3 mg/kg had a manageable AE profile in this Japanese patient population with clinical outcomes similar to that in Caucasian patients. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01990859.

Phase II study of the immune-checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab plus dacarbazine in Japanese patients with previously untreated, unresectable or metastatic melanoma.

PURPOSE: Ipilimumab (IPI), a monoclonal antibody against immune-checkpoint receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4, is designed to enhance antitumor T cell function. IPI 10 mg/kg plus dacarbazine (DTIC) significantly improved overall survival in a phase 3 study involving predominantly Caucasian patients, with an adverse event (AE) profile similar to that of IPI monotherapy. We conducted a single-arm, phase 2 study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of IPI plus DTIC in Japanese patients. METHODS: Previously untreated patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma received IPI 10 mg/kg plus DTIC 850 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks for four doses (q3w × 4), followed by DTIC q3w × 4 and then IPI every 12 weeks until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. RESULTS: All 15 treated patients reported drug-related AEs, the most common of which were increases in alanine aminotransferase (n = 12, 80 %) and aspartate aminotransferase (n = 11, 73 %). Treatment-related serious AEs were reported in 11 (73 %) patients. Nine patients (60 %) discontinued treatment due to drug-related toxicities. Immune-related AEs (irAEs) were reported in 14 patients (93 %). The most frequent irAEs were liver (n = 12, 80 %) and skin (n = 10, 67 %) toxicities. Five deaths were reported; all were caused by progressive disease. Efficacy evaluation showed one complete response, one partial response and four patients with stable disease. Best overall response rate was 13 % (2/15), and the disease control rate was 40 % (6/15). The study was terminated early due to frequent, high-grade liver toxicities. CONCLUSIONS: IPI 10 mg/kg plus DTIC 850 mg/m(2) was not considered tolerable in the Japanese patient population. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01681212.

Malignant glomus tumor: a case report and review of the literature.

This report concerns a malignant glomus tumor, a rare soft tissue tumor that was examined immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. It occurred in a 44-year-old male patient who had suffered from dull pain and stiffness in the right thigh for 10 months. Radiographic examination revealed a well-defined osteolytic lesion in the diaphysis of the right femur. Hypervascularity of the tumor was observed angiographically. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance examinations showed an intramuscular mass invading the marrow space of the femur. Wide resection was performed after open biopsy. Histologically, round to polygonal tumor cells revealed a uniform appearance of round to ovoid nuclei with single large nucleoli and slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm, forming solid sheets of cells interrupted by vessels of varying size. A few mitotic figures and vascular invasion were observed. Immunohistochemically, vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin were stained intensely, and muscle actin was positive for tumor cells of the perivascular area. Tumor cells were negative for desmin, factor VIII-related antigen, S-100 protein, neurofilament, cytokeratin, and epithelial membrane antigen. Ultrastructurally, tumor cells were characterized by many cytoplasmic processes, pinocytotic vesicles, plasmalemmal dense plaques, and scattered microfilaments in the cytoplasm. Few cell junctions and focal basement membrane-like structures were observed. No recurrence or metastasis was noted 57 months after operation. This case was considered to be a malignant glomus tumor, that is, a glomangiosarcoma arising de novo.

Heterogeneity of liver disorder in type B Niemann-Pick disease.

Patients with type B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) are known to be complicated with varying degrees of prognosis-determining liver dysfunction. To see heterogeneity of the dysfunction histologically, we performed liver biopsies on three NPD patients from three different families, who were diagnosed by enzyme assay of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) and analysis of the ASM gene. In a severe case, of a female patient in her childhood, the liver showed definite fibrosis despite her age. In contrast, in a very mild case, of an adult male patient, the liver showed little fibrosis, though the ballooning of hepatocytes and infiltration of foamy histiocytes were observed in the tissue. Three homo-allelic mutations (S436R, A599T, and S231P) were identified in the patients. Thus, various hepatic phenotypes in type B NPD were shown to be caused by the heterogeneity of liver lesions originating from different ASM gene mutations.

Effect of disopyramide on left ventricular pressure gradient in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in comparison with propranolol--a case report.

The effect of intravenous administration of disopyramide (total dose 100 mg, bolus 20 mg every 5 minutes) was compared with that of propranolol (total dose 10 mg, bolus 2 mg every 5 minutes) in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular pressure gradient (LVPG) was assessed by continuous wave Doppler flowmetry. LVPG markedly decreased (97 to 16 mmHg), and preejection period (PEP) increased with an increase in heart rate (HR) during disopyramide injection. No changes were observed in LVPG and PEP, and a decrease occurred in HR during propranolol administration. These results indicate that disopyramide produced greater effects on the reduction of LVPG than propranolol, a negative inotropic agent, did.

Neurogenic regulation of basal tone of coronary artery with mild atherosclerosis in humans: observation using two-dimensional intravascular ultrasound.

The purpose of this study was to assess the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of basal coronary artery tone in normal and atherosclerotic plaque segments by using intravascular ultrasound in humans. In each of 21 patients, a short-axis image at one site of coronary artery was imaged by means of a 3.2F, 30-MHz intravascular ultrasound before and after intracoronary administration of 2 mg isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN). The authors identified the perimeters of the vessel wall segments with normal or atherosclerotic plaque on ultrasound images and evaluated the basal tone in each segment as a percent increase in each perimeter produced by ISDN. Using heart rate variability analysis for 512 seconds recorded immediately before ISDN administration, they evaluated cardiac sympathetic and vagal activities at rest as the integrated power of fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum for the low-frequency (LF: 0.04 to 0.15 Hz), and high-frequency (HF: 0.15 to 0.4 Hz) components, respectively. Of 29 segments examined by ultrasound, 16 were normal and 13 were atherosclerotic plaque. In all 29 segments, ISDN produced an increase in the perimeter of the vessel wall. At the normal 16 segments, the increase in perimeter by ISDN exhibited a significant correlation to the power of HF (r = 0.749, p = 0.0008) but no significant correlation to LF. At 13 plaque segments, however, no significant correlation between the response to ISDN and autonomic nerve activity was observed. In conclusion, the basal tone of normal coronary arterial wall segment is closely related to parasympathetic nerve, whereas the relation is impaired in mild atherosclerotic segments.

Sensitive detection of myocardial contraction abnormality in chronic hemodialysis patients by ultrasonic tissue characterization with integrated backscatter.

Since acoustic properties of the myocardium are sensitive to the myocardial structure and the contractile conditions of myocyte, the authors evaluated cardiac dysfunction based on the integrated ultrasonic backscatter in 18 hemodialysis (HD) patients (duration: 102 +/- 84 months, mean age: 57.6 +/- 9.7 years) and 11 age-matched normals. The cyclic variation of integrated backscatter (CV-IB) at interventricular septum (IVS) and left ventricular posterior wall (PW) was measured and compared with percent fractional shortening (%FS) and percent wall thickening (%Th). The CV-IB of HD patients was smaller than that of control subjects (IVS: 6.2 +/- 1.1 dB vs 8.2 +/- 1.1 dB, p = 0.0003 and PW: 8.4 +/- 2.2 vs 10.3 +/- 1.3, p= 0.025). No significant difference was observed in %FS and %Th between HD patients and control subjects. In HD, the ratio of velocities of early diastolic inflow (E) to late atrial inflow was decreased (0.7 +/- 0.2 vs 1.1 +/- 0.7, p = 0.049) and deceleration time of E was prolonged significantly (200 +/- 28 msec vs 159 +/- 30 msec, p = 0.0082). In the absence of overt cardiac systolic dysfunction, myocardial damage indicated as a decrease in CV-IB and diastolic dysfunction identified on transmitral velocity waveform were detected, which may reflect from the myocardial fibrosis. As a mechanism, pressure overload, hyperparathyroidism, and anemia were neglected, and the other humoral factors may contribute to the myocardial damage in chronic renal failure.

[A welder with chemical pneumonitis caused by inhalation of zinc fume].

A 61-year-old man with a 32-year occupational history of welding developed malaise, cough, and dyspnea after inhalation of smoke while welding galvanized steel. On admission, peripheral leukocytosis, hypoxemia, and diffuse granular and linear opacities on a chest X-ray were present. The bronchioli were exaggerated in a chest high-resolution CT. Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed mild lymphocytosis and transbronchial lung biopsy showed siderosis and exudation of fibrin and neutrophils into alveolar spaces. The clinical and radiographic findings later improved except for an obstructive disorder on pulmonary function test. The respiratory health hazards associated with welding vary according to the materials and the concentration of inhaled substances. Acute chemical pneumonitis caused by inhalation of zinc fumes (zinc oxide) was accompanied by chronic siderosis in this case. It is well known that metal fume fever commonly occurs when inhaling zinc oxide fumes. However acute chemical pneumonitis after exposure to zinc oxide during welding has been only rarely reported.

[Interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary thrombotic microangiopathy, and hyperimmunoglobulinemia associated with Basedow's disease].

A 44-year-old man with a history of Basedow's disease complained of dry cough and lymphadenopathy. Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia (IgG level: 5,839 mg/dl) was present, and the patient's serum was positive for lupus anticoagulant. Chest radiography disclosed irregular thickening of bronchovascular bundles, centrilobular granular and branching opacities, and small cystic changes in both lung fields. Examination of a thoracoscopic biopsy specimen revealed fibrous thickening of the pleura, interlobular septum, and peribronchiolar/perivascular connective tissue, with mild round-cell infiltration. Lymphoid follicle formation and pulmonary thrombotic microangiopathy were also observed. Corticosteroid therapy was ineffective for hypergammaglobulinemia and diffuse opacities disclosed by chest computed tomographic scans. This case differed from multicentric Castleman's disease with respect to the pathological findings of a lymph nodes biopsy, and also was not consistent with any known collagen vascular disease, (e.g., Sjögren's syndrome). We suspect this case may be representative of a new form of collagen vascular disease.

Association of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor gene polymorphisms with left ventricular mass and geometry in essential hypertension.

Stimulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 receptor by IGF-1 and insulin strongly induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In this study, we assessed the hypothesis that genetic variations of the IGF-1 receptor may be linked to the diversity of left ventricular (LV) structure in hypertensive patients. Genotypes in 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IGF-1 receptor gene identified by direct sequencing were determined in 795 Japanese patients with essential hypertension. In echocardiographic examinations, LV mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were measured. Among 12 SNPs, promoter -328C>T and intron-13 275124A>C polymorphisms were significantly associated with LV hypertrophy (LVMI> or =125 g m(-2)) and concentric change (RWT> or =0.44), respectively. In allele frequencies, the C allele of -328C>T was related to LV hypertrophy, and the A allele of 275124A>C was related to LV concentric change. In fact, LVMI and prevalence of LV hypertrophy increased in CC genotype of -328C>T. RWT and prevalence of LV concentric change increased in AA genotype of 275124A>C. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of CC genotype of -328C>T or AA genotype of 275124A>C was an independent determinant for LV hypertrophy or concentric change, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of CC of -328C>T and AA of 275124A>C genotypes was significantly associated with abnormal LV geometry, especially concentric hypertrophy. Our findings show that two SNPs of the IGF-1 receptor gene are related to LV hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension, suggesting that the genetic variation of the IGF-1 receptor may be involved in the diversity of LV structure in hypertensives.

C-type natriuretic peptide is a Schwann cell-derived factor for development and function of sensory neurones.

Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is known to play important roles for neuronal development and neurite pathfinding. However, the regulatory mechanism that governs the synthesis of cGMP in the nervous system is not well defined. In the present study, we examined the role of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), which increases intracellular cGMP upon binding to its receptor, guanylyl cyclase (GC)-B, in the peripheral nervous system. Immunohistochemistry revealed that CNP is demonstrated in Schwann cells, whereas GC-B mRNA is highly expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones. In cultured DRG neurones, GC-B was demonstrated in dendrites of TrkA-positive cells, where it co-exists with cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI), the major intracellular mediator of cGMP actions. Addition of CNP in the culture medium increased the density of fine neurites, which was accompanied by the increase in phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, a cGKI substrate. Furthermore, in mice deficient for the CNP gene (CNP-KO), the numbers of TrkA-positive DRG neurones were diminished. Likewise, there were much less cGKI-positive neurones in DRG and cGKI-positive fibres in the dorsal spinal cord of CNP-KO than wild-type mice. Finally, the bone deformity-rescued CNP-KO mice displayed a decreased response to formalin-induced pain compared to wild-type. Taken together, these results suggest that CNP is derived from Schwann cells and plays an important role for the development and function of nociceptive sensory neurones.

Characterization of beta-adrenoceptors in the dog saphenous vein.

In vitro experiments were carried out on strips of the dog saphenous vein to characterize beta-adrenoceptors mediating relaxation. Four beta-adrenoceptor agonists, isoproterenol, salbutamol, procaterol and alpha-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylaminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzylalcohol hydrochloride (T-1583), all produced concentration-dependent relaxation of venous strips contracted by 10(-6) M methoxamine. These four drugs behaved as full agonists. In producing venous relaxation, procaterol was about 2.5 times more potent, and salbutamol and T-1583 were 7 and 98 times less potent than isoproterenol, on a molar basis. The concentration-relaxation response curves to the four agonists were shifted in a parallel way to the right by (t-butyl-amino-3-ol-2-propyl)oximino-9 fluorene hydrochloride (IPS 339), a selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, and by practolol. However, pA2-values for IPS 339 against the four agonists were all nearly 11.0, whereas those for practolol were all nearly 5.7. We conclude that beta-adrenoceptors in the dog saphenous vein mediating relaxation are predominantly on the beta 2 type.

[Two cases of pneumonia caused by Sho-saiko-to].

We describe two cases of pneumonia caused by Sho-saiko-to. Patient 1 was a 61-year-old man with type-C liver cirrhosis. About 50 days after starting to take Sho-saiko-to, he complained of fever and diarrhea, and progressive dyspnea developed. Analysis of arterial blood obtained in the emergency room showed severe hypoxemia:, PaO2 26 Torr. A chest radiograph and a CT scan showed bilateral diffuse fine granular and ground-glass opacities predominantly in the upper lung fields. Despite repeated pulse therapy with methylprednisolone and aggressive medical treatment including mechanical ventilation, the patient remained in respiratory distress, which was later complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding. He died on the 45th hospital day. The bronchoalveolar lavage contained abnormally high fluid percents of lymphocytes and neutrophils. Postmortem examination of the lungs revealed alveolar septal thickening, marked hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes, and no hyaline membrane formation. Patient 2 was a 68-year-old man. Eighty days after he began taking Sho-saiko-to, he presented with a 4-day history of shortness of breath accompanied by fewer and progressive coughing. On arrival of the hospital, arterial blood gas analysis showed mild hypoxemia (PaO2, 61 Torr) and a chest radiograph revealed bilateral irregular infiltrates in the lower lung fields. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed an abnormally high percent of lymphocytes (especially CD8 + lymphocytes), and examination of a biopsy specimen revealed exudates of fibrin and neutrophils in the alveolar spaces and patechy intraluminal organization. The response to prednisolone was good and he was discharged on the 40th hospital day in stable condition. Drug lymphocyte stimulation tests of peripheral blood to Sho-saiko-to were positive in both patients. Patients 2 was though to have a typical case of Sho-saiko-to-induced pneumonia, patient 1 was thought to have fulminating variant of this disease.

[Microscopic polyangiitis and pulmonary fibrosis in a patient who died of Candida pneumonia and intra-alveolar hemorrhage].

A 74-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of edema of the lower legs, fever, and increasing fatigue. Laboratory evaluation revealed proteinuria, microhematuria, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, anemia, a high level of C-reactive protein. A test for myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies was highly positive. Microscopic polyarteritis nodosa was diagnosed and therapy with prednisolone was begun. Examination of a renal biopsy sample showed necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis. A chest roentgenogram and CT scan disclosed bilateral basilar interstitial changes. Six months later, the patient was admitted again because of disturbance of consciousness, malnutrition, and hyponatremia. After admission, alveolar infiltrates developed in the right lung and the patient died on the 5th hospital day as a result of respiratory failure. An autopsy revealed Candida pneumonia of the right lung and massive intra-alveolar hemorrhage, which was believed to have caused the respiratory failure. Other findings were usual interstitial pneumonia, cellular small-vessel angiitis in the lungs, and healed angiitis in the kidneys and liver. In this case of microscopic polyangiitis and chronic interstitial pneumonia, steroid therapy was effective against the angiitis, but the patient died of an opportunistic infection and alveolar hemorrhage.

[Chronic pulmonary mucormycosis that developed in preexisting cavities caused by tuberculosis in a patient with diabetes mellitus and liver cirrhosis].

We describe a case of chronic pulmonary mucormycosis. The patient was a 44-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and alcoholic liver cirrhosis. He had been treated for pulmonary tuberculosis three years earlier and thin-walled cavities remained in the left upper lobe. He presented with coughing, sputum, and fever, and a chest radiograph and CT scan showed increased consolidation around the preexisting cavities in the left lung, along with a small round opacity in the right upper lobe. Transbronchial lung biopsy of the left upper lobe revealed pulmonary mucormycosis with necrosis. Treatment with amphotericin B for two months was not completely successful, particularly with regard to the lesion on the left, so surgery was done. A left upper lobectomy and a left S6 segmentectomy were successful, and the lesion in the right lung resolved after chemotherapy. Pathological examination showed that the resected lung had granulomas, infiltration of inflammatory cells, areas of necrosis, and a druse of Mucor in an abscess. We view this as a case of chronic necrotizing pulmonary mucormycosis.