Oral corticosteroid dosage and taper duration at onset in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease influences time to first relapse.

BACKGROUND: We sought to identify an optimal oral corticosteroid regimen at the onset of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), which would delay time to first relapse while minimising cumulative corticosteroid exposure. METHODS: In a retrospective multicentre cohort study, Cox proportional hazards models examined the relationship between corticosteroid course as a time-varying covariate and time to first relapse. Simon-Makuch and Kaplan-Meier plots identified an optimal dosing strategy. RESULTS: We evaluated 109 patients (62 female, 57%; 41 paediatric, 38%; median age at onset 26 years, (IQR 8-38); median follow-up 6.2 years (IQR 2.6-9.6)). 76/109 (70%) experienced a relapse (median time to first relapse 13.7 months; 95% CI 8.2 to 37.9). In a multivariable model, higher doses of oral prednisone delayed time to first relapse with an effect estimate of 3.7% (95% CI 0.8% to 6.6%; p=0.014) reduced hazard of relapse for every 1 mg/day dose increment. There was evidence of reduced hazard of relapse for patients dosed ≥12.5 mg/day (HR 0.21, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.6; p=0.0036), corresponding to a 79% reduction in relapse risk. There was evidence of reduced hazard of relapse for those dosed ≥12.5 mg/day for at least 3 months (HR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.44; p=0.0012), corresponding to an 88% reduction in relapse risk compared with those never treated in this range. No patient with this recommended dosing at onset experienced a Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade >3 adverse effect. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal dose of 12.5 mg of prednisone daily in adults (0.16 mg/kg/day for children) for a minimum of 3 months at the onset of MOGAD delays time to first relapse.

The MOG antibody non-P42 epitope is predictive of a relapsing course in MOG antibody-associated disease.

BACKGROUND: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) IgG seropositivity is a prerequisite for MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) diagnosis. While a significant proportion of patients experience a relapsing disease, there is currently no biomarker predictive of disease course. We aim to determine whether MOG-IgG epitopes can predict a relapsing course in MOGAD patients. METHODS: MOG-IgG-seropositive confirmed adult MOGAD patients were included (n=202). Serum MOG-IgG and epitope binding were determined by validated flow cytometry live cell-based assays. Associations between epitopes, disease course, clinical phenotype, Expanded Disability Status Scale and Visual Functional System Score at onset and last review were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 202 MOGAD patients, 150 (74%) patients had MOG-IgG that recognised the immunodominant proline42 (P42) epitope and 115 (57%) recognised histidine103/serine104 (H103/S104). Fifty-two (26%) patients had non-P42 MOG-IgG and showed an increased risk of a relapsing course (HR 1.7; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.60, p=0.009). Relapse-freedom was shorter in patients with non-P42 MOG-IgG (p=0.0079). Non-P42 MOG-IgG epitope status remained unchanged from onset throughout the disease course and was a strong predictor of a relapsing course in patients with unilateral optic neuritis (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.06 to 6.98, p=0.038), with high specificity (95%, 95% CI 77% to 100%) and positive predictive value (85%, 95% CI 45% to 98%). CONCLUSIONS: Non-P42 MOG-IgG predicts a relapsing course in a significant subgroup of MOGAD patients. Patients with unilateral optic neuritis, the most frequent MOGAD phenotype, can reliably be tested at onset, regardless of age and sex. Early detection and specialised management in these patients could minimise disability and improve long-term outcomes.

Immunotherapy in autoimmune encephalitis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) refers to immune-mediated neurological syndromes often characterised by the detection of pathogenic autoantibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid which target extracellular epitopes of neuroglial antigens. There is increasing evidence these autoantibodies directly modulate function of their antigens in vivo. Early treatment with immunotherapy improves outcomes. Yet, these patients commonly exhibit chronic disability. Importantly, optimal therapeutic strategies at onset and during escalation remain poorly understood. In this review of a rapidly emerging field, we evaluate recent studies on larger cohorts, registries, and meta-analyses to highlight existing evidence for contemporary therapeutic approaches in AE. RECENT FINDINGS: We highlight acute and long-term treatments used in specific AE syndromes, exemplify how understanding disease pathogenesis can inform precision therapy and outline challenges of defining disability outcomes in AE. SUMMARY: Early first-line immunotherapies, including corticosteroids and plasma exchange, improve outcomes, with emerging evidence showing second-line immunotherapies (especially rituximab) reduce relapse rates. Optimal timing of immunotherapy escalation remains unclear. Routine reporting of outcome measures which incorporate cognitive impairment, fatigue, pain, and mental health will permit more accurate quantification of residual disability and comprehensive comparisons between international multicentre cohorts, and enable future meta-analyses with the aim of developing evidence-based therapeutic guidelines.

Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and misdiagnosis of Susac syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Susac syndrome (SuS) is an inflammatory condition of the brain, eye and ear. Diagnosis can be challenging, and misdiagnosis is common. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of the medical records of 32 adult patients from an Australasian cohort of SuS patients. RESULTS: An alternative diagnosis prior to SuS was made in 30 patients (94%) with seven patients receiving two or more diagnoses. The median time to diagnosis of SuS was 3 months (range 0.5-100 months). The commonest misdiagnoses were migraine in 10 patients (31%), cerebral vasculitis in six (19%), multiple sclerosis in five (16%) and stroke in five (16%). Twenty-two patients were treated for alternative diagnoses, 10 of whom had further clinical manifestations prior to SuS diagnosis. At presentation seven patients (22%) met criteria for definite SuS, 19 (59%) for probable SuS and six (19%) for possible SuS. Six patients (19%) presented with brain-eye-ear involvement, 14 with brain-ear (44%), six with brain-eye (19%) and six (19%) with only brain involvement. In patients with the complete triad of symptoms the median delay to diagnosis was 3 months (range 1-9 months) compared to 5.25 months (range 0.5-100 months) for patients with encephalopathy and ocular symptoms at presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Susac syndrome patients are frequently misdiagnosed at initial presentation, despite many having symptoms or radiological features that are red flags for the diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis can lead to patient morbidity. The varied ways in which SuS can present, and clinician failure to consider or recognize SuS, appear to be the main factors leading to misdiagnosis.

The clinical relevance of MOG antibody testing in cerebrospinal fluid.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is diagnosed by serum MOG-immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) in association with typical demyelination. 111/1127 patients with paired CSF/serum samples were seropositive for MOG-IgG. Only 7/1016 (0.7%) seronegative patients had CSF-restricted MOG-IgG. While 3/7 patients had longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, four had a confirmed alternate diagnosis (three multiple sclerosis, one CNS vasculitis). In a national referral setting, CSF-restricted MOG-IgG had a low sensitivity (2.63%, 95%CI 0.55-7.50%) and low positive predictive value (1.97%, 95%CI 0.45-8.13%). We strongly recommend serum as the preferred diagnostic biospecimen, and urge caution in the interpretation of CSF-restricted MOG-IgG in patients without clinico-radiological features consistent with MOGAD.

ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock: Systematic Review of Survival Predictors.

Background: Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction is associated with reduced survival despite advancements in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Characterizing predictors of morbidity and mortality in this setting is crucial to improving risk stratification and management. Notwithstanding, the interplay of factors determining survival in this condition remains poorly studied. Methods: Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases were searched for original studies evaluating predictors of short-term (30-day or in-hospital) survival in ST elevation myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock (STEMI-CS). Included studies were analyzed by way of vote counting, identifying variables that predicted mortality or survival. Results: Twenty-four studies, consisting of 14,735 patients (5649 nonsurvivors and 9086 survivors) were included. All studies were observational by design (17 retrospective and 7 prospective) with clinical and statistical heterogeneity. Unsuccessful revascularization, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, renal impairment, and other variables were identified as key independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion: Several key variables have been shown to independently increase mortality in STEMI-CS populations. Future prospective studies examining the prognostic role of multivariate scoring systems incorporating these domains are required.

Precision therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A retrospective analysis of the use of class-switched memory B-cells for individualised rituximab dosing schedules.

BACKGROUND: B-cell depleting treatments are widely used to modify the course of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Despite recent successful Phase 3 trials of several novel NMOSD therapies, limited availability and high cost constrains their clinical use, and rituximab (RTX) remains a core treatment in many centres. Since 2013, the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Neuroimmunology Clinic (NIC) has regularly measured class-switched memory B-cells (SMB-cells) in the peripheral blood of patients with NMOSD, who have been treated with RTX, in order to guide retreatment intervals. OBJECTIVE: To assess the management and outcomes of the treated patients, and to determine the effect of SMB-cell monitoring in guiding retreatment intervals. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of hospital records, clinic letters and laboratory data was performed. RESULTS: Sixteen patients with NMOSD received individualised rituximab dosing at NIC between 2013 and 2018. Fourteen (87.5%) were aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) positive; 1 (6.25%) was myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab) positive and 1 (6.25%) was seronegative. After commencement of RTX, individually dosed according to regular measurements of serum SMB-cells, there was a 77.5% reduction in annualised relapse rate over a mean follow-up time of 46.1 months in our recently active NMOSD patients. Their mean retreatment interval was 50.9 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides real-world evidence supporting individualised rituximab dosing in the treatment of NMOSD.

The neuro-otology of Susac syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: We characterised the clinical and neuro-otological characteristics of patients with Susac syndrome. METHODS: The medical records of 30 patients with Susac syndrome were reviewed for details of their clinical presentation and course, neuro-otological symptoms, investigation results including audiology and vestibular function tests, treatment and outcomes. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrate that 29 of our 30 patients with Susac syndrome developed neuro-otological symptoms such as hearing loss, disequilibrium, tinnitus or vertigo during their disease course. Hearing loss was the most common neuro-otological symptom occurring in 93% of patients. A rising configuration of low-frequency greater than the high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss was the most characteristic finding on audiological testing (37% of reviewed audiograms). Disproportionately poor speech discrimination was identified in 20% of cases, and one case demonstrated a retrocochlear pattern on electrophysiological testing. Four patients required hearing aids and a further two patients required a cochlear implant due to severe hearing loss. Two out of two treated patients had improvements in hearing after the prompt administration of corticosteroids, indicating the potential for recoverable hearing loss if relapses are treated early. Effects on vestibular function were variable in ten patients who were tested, with most showing preservation of function despite significant hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS: Neuro-otological symptoms in Susac syndrome are almost universal. In the correct clinical context, a rising configuration of low to high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss should prompt consideration of Susac syndrome. Treatment of inner ear symptoms in Susac syndrome requires further research as early immunotherapy may be beneficial.