Ebola a reality of modern Public Health; need for Surveillance, Preparedness and Response Training for Health Workers and other multidisciplinary teams: a case for Uganda.

INTRODUCTION: West Africa is experiencing the largest ever reported Ebola outbreak. Over 20,000 people have been infected of which about 9000 have died. It is possible that lack of community understanding of the epidemic and lack of institutional memory and inexperienced health workers could have led to the rapid spread of the disease. In this paper, we share Uganda's experiences on how the capacity of health workers and other multidisciplinary teams can be improved in preparing and responding to Ebola outbreaks. METHODS: Makerere University School of Public Health in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET), trained health care workers and other multidisciplinary teams from six border districts of Uganda so as to increase their alertness and response capabilities towards Ebola. We used participatory training methods to impart knowledge and skills and guided participants to develop district epidemic response plans. Communities were sensitized about Ebola through mass media, IEC materials, and infection control and prevention materials were distributed in districts. RESULTS: We trained 210 health workers and 120 other multidisciplinary team members on Ebola surveillance, preparedness and response. Evaluation results demonstrated a gain in knowledge and skills. Communities were sensitized about Ebola and Districts received person protective equipments and items for infection prevention. Epidemic Preparedness and Response plans were also developed. CONCLUSION: Training of multidisciplinary teams improves the country's preparedness, alertness and response capabilities in controlling Ebola. West African countries experiencing Ebola outbreaks could draw lessons from the Uganda experience to contain the outbreak.

Evaluation of the Capacity to Appropriately Diagnose and Treat Malaria at Rural Health Centers in Kabarole District; Western Uganda

Setting: Malaria has remained the leading cause of morbidity; responsible for 47of the total causes of ill health at the outpatient department; in Kabarole District for over ten years. In Uganda; the malaria treatment policy changed the first-line treatment from chroloquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) to artemisinin-based combination therapies in 2005; necessitating building new technical and infrastructural capacities. Objective: This study evaluated the status of the capacities and practices to appropriately manage malaria in a rural setting following the new guidelines.Methods: A stratified random sample of 16 heath facilities was selected from public and private not for profit health centres. We used a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire to interview 26 health workers; and observation checklists to assess essential equipment; supplies; anti-malarial medicines; human resources and treatment practices. Data analysis was done with Epi-Info soft ware. Procedure observations made were coded according to the emergent themes and frequencies calculated. Results: More than 75of the respondents had little knowledge on basic facts about malaria and 54did not know the new malaria treatment policy. Over 50health workers did not understand the rationale for intermittent preventive treatment and 65had never had refresher training about malaria management. At least 65mentioned AL as the first-line anti-malarial treatment and 73mentioned parental quinine as a drug of choice for complicated malaria. Over 80health facilities had experienced stock-outs of artemether/lumefantrine (AL) and SP within the 3 months prior to the study. Only one health centre had 80of the minimum required staff. Malaria treatment policy guidelines lacked in 86health facilities; microscopes in 50; while 100lacked insecticide-treated bed nets. All clinicians spent inadequate time i.e. less than (10-19 minutes) with malaria patients; 82never conducted physical examination; 92never checked for anemia and 67never weighed patients. Conclusion: The district has very low capacity to manage malaria correctly according to the guidelines. The study recommends regular refresher training of health workers on malaria policy and additional support to health facilities to improve their capacity to manage malaria