Expanded Multivariable Models to Assist Patient Selection for Long-Acting Cabotegravir + Rilpivirine Treatment: Clinical Utility of a Combination of Patient, Drug Concentration, and Viral Factors Associated With Virologic Failure.

BACKGROUND: Previously reported post hoc multivariable analyses exploring predictors of confirmed virologic failure (CVF) with cabotegravir + rilpivirine long-acting (CAB + RPV LA) were expanded to include data beyond week 48, additional covariates, and additional participants. METHODS: Pooled data from 1651 participants were used to explore dosing regimen (every 4 or every 8 weeks), demographic, viral, and pharmacokinetic covariates as potential predictors of CVF. Prior dosing regimen experience was accounted for using 2 populations. Two models were conducted in each population-baseline factor analyses exploring factors known at baseline and multivariable analyses exploring baseline factors plus postbaseline model-predicted CAB/RPV trough concentrations (4 and 44 weeks postinjection). Retained factors were evaluated to understand their contribution to CVF (alone or in combination). RESULTS: Overall, 1.4% (n = 23/1651) of participants had CVF through 152 weeks. The presence of RPV resistance-associated mutations, human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtype A6/A1, and body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 were associated with an increased risk of CVF (P < .05 adjusted incidence rate ratio), with participants with ≥2 of these baseline factors having a higher risk of CVF. Lower model-predicted CAB/RPV troughs were additional factors retained for multivariable analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of ≥2 baseline factors (RPV resistance-associated mutations, A6/A1 subtype, and/or body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) was associated with increased CVF risk, consistent with prior analyses. Inclusion of initial model-predicted CAB/RPV trough concentrations (≤first quartile) did not improve the prediction of CVF beyond the presence of a combination of ≥2 baseline factors, reinforcing the clinical utility of the baseline factors in the appropriate use of CAB + RPV LA.

Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine after Oral Induction for HIV-1 Infection.

BACKGROUND: Long-acting injectable regimens may simplify therapy for patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. METHODS: We conducted a phase 3, randomized, open-label trial in which adults with HIV-1 infection who had not previously received antiretroviral therapy were given 20 weeks of daily oral induction therapy with dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine. Participants who had an HIV-1 RNA level of less than 50 copies per milliliter after 16 weeks were randomly assigned (1:1) to continue the current oral therapy or switch to oral cabotegravir plus rilpivirine for 1 month followed by monthly injections of long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine. The primary end point was the percentage of participants who had an HIV-1 RNA level of 50 copies per milliliter or higher at week 48 (Food and Drug Administration snapshot algorithm). RESULTS: At week 48, an HIV-1 RNA level of 50 copies per milliliter or higher was found in 6 of 283 participants (2.1%) who received long-acting therapy and in 7 of 283 (2.5%) who received oral therapy (adjusted difference, -0.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.8 to 2.1), a result that met the criterion for noninferiority for the primary end point (margin, 6 percentage points). An HIV-1 RNA level of less than 50 copies per milliliter at week 48 was found in 93.6% who received long-acting therapy and in 93.3% who received oral therapy (adjusted difference, 0.4 percentage points; 95% CI, -3.7 to 4.5), a result that met the criterion for noninferiority for this end point (margin, -10 percentage points). Of the participants who received long-acting therapy, 86% reported injection-site reactions (median duration, 3 days; mild or moderate severity, 99% of cases); 4 participants withdrew from the trial for injection-related reasons. Grade 3 or higher adverse events and events that met liver-related stopping criteria occurred in 11% and 2%, respectively, who received long-acting therapy and in 4% and 1% who received oral therapy. Treatment satisfaction increased after participants switched to long-acting therapy; 91% preferred long-acting therapy at week 48. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine was noninferior to oral therapy with dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine with regard to maintaining HIV-1 suppression. Injection-site reactions were common. (Funded by ViiV Healthcare and Janssen; FLAIR ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02938520.).

Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine for Maintenance of HIV-1 Suppression.

BACKGROUND: Simplified regimens for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may increase patient satisfaction and facilitate adherence. METHODS: In this phase 3, open-label, multicenter, noninferiority trial involving patients who had had plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of less than 50 copies per milliliter for at least 6 months while taking standard oral antiretroviral therapy, we randomly assigned participants (1:1) to either continue their oral therapy or switch to monthly intramuscular injections of long-acting cabotegravir, an HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer inhibitor, and long-acting rilpivirine, a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor. The primary end point was the percentage of participants with an HIV-1 RNA level of 50 copies per milliliter or higher at week 48, determined with the use of the Food and Drug Administration snapshot algorithm. RESULTS: Treatment was initiated in 308 participants per group. At week 48, HIV-1 RNA levels of 50 copies per milliliter or higher were found in 5 participants (1.6%) receiving long-acting therapy and in 3 (1.0%) receiving oral therapy (adjusted difference, 0.6 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.2 to 2.5), a result that met the criterion for noninferiority for the primary end point (noninferiority margin, 6 percentage points). An HIV-1 RNA level of less than 50 copies per milliliter at week 48 was found in 92.5% of participants receiving long-acting therapy and in 95.5% of those receiving oral therapy (adjusted difference, -3.0 percentage points; 95% CI, -6.7 to 0.7), a result that met the criterion for noninferiority for this end point (noninferiority margin, -10 percentage points). Virologic failure was confirmed in 3 participants who received long-acting therapy and 4 participants who received oral therapy. Adverse events were more common in the long-acting-therapy group and included injection-site pain, which occurred in 231 recipients (75%) of long-acting therapy and was mild or moderate in most cases; 1% withdrew because of this event. Serious adverse events were reported in no more than 5% of participants in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Monthly injections of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine were noninferior to standard oral therapy for maintaining HIV-1 suppression. Injection-related adverse events were common but only infrequently led to medication withdrawal. (Funded by ViiV Healthcare and Janssen; ATLAS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02951052.).

Phase 2 Open-Label Study of Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Antiviral Activity of Rilpivirine in Antiretroviral-Naive Adolescents Living with HIV-1.

This phase 2 study investigated long-term safety and efficacy of rilpivirine (RPV) plus two investigator-selected nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in HIV-1-infected antiviral therapy-naive adolescents. Participants (≥12 to <18 years of age) were treated with RPV at 25 mg once daily (q.d.) plus 2 NRTIs and entered the treatment extension period for up to 240 weeks, with visits every 3 months. Long-term safety (analysis of adverse events [AEs] and laboratory results), efficacy (virologic response and outcome for patients with viral loads of <50 and <400 by time to loss of virologic response [TLOVR] and FDA Snapshot methods, as well as CD4+ cell count), and adherence (by pill count) for up to 240 weeks are presented. Twenty-four of 36 participants entered the treatment extension period, and 21 completed week 240. At week 240, a viral load of <50 copies/mL was achieved by 14/32 (43.8%) participants; virologic response by TLOVR was higher in participants with a baseline viral load of ≤100,000 copies/mL (48.0%) versus a viral load of >100,000 copies/mL (28.6%). By FDA Snapshot, a viral load of <50 copies/mL at week 240 was found in 53.1% (17/32) of participants with a baseline viral load of ≤100,000 copies/mL. Higher response was observed in participants with adherence of >95% and a baseline viral load of ≤100,000 copies/mL. Through week 240, 16/32 participants (50.0%) experienced virologic failure, including seven who developed treatment-emergent RPV resistance-associated mutations (RAMs [frequently E138K]): all 7 had ≥1 treatment-emergent NRTI RAM. No serious AEs after week 48, no discontinuations due to AEs between week 48 and week 240, and no new safety signals were observed. RPV did not affect pubertal development or adolescent growth. At the 5-year follow-up, efficacy was low in adolescents, particularly those with poor adherence and/or a high baseline viral load of >100,000 copies/mL. To limit the risk of virologic failure, RPV is restricted to patients with a baseline VL of ≤100,000 copies/mL in most countries. In addition, adequate treatment adherence to RPV treatment is imperative for long-term viral suppression and should be emphasized in the management of adolescents living with HIV. RPV exhibited a favorable long-term safety profile for adolescents living with HIV-1 with adequate adherence. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT00799864.).

Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine dosed every 2 months in adults with HIV-1 infection (ATLAS-2M), 48-week results: a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority study.

BACKGROUND: Phase 3 clinical studies showed non-inferiority of long-acting intramuscular cabotegravir and rilpivirine dosed every 4 weeks to oral antiretroviral therapy. Important phase 2 results of every 8 weeks dosing, and supportive modelling, underpin further evaluation of every 8 weeks dosing in this trial, which has the potential to offer greater convenience. Our objective was to compare the week 48 antiviral efficacy of cabotegravir plus rilpivirine long-acting dosed every 8 weeks with that of every 4 weeks dosing. METHODS: ATLAS-2M is an ongoing, randomised, multicentre (13 countries; Australia, Argentina, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and the USA), open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority study of cabotegravir plus rilpivirine long-acting maintenance therapy administered intramuscularly every 8 weeks (cabotegravir 600 mg plus rilpivirine 900 mg) or every 4 weeks (cabotegravir 400 mg plus rilpivirine 600 mg) to treatment-experienced adults living with HIV-1. Eligible newly recruited individuals must have received an uninterrupted first or second oral standard-of-care regimen for at least 6 months without virological failure and be aged 18 years or older. Eligible participants from the ATLAS trial, from both the oral standard-of-care and long-acting groups, must have completed the 52-week comparative phase with an ATLAS-2M screening plasma HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies per mL. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive cabotegravir plus rilpivirine long-acting every 8 weeks or every 4 weeks. The randomisation schedule was generated by means of the GlaxoSmithKline validated randomisation software RANDALL NG. The primary endpoint at week 48 was HIV-1 RNA ≥50 copies per mL (Snapshot, intention-to-treat exposed), with a non-inferiority margin of 4%. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03299049 and is ongoing. FINDINGS: Screening occurred between Oct 27, 2017, and May 31, 2018. Of 1149 individuals screened, 1045 participants were randomised to the every 8 weeks (n=522) or every 4 weeks (n=523) groups; 37% (n=391) transitioned from every 4 weeks cabotegravir plus rilpivirine long-acting in ATLAS. Median participant age was 42 years (IQR 34-50); 27% (n=280) female at birth; 73% (n=763) white race. Cabotegravir plus rilpivirine long-acting every 8 weeks was non-inferior to dosing every 4 weeks (HIV-1 RNA ≥50 copies per mL; 2% vs 1%) with an adjusted treatment difference of 0·8 (95% CI -0·6-2·2). There were eight (2%, every 8 weeks group) and two (<1%, every 4 weeks group) confirmed virological failures (two sequential measures ≥200 copies per mL). For the every 8 weeks group, five (63%) of eight had archived non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance-associated mutations to rilpivirine at baseline. The safety profile was similar between dosing groups, with 844 (81%) of 1045 participants having adverse events (excluding injection site reactions); no treatment-related deaths occurred. INTERPRETATION: The efficacy and safety profiles of dosing every 8 weeks and dosing every 4 weeks were similar. These results support the use of cabotegravir plus rilpivirine long-acting administered every 2 months as a therapeutic option for people living with HIV-1. FUNDING: ViiV Healthcare and Janssen.

Patient-Reported Outcomes in ATLAS and FLAIR Participants on Long-Acting Regimens of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Over 48 Weeks.

The phase 3 ATLAS and FLAIR studies demonstrated that maintenance with Long-Acting (LA) intramuscular cabotegravir and rilpivirine is non-inferior in efficacy to current antiretroviral (CAR) oral therapy. Both studies utilized Patient-Reported Outcome instruments to measure treatment satisfaction (HIVTSQ) and acceptance (ACCEPT general domain), health status (SF-12), injection tolerability/acceptance (PIN), and treatment preference. In pooled analyses, LA-treated patients (n = 591) demonstrated greater mean improvements from baseline than the CAR group (n = 591) in treatment satisfaction (Week 44, + 3.9 vs. +0.5 HIVTSQs-points; p < 0.001) and acceptance (Week 48, +8.8 vs. +2.0 ACCEPT-points; p < 0.001). The acceptability of injection site reactions (PIN) significantly improved from week 5 (2.10 points) to week 48 (1.62 points; p < 0.001). In both studies, ≥ 97% of LA group participants with recorded data preferred LA treatment compared with prior oral therapy. These results further support the potential of a monthly injectable option for people living with HIV seeking an alternative to daily oral treatment.

Bioequivalence of a Fixed-Dose Combination Tablet of the Complete Two-Drug Regimen of Dolutegravir and Rilpivirine for Treatment of HIV-1 Infection.

A complete 2-drug regimen of dolutegravir at 50 mg and rilpivirine at 25 mg was approved to treat HIV-1 infection in virologically suppressed patients after demonstrating acceptable efficacy and tolerability. This study investigated the bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics of the fixed-dose combination tablet compared with those of separate tablets. Secondary endpoints were the tolerability and safety of the fixed-dose combination tablet. In this open-label, randomized-sequence, 2-way crossover trial, single doses of the fixed-dose combination tablet (the test treatment) and the combination of separate tablets (the reference treatment) were administered to healthy adults after a moderate-fat meal, with a 21-day washout between treatments. Pharmacokinetic samples were collected through 12 days after dosing. The primary endpoints were the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the maximum concentration of drug in plasma (Cmax). The study employed a prespecified sample size reestimation based on a blind midpoint review of Cmax variability to update the enrollment size to achieve statistical power. Of 118 participants enrolled, 113 received both treatments and underwent pharmacokinetic assessment. The 90% confidence intervals for the geometric least-squares mean ratios for the AUC from 0 h to infinity, the AUC from 0 h to the last quantifiable measurement, and Cmax (test treatment versus reference treatment) were within the bioequivalence range of 0.80 to 1.25 for both drugs, indicating bioequivalence. In this study, a single dose of either treatment was well tolerated overall, with 4% (n = 5) and 3% (n = 3) of participants reporting adverse events considered related to the test and reference treatments, respectively. The dolutegravir-rilpivirine fixed-dose combination tablet is bioequivalent to a combination of separate tablets, and no new safety signals emerged. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02741557.).

Lipid levels and changes in body fat distribution in treatment-naive, HIV-1-Infected adults treated with rilpivirine or Efavirenz for 96 weeks in the ECHO and THRIVE trials.

BACKGROUND: Pooled ECHO/THRIVE lipid and body fat data are presented from the ECHO (Efficacy Comparison in Treatment-Naïve, HIV-Infected Subjects of TMC278 and Efavirenz) and THRIVE (TMC278 Against HIV, in a Once-Daily Regimen Versus Efavirenz) trials. METHODS: We assessed the 96-week effects on lipids, adverse events (AEs), and body fat distribution (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) of rilpivirine (RPV) and EFV plus 2 nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (N[t]RTIs) in treatment-naive adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). RESULTS: Rilpivirine produced minimal changes in total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. Compared with RPV, EFV significantly (P < .001) increased lipid levels. Decreases in the TC/HDL-C ratio were similar with RPV and EFV. Background N[t]RTI affected RPV-induced lipid changes; all levels increased with zidovudine/lamivudine (3TC) and abacavir/3TC (except triglycerides, which were unchanged). With emtricitabine/tenofovir, levels of HDL-C were increased, TC and LDL-C were unchanged, and triglycerides were decreased. With EFV, lipid levels increased in each N[t]RTI subgroup (except triglycerides were unchanged with abacavir/3TC). Fewer (P < .001) RPV-treated patients than EFV-treated patients had TC, LDL-C, and triglyceride levels above National Cholesterol Education Program cutoffs. More RPV- than EFV-treated patients had HDL-C values below these cutoffs (P = .02). Dyslipidemia AEs were less common with RPV than with EFV. Similar proportions of patients had a ≥10% decrease in limb fat (16% with RPV and 17% with EFV). Limb fat was significantly (P < .001) increased to a similar extent (by 12% with RPV and 11% with EFV). At week 96, patients receiving zidovudine/3TC had lost limb fat, and those receiving emtricitabine/tenofovir had gained it. CONCLUSIONS: Over the course of 96 weeks, RPV-based therapy was associated with lower increases in lipid parameters and fewer dyslipidemia AEs than EFV-based treatment. Body fat distribution changes were similar between treatments. The N[t]RTI regimen affected lipid and body fat distribution changes.

Assessment of swallowability and acceptability of scored darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablets in HIV-1-infected children aged ≥6 to <12 years, using matching placebo tablets: A randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) fixed-dose combination (FDC) was developed as a once-daily, complete antiretroviral (ARV) regimen therapy to address the need for simplified protease inhibitor-based ARV regimens. This study assessed the swallowability and acceptability for long-term use of scored placebo tablets matching the D/C/F/TAF FDC tablets in children living with HIV-1. METHODS: This study (NCT04006704) was a Phase 1, open-label, randomized, single-dose, 2-period, 2-sequence crossover study in children living with HIV-1, aged ≥6 to <12 years and weighing ≥25 to <40 kg, on a stable ARV regimen for ≥3 months. Participants were asked to swallow whole (size, 21 × 11 × 7 mm) and split matching placebo D/C/F/TAF tablets. Swallowability of the matching placebo D/C/F/TAF tablets (primary endpoint) was assessed by observers. Acceptability of taking matching placebo D/C/F/TAF tablets and current ARVs was evaluated by participants using a 3-point questionnaire. Participants rated the acceptability for long-term daily use of the placebo D/C/F/TAF tablets, and observers assessed how easily caregivers could split a scored tablet by hand, using 3-point questionnaires. RESULTS: Among the 24 participants who enrolled and completed the study, 95.8% (23/24) were able to swallow the whole and split matching placebo D/C/F/TAF tablets after 1 or 2 attempts. Most participants (>70%) rated the acceptability of tablets for long-term daily use as acceptable or good to take. Breaking the tablets was considered easy or OK by 79.2% (19/24) of caregivers. CONCLUSION: Scored D/C/F/TAF FDC tablets are swallowable - with whole favoured over split - and considered at least acceptable for long-term daily intake in children living with HIV-1 aged ≥6 to <12 years. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04006704.

Bioequivalence of a Pediatric Fixed-Dose Combination Tablet Darunavir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Compared With Coadministration of the Separate Agents in Healthy Adults: An Open-Label, Randomized, Replicate Crossover Study.

Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) 800/150/200/10 mg is a fixed-dose combination (FDC) for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults and adolescents weighing 40 kg or greater. This Phase 1, randomized, open-label, 2-treatment, 2-sequence, 4-period replicate crossover study (NCT04661397) evaluated the pivotal bioequivalence of a pediatric D/C/F/TAF 675/150/200/10-mg FDC compared with coadministration of the separate commercially available formulations in healthy adults under fed conditions. During each period, participants received either a single oral dose of D/C/F/TAF 675/150/200/10-mg FDC (test) or a single oral dose of darunavir 600 and 75 mg, cobicistat 150 mg, and emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide 200/10-mg FDC (reference). Thirty-seven participants were randomly assigned to one of 2 treatment sequence groups: test-reference-reference-test or reference-test-test-reference, with 7 days or more washout between periods. The 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean ratios for maximum plasma concentration, area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to last measurable concentration, and area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity for darunavir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide fell within conventional bioequivalence limits (80%-125%). No Grade 3/4 adverse events, serious adverse events, or deaths occurred. In conclusion, administration of D/C/F/TAF 675/150/200/10-mg FDC was bioequivalent to coadministration of the separate commercially available formulations.

Rilpivirine versus efavirenz with two background nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in treatment-naive adults infected with HIV-1 (THRIVE): a phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), rilpivirine (TMC278; Tibotec Pharmaceuticals, County Cork, Ireland), had equivalent sustained efficacy to efavirenz in a phase 2b trial in treatment-naive patients infected with HIV-1, but fewer adverse events. We aimed to assess non-inferiority of rilpivirine to efavirenz in a phase 3 trial with common background nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (N[t]RTIs). METHODS: We undertook a 96-week, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, non-inferiority trial in 98 hospitals or medical centres in 21 countries. We enrolled adults (≥18 years) not previously given antiretroviral therapy and with a screening plasma viral load of 5000 copies per mL or more and viral sensitivity to background N(t)RTIs. We randomly allocated patients (1:1) using a computer-generated interactive web-response system to receive oral rilpivirine 25 mg once daily or efavirenz 600 mg once daily; all patients received an investigator-selected regimen of background N(t)RTIs (tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate plus emtricitabine, zidovudine plus lamivudine, or abacavir plus lamivudine). The primary outcome was non-inferiority (12% margin on logistic regression analysis) at 48 weeks in terms of confirmed response (viral load <50 copies per mL, defined by the intent-to-treat time to loss of virologic response [TLOVR] algorithm) in all patients who received at least one dose of study drug. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00543725. FINDINGS: From May 22, 2008, we screened 947 patients and enrolled 340 to each group. 86% of patients (291 of 340) who received at least one dose of rilpivirine responded, compared with 82% of patients (276 of 338) who received at least one dose of efavirenz (difference 3.5% [95% CI -1.7 to 8.8]; p(non-inferiority)<0.0001). Increases in CD4 cell counts were much the same between groups. 7% of patients (24 of 340) receiving rilpivirine had a virological failure compared with 5% of patients (18 of 338) receiving efavirenz. 4% of patients (15) in the rilpivirine group and 7% (25) in the efavirenz group discontinued treatment due to adverse events. Grade 2-4 treatment-related adverse events were less common with rilpivirine (16% [54 patients]) than they were with efavirenz (31% [104]; p<0.0001), as were rash and dizziness (p<0.0001 for both) and increases in lipid levels were significantly lower with rilpivirine than they were with efavirenz (p<0.0001). INTERPRETATION: Despite a slightly increased incidence of virological failures, a favourable safety profile and non-inferior efficacy compared with efavirenz means that rilpivirine could be a new treatment option for treatment-naive patients infected with HIV-1. FUNDING: Tibotec.

Rilpivirine versus efavirenz with tenofovir and emtricitabine in treatment-naive adults infected with HIV-1 (ECHO): a phase 3 randomised double-blind active-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Efavirenz with tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate and emtricitabine is a preferred antiretroviral regimen for treatment-naive patients infected with HIV-1. Rilpivirine, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, has shown similar antiviral efficacy to efavirenz in a phase 2b trial with two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. We aimed to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rilpivirine versus efavirenz, each combined with tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate and emtricitabine. METHODS: We did a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled trial, in patients infected with HIV-1 who were treatment-naive. The patients were aged 18 years or older with a plasma viral load at screening of 5000 copies per mL or greater, and viral sensitivity to all study drugs. Our trial was done at 112 sites across 21 countries. Patients were randomly assigned by a computer-generated interactive web response system to receive either once-daily 25 mg rilpivirine or once-daily 600 mg efavirenz, each with tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate and emtricitabine. Our primary objective was to show non-inferiority (12% margin) of rilpivirine to efavirenz in terms of the percentage of patients with confirmed response (viral load <50 copies per mL intention-to-treat time-to-loss-of-virological-response [ITT-TLOVR] algorithm) at week 48. Our primary analysis was by intention-to-treat. We also used logistic regression to adjust for baseline viral load. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00540449. FINDINGS: 346 patients were randomly assigned to receive rilpivirine and 344 to receive efavirenz and received at least one dose of study drug, with 287 (83%) and 285 (83%) in the respective groups having a confirmed response at week 48. The point estimate from a logistic regression model for the percentage difference in response was -0.4 (95% CI -5.9 to 5.2), confirming non-inferiority with a 12% margin (primary endpoint). The incidence of virological failures was 13% (rilpivirine) versus 6% (efavirenz; 11%vs 4% by ITT-TLOVR). Grade 2-4 adverse events (55 [16%] on rilpivirine vs 108 [31%] on efavirenz, p<0.0001), discontinuations due to adverse events (eight [2%] on rilpivirine vs 27 [8%] on efavirenz), rash, dizziness, and abnormal dreams or nightmares were more common with efavirenz. Increases in plasma lipids were significantly lower with rilpivirine. INTERPRETATION: Rilpivirine showed non-inferior efficacy compared with efavirenz, with a higher virological-failure rate, but a more favourable safety and tolerability profile. FUNDING: Tibotec.

Efficacy and safety of rilpivirine in treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected patients with hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection enrolled in the Phase III randomized, double-blind ECHO and THRIVE trials.

OBJECTIVES: The efficacy and hepatic safety of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors rilpivirine (TMC278) and efavirenz were compared in treatment-naive, HIV-infected adults with concurrent hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the pooled week 48 analysis of the Phase III, double-blind, randomized ECHO (NCT00540449) and THRIVE (NCT00543725) trials. METHODS: Patients received 25 mg of rilpivirine once daily or 600 mg of efavirenz once daily, plus two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. At screening, patients had alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase levels ≤5× the upper limit of normal. HBV and HCV status was determined at baseline by HBV surface antigen, HCV antibody and HCV RNA testing. RESULTS: HBV/HCV coinfection status was known for 670 patients in the rilpivirine group and 665 in the efavirenz group. At baseline, 49 rilpivirine and 63 efavirenz patients [112/1335 (8.4%)] were coinfected with either HBV [55/1357 (4.1%)] or HCV [57/1333 (4.3%)]. The safety analysis included all available data, including beyond week 48. Eight patients seroconverted during the study (rilpivirine: five; efavirenz: three). A higher proportion of patients achieved viral load <50 copies/mL (intent to treat, time to loss of virological response) in the subgroup without HBV/HCV coinfection (rilpivirine: 85.0%; efavirenz: 82.6%) than in the coinfected subgroup (rilpivirine: 73.5%; efavirenz: 79.4%) (rilpivirine, P = 0.04 and efavirenz, P = 0.49, Fisher's exact test). The incidence of hepatic adverse events (AEs) was low in both groups in the overall population (rilpivirine: 5.5% versus efavirenz: 6.6%) and was higher in HBV/HCV-coinfected patients than in those not coinfected (26.7% versus 4.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic AEs were more common and response rates lower in HBV/HCV-coinfected patients treated with rilpivirine or efavirenz than in those who were not coinfected.

Week 96 extension results of a Phase 3 study evaluating long-acting cabotegravir with rilpivirine for HIV-1 treatment.

BACKGROUND: ATLAS (NCT02951052), a phase 3, multicenter, open-label study, demonstrated that switching to injectable cabotegravir (CAB) with rilpivirine (RPV) long-acting dosed every 4 weeks was noninferior at week (W) 48 to continuing three-drug daily oral current antiretroviral therapy (CAR). Results from the W 96 analysis are presented. METHODS AND DESIGN: Participants completing W 52 of ATLAS were given the option to withdraw, transition to ATLAS-2M (NCT03299049), or enter an Extension Phase to continue long-acting therapy (Long-acting arm) or switch from CAR to long-acting therapy (Switch arm). Endpoints assessed at W 96 included proportion of participants with plasma HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/ml, incidence of confirmed virologic failure (CVF; two consecutive HIV-1 RNA ≥200 copies/ml), safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS: Most participants completing the Maintenance Phase transitioned to ATLAS-2M (88%, n = 502/572). Overall, 52 participants were included in the W 96 analysis of ATLAS; of these, 100% (n = 23/23) and 97% (n = 28/29) in the Long-acting and Switch arms had plasma HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/ml at W 96, respectively. One participant had plasma HIV-1 RNA 50 copies/ml or higher in the Switch arm (173 copies/ml). No participants met the CVF criterion during the Extension Phase. No new safety signals were identified. All Switch arm participants surveyed preferred long-acting therapy to their previous daily oral regimen (100%, n = 27/27). CONCLUSION: In this subgroup of ATLAS, 98% (n = 51/52) of participants at the Extension Phase W 96 analysis maintained virologic suppression with long-acting therapy. Safety, efficacy, and participant preference results support the therapeutic potential of long-acting CAB+RPV treatment for virologically suppressed people living with HIV-1.

The DIANA Study: Continued Access to Darunavir/Ritonavir (DRV/r) and Long-Term Safety Follow-Up in HIV-1-Infected Pediatric Patients Aged 3 to < 18 Years.

INTRODUCTION: Darunavir is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor boosted with ritonavir (DRV/r) or cobicistat. OBJECTIVE: This study provided continued access to DRV/r and assessed long-term safety in patients aged 3 to < 18 years. METHODS: Patients who had completed treatment in the DELPHI (TMC114-C212), DIONE (TMC114-TiDP29-C230), or ARIEL (TMC114-TiDP29-C228) studies were eligible to participate if they derived benefit from using DRV/r in countries where it was not available to them. DRV/r dosing was continued based on original study protocols. Only safety data were collected. Reportable adverse events (AEs) included AEs considered at least possibly related to treatment with DRV/r, AEs leading to discontinuation or treatment interruption, and serious AEs (SAEs). RESULTS: Forty-six patients rolled over to this study and received at least one dose of DRV/r. Median duration of DRV/r intake was 4.2 years. Overall, 15/46 patients experienced one or more reportable AEs, 10/46 patients experienced one or more grade 3 or 4 AEs, and 12/46 patients experienced one or more SAEs. The most common grade 3 or 4 and SAEs were pneumonia (3/46) and asthma (2/46). Only one AE (grade 1 lipoatrophy) was considered probably related to DRV/r (DIONE, n = 1). Overall, 3/46 patients experienced an HIV-related AE (grade 3 pneumonia SAE; grade 2 tuberculosis SAE, and grade 2 lipoatrophy AE), none of which were considered related to DRV/r or led to study discontinuation. Two AEs leading to discontinuation were pregnancies. CONCLUSION: These long-term safety results continue to support DRV/r as a valuable therapeutic option for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in pediatric patients aged ≥ 3 years. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01138605/EudraCT number: 2009-017013-29; first submitted 8 April 2010.

Long-term safety and efficacy of rilpivirine in combination with nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in HIV-1 infected patients: 336-week rollover study of phase 2b and 3 clinical studies.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of rilpivirine (RPV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), in combination with nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. METHODS: RPV-treated HIV-infected patients from phase 2b or 3 studies rolled-over into this phase 3, open-label study and received RPV 25 mg once daily (QD) with choice of two NRTIs. Adverse events (AEs), plasma viral load, CD4+ cell count, and antiviral resistance were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 482 patients treated, 437 (>90%) patients discontinued study treatment; 371 (77%) had switched to commercially available RPV, 14 (2.9%) discontinued due to AEs, and 6 (1.2%) had virologic failure. In this rollover study, patients were followed up to week 336, although data was limited beyond 288 weeks. Forty-five (9.3%) patients were still undergoing treatment at the time of data cut-off for the current analysis (8 February 2018). The most frequently reported AEs were pregnancy in 7 (1.5%) patients and syphilis in 5 (1.0%) patients. Grade 3-4 AEs were reported in 17 (3.5%) patients, and AEs possibly related to RPV in 23 (4.8%) patients. Over 288 weeks of treatment, 80.1% (95% CI: 74.9%; 84.3%) of patients maintained virologic suppression (HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL). The absolute CD4+ cell count increased over time until week 192 and remained constant thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: RPV 25 mg QD in combination with an investigator-selected background regimen of two NRTIs demonstrated sustained long-term virologic suppression. The treatment was well-tolerated with no new safety findings.

Patient-Reported Outcomes Through 1 Year of an HIV-1 Clinical Trial Evaluating Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Administered Every 4 or 8 Weeks (ATLAS-2M).

BACKGROUND: Advances in HIV-1 therapeutics have led to the development of a range of daily oral treatment regimens, which share similar high efficacy rates. Consequently, more emphasis is being placed upon the individual's experience of treatment and impact on quality of life. The first long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 (long-acting cabotegravir + rilpivirine [CAB + RPV LA]) may address challenges associated with oral treatment for HIV-1, such as stigma, pill burden/fatigue, drug-food interactions, and adherence. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) collected in an HIV-1 clinical trial (ATLAS-2M; NCT03299049) comparing participants' experience with two dosing regimens (every 4 weeks [Q4W] vs. every 8 weeks [Q8W]) of CAB + RPV LA are presented herein. METHODS: PRO endpoints evaluated through 48 weeks of therapy included treatment satisfaction (HIV Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire [HIVTSQ]), treatment acceptance ("General Acceptance" domain of the Chronic Treatment Acceptance [ACCEPT®] questionnaire), acceptability of injections (Perception of Injection [PIN] questionnaire), treatment preference (questionnaire), and reasons for switching to/continuing long-acting therapy (exploratory endpoint; questionnaire). Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive CAB + RPV LA Q8W or Q4W. Results were stratified by prior CAB + RPV exposure in either preplanned or post hoc analyses. RESULTS: Overall, 1045 participants were randomized to the Q8W (n = 522) and Q4W (n = 523) regimens; 37% (n = 391/1045) had previously received CAB + RPV in ATLAS. For participants without prior CAB + RPV exposure, large increases from baseline were reported in treatment satisfaction in both long-acting arms (HIVTSQ status version), with Q8W dosing statistically significantly favored at Weeks 24 (p = 0.036) and 48 (p = 0.004). Additionally, improvements from baseline were also observed in the "General Acceptance" domain of the ACCEPT questionnaire in both long-acting arms for participants without prior CAB + RPV exposure; however, no statistically significant difference was observed between arms at either timepoint (Week 24, p = 0.379; Week 48, p = 0.525). Significant improvements (p < 0.001) in the "Acceptance of Injection Site Reactions" domain of the PIN questionnaire were observed from Week 8 to Weeks 24 and 48 in both arms for participants without prior CAB + RPV exposure. Participants with prior CAB + RPV exposure reported high treatment satisfaction (mean [HIVTSQ status version]: Q8W 62.2/66.0; Q4W 62.0/66.0), treatment acceptance (mean: Q8W 89.3/100; Q4W 91.2/100), and acceptance of injection site reactions (mean [5 = not at all acceptable; 1 = totally acceptable]: Q8W 1.72; Q4W 1.59) at baseline/Week 8 that were maintained over time. Participants without prior CAB + RPV exposure who received Q8W dosing preferred this regimen over oral CAB + RPV (98%, n = 300/306). Among those with prior Q4W exposure, 94% (n = 179/191) preferred Q8W dosing versus Q4W dosing (3%, n = 6/191) or oral CAB + RPV (2%, n = 4/191). CONCLUSIONS: Both long-acting regimens provided high treatment satisfaction and acceptance, irrespective of prior CAB + RPV exposure, with most participants preferring Q8W dosing over both the Q4W regimen and their previous daily oral regimen. The PRO data collected at Week 48 support the therapeutic potential of CAB + RPV LA. FUNDING: ViiV Healthcare and Janssen. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ATLAS-2M: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03299049, registered October 2, 2017.

Developments in HIV-1 treatment have resulted in effective daily oral medications. However, life-long pill taking can come with several challenges. These include having a daily reminder of living with HIV-1. Treatment satisfaction is important to consider when evaluating a new medicine. This is because it can affect people's quality of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate people's experiences with the first long-acting injectable medicine for HIV-1. The medicine is called cabotegravir + rilpivirine long-acting (CAB + RPV LA). Over approximately 1 year, this study measured people's satisfaction and experiences while receiving injections of CAB + RPV LA. Injections were given either every 4 weeks or every 8 weeks. The study included people who had never had CAB + RPV LA, as well as people who were already receiving CAB + RPV LA. For people new to CAB + RPV LA, their satisfaction increased compared with their previous medication. They also had improvements in their experiences of injection site reactions throughout the study. For people who were already receiving CAB + RPV LA, their high satisfaction with this treatment and tolerability of injection site reactions were maintained over time. Overall, improvements were similar between people receiving injections every 4 weeks and people receiving injections every 8 weeks. People with experience of both injection schedules tended to prefer to receive injections every 8 weeks. These results show that CAB + RPV LA can provide quality-of-life improvements for people who have HIV-1.

Etravirine in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected children 1 year to less than 6 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of etravirine (ETR) in HIV-infected children 1 to less than 6 years of age. DESIGN: Phase I/II, open-label, multicenter, dose-finding study. METHODS: Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced children in two age cohorts (I: 2 to <6 years; II: 1 to less than 2 years) received weight-based ETR, swallowed whole or dispersed in liquid, with optimized ART including a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor. Intensive pharmacokinetics occurred 7-18 days after starting ETR. Participants with ETR AUC12h less than 2350 ng h/ml had a dose increase and repeat pharmacokinetics. RESULTS: Twenty-six children enrolled and 21 (15 in cohort I and 6 in cohort II) had evaluable intensive pharmacokinetics sampling at the final weight-based dose. On the final dose, the geometric mean ETR AUC12h was 3823 ng h/ml for cohort I and 3328 ng h/ml for cohort II. Seven children (33.3%) on the final dose, all taking ETR dispersed, had an AUC12  h less than 2350 ng h/ml and underwent a dose increase. ETR AUC12  h was 3.8-fold higher when ETR was swallowed whole vs. dispersed, P less than 0.0001. On the final dose, 75 and 33.3% in cohorts I and II, respectively, had HIV-1 RNA 400 copies/ml or less or at least 2 log reductions from baseline at week 48. Three children (11.5%) experienced a grade at least 3 adverse event related to ETR but only 1 discontinued. CONCLUSION: ETR was well tolerated. Predefined pharmacokinetics targets were met but overall exposures were low vs. historical data in adults, particularly in young children taking dispersed tablets. A high rate of viral efficacy was observed among those aged 2 to more than 6 years but not in those less than 2 years.

Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine dosed every 2 months in adults with HIV-1 infection (ATLAS-2M), 96-week results: a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority study.

BACKGROUND: Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine administered monthly or every 2 months might address the challenges associated with daily oral antiretroviral therapy. The ATLAS-2M week 48 results showed non-inferiority of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine administered every 8 weeks compared with that of every 4 weeks. In this study, we report the efficacy, safety, and tolerability results from the week 96 analysis. METHODS: ATLAS-2M is a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority trial conducted in 13 countries, evaluating the safety and efficacy of maintenance treatment with intramuscular injections of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine, administered every 8 weeks versus every 4 weeks, to people living with HIV-1. Virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1, either already receiving intramuscular long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine every 4 weeks (ie, ATLAS study rollover participants) or oral standard of care, were randomly assigned (1:1), in an unblinded fashion, to receive either intramuscular long-acting cabotegravir (600 mg) and rilpivirine (900 mg) every 8 weeks (ie, the every 8-week dosing group) or intramuscular long-acting cabotegravir (400 mg) and rilpivirine (600 mg) every 4 weeks (ie, the every 4-week dosing group). Randomisation was generated using the GlaxoSmithKline-validated randomisation software RANDALL NG (version 1.3.3). The primary endpoint at week 48 was the proportion of participants with plasma HIV-1 RNA measurements of 50 copies per mL or more (ie, the US Food and Drug Administration [FDA] Snapshot algorithm), which has been published previously. Here, we present the week 96 results: the proportion of participants with plasma HIV-1 RNA measurements of less than 50 copies per mL (FDA Snapshot algorithm), with a non-inferiority margin of -10%; the proportion of participants with plasma HIV-1 RNA measurements of 50 copies per mL or more (FDA Snapshot algorithm), with a non-inferiority margin of 4%; the proportion of participants with protocol-defined confirmed virological failure (ie, two consecutive plasma HIV-1 RNA measurements ≥200 copies per mL); safety; pharmacokinetics; and tolerability. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03299049, and is currently ongoing. FINDINGS: Between Oct 27, 2017, and May 31, 2018, a total of 1149 participants were screened; of whom, 1049 (91%) were randomly assigned and 1045 (91%) initiated treatment (522 in the every 8-week dosing group and 523 in the every 4-week dosing group). The median age was 42 years (IQR 34-50). 280 (27%) of 1045 participants were assigned female at birth and 764 (73%) were white. At week 96 (FDA Snapshot algorithm), 11 (2%) of 522 participants in the every 8-week dosing group and six (1%) of 523 in the every 4-week dosing group had an HIV-1 RNA measurement of 50 copies per mL or more, with an adjusted treatment difference of 1·0 (95% CI -0·6 to 2·5), meeting the prespecified non-inferiority threshold of 4%; 475 (91%) of 522 participants in the every 8-week dosing group and 472 (90%) of 523 in the every 4-week dosing group maintained an HIV-1 RNA measurement of less than 50 copies per mL, with an adjusted treatment difference of 0·8 (95% CI -2·8 to 4·3), which met the prespecified non-inferiority threshold of -10%. One participant in the every 8-week dosing group met the confirmed virological failure criterion since the week 48 analysis at week 88, resulting in a total of nine participants in the every 8-week dosing group and two in the every 4-week dosing group having confirmed virological failure. No new safety signals were identified, and no treatment-related deaths occurred. Injection site reactions were the most common adverse event, occurring in 412 (79%) of 522 participants in the every 8-week dosing group and 400 (76%) of 523 in the every 4-week dosing group. Most injection site reactions were grade 1 or 2 (7453 [99%] of 7557 in both groups), with a median duration of 3 days (IQR 2-5). INTERPRETATION: Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine dosed every 8 weeks had non-inferior efficacy compared with that of every 4 weeks through the 96-week analysis, with both regimens maintaining high levels of virological suppression. These results show the durable safety, efficacy, and acceptability of dosing long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine monthly and every 2 months as maintenance therapy for people living with HIV-1. FUNDING: ViiV Healthcare and Janssen Research & Development.

Exploring predictors of HIV-1 virologic failure to long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine: a multivariable analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Efficacy and safety of long-acting cabotegravir (CAB) and rilpivirine (RPV) dosed intramuscularly every 4 or 8 weeks has been demonstrated in three Phase 3 trials. Here, factors associated with virologic failure at Week 48 were evaluated post hoc. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from 1039 adults naive to long-acting CAB+RPV were pooled in a multivariable analysis to examine the influence of baseline viral and participant factors, dosing regimen and drug concentrations on confirmed virologic failure (CVF) occurrence using a logistic regression model. In a separate model, baseline factors statistically associated with CVF were further evaluated to understand CVF risk when present alone or in combination. RESULTS: Overall, 1.25% (n = 13/1039) of participants experienced CVF. Proviral RPV resistance-associated mutations (RAMs), HIV-1 subtype A6/A1, higher BMI (associated with Week 8 CAB trough concentration) and lower Week 8 RPV trough concentrations were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with increased odds of CVF (all except RPV trough are knowable at baseline). Few participants (0.4%) with zero or one baseline factor had CVF. Only a combination of at least two baseline factors (observed in 3.4%; n = 35/1039) was associated with increased CVF risk (25.7%, n = 9/35). CONCLUSION: CVF is an infrequent multifactorial event, with a rate of approximately 1% in the long-acting CAB+RPV arms across Phase 3 studies (FLAIR, ATLAS and ATLAS-2M) through Week 48. Presence of at least two of proviral RPV RAMs, HIV-1 subtype A6/A1 and/or BMI at least 30 kg/m2 was associated with increased CVF risk. These findings support the use of long-acting CAB+RPV in routine clinical practice.