Auditory Processing in Children with Migraine: A Controlled Study.

Background This study aimed to investigate central auditory processing performance in children with migraine and compared with controls without headache. Methods Twenty-eight children of both sexes, aged between 8 and 12 years, diagnosed with migraine with and without aura, and a control group of the same age range and with no headache history, were included. Gaps-in-noise (GIN), duration pattern test (DPT), synthetic sentence identification (SSI) test, and nonverbal dichotic test (NVDT) were used to assess central auditory processing performance. Results Children with migraine performed significantly worse in DPT, SSI test, and NVDT when compared with controls without headache; however, no significant differences were found in the GIN test. Conclusions Children with migraine demonstrate impairment in the physiologic mechanism of temporal processing and selective auditory attention. In our short communication, migraine could be related to impaired central auditory processing in children.

Central auditory processing and migraine: a controlled study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to verify and compare central auditory processing (CAP) performance in migraine with and without aura patients and healthy controls. METHODS: Forty-one volunteers of both genders, aged between 18 and 40 years, diagnosed with migraine with and without aura by the criteria of "The International Classification of Headache Disorders" (ICDH-3 beta) and a control group of the same age range and with no headache history, were included. Gaps-in-noise (GIN), Duration Pattern test (DPT) and Dichotic Digits Test (DDT) tests were used to assess central auditory processing performance. RESULTS: The volunteers were divided into 3 groups: Migraine with aura (11), migraine without aura (15), and control group (15), matched by age and schooling. Subjects with aura and without aura performed significantly worse in GIN test for right ear (p = .006), for left ear (p = .005) and for DPT test (p < .001) when compared with controls without headache, however no significant differences were found in the DDT test for the right ear (p = .362) and for the left ear (p = .190). CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with migraine performed worsened in auditory gap detection, in the discrimination of short and long duration. They also presented impairment in the physiological mechanism of temporal processing, especially in temporal resolution and temporal ordering when compared with controls. Migraine could be related to an impaired central auditory processing. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Research Ethics Committee (CEP 0480.10) - UNIFESP.

Evaluation of body composition in patients with migraine on prophylactic treatment with topiramate.

Migraine is a primary headache with high prevalence in the general population but is considered a disabling medical condition. It is suggested that obesity is a risk factor for chronic migraine. Thus treatment with drugs, such as topiramate, which reduces pain and weight, is ideal for obese patients with migraine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of topiramate on body composition in patients with chronic migraine and to verify whether these effects could be related to nutritional status. We studied 26 female patients with age ranging from 18 to 45 years with prophylactic treatment with topiramate (50 mg/day) for three months. Body composition indexes (body mass index, BMI; body fat, BF; fat-free mass, FFM) were obtained through anthropometric assessment. After treatment, topiramate reduced BMI (0,82 kg/m2) and in BF (3.3 %), but increased FFM (1.1 kg). When considering nutritional status, FFM was increased only in obese patients. In conclusion, our main finding is that besides the reduction in BMI and BF, topiramate led to an increase in FFM in overweight and obese patients. Our results open new perspectives for future studies on the relationship between body composition and migraine, indicating that more studies on this body compartment are needed, especially in patients with chronic migraine.

Consensus of the Brazilian Headache Society on the treatment of chronic migraine.

Chronic migraine poses a significant personal, social and economic burden and is characterized by headache present on 15 or more days per month for at least three months, with at least eight days of migrainous headache per month. It is frequently associated with analgesic or acute migraine medication overuse and this should not be overlooked. The present consensus was elaborated upon by a group of members of the Brazilian Headache Society in order to describe current evidence and to provide recommendations related to chronic migraine pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment. Withdrawal strategies in medication overuse headache are also described, as well as treatment risks during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oral topiramate and onabotulinum toxin A injections are the only treatments granted Class A recommendation, while valproate, gabapentin, and tizanidine received Class B recommendation, along with acupuncture, biofeedback, and mindfulness. The anti-CGRP or anti-CGRPr monoclonal antibodies, still unavailable in Brazil, are promising new drugs already approved elsewhere for migraine prophylactic treatment, the efficacy of which in chronic migraine is still to be definitively proven.

Prophylactic treatment of vestibular migraine.

INTRODUCTION: Vestibular migraine (VM) is now accepted as a common cause of episodic vertigo. Treatment of VM involves two situations: the vestibular symptom attacks and the period between attacks. For the latter, some prophylaxis methods can be used. The current recommendation is to use the same prophylactic drugs used for migraines, including ß-blockers, antidepressants and anticonvulsants. The recent diagnostic definition of vestibular migraine makes the number of studies on its treatment scarce. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic treatment used in patients from a VM outpatient clinic. METHODS: Review of medical records from patients with VM according to the criteria of the Bárány Society/International Headache Society of 2012 criteria. The drugs used in the treatment and treatment response obtained through the visual analog scale (VAS) for dizziness and headache were assessed. The pre and post-treatment VAS scores were compared (the improvement was evaluated together and individually, per drug used). Associations with clinical subgroups of patients were also assessed. RESULTS: Of the 88 assessed records, 47 were eligible. We included patients that met the diagnostic criteria for VM and excluded those whose medical records were illegible and those of patients with other disorders causing dizziness and/or headache that did not meet the 2012 criteria for VM. 80.9% of the patients showed improvement with prophylaxis (p<0.001). Amitriptyline, Flunarizine, Propranolol and Topiramate improved vestibular symptoms (p<0.001) and headache (p<0.015). The four drugs were effective in a statistically significant manner. There was a positive statistical association between the time of vestibular symptoms and clinical improvement. There was no additional benefit in hypertensive patients who used antihypertensive drugs as prophylaxis or depressed patients who used antidepressants in relation to other prophylactic drugs. Drug association did not show statistically significant results in relation to the use of a single drug. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic medications used to treat VM improve the symptoms of this disease, but there is no statistically significant difference between the responses of prophylactic drugs. The time of vestibular symptom seems to increase the benefit with prophylactic treatment.

Vestibular migraine: diagnosis challenges and need for targeted treatment.

Approximately 1% of the general population suffers from vestibular migraine. Despite the recently published diagnostic criteria, it is still underdiagnosed condition. The exact neural mechanisms of vestibular migraine are still unclear, but the variability of symptoms and clinical findings both during and between attacks suggests an important interaction between trigeminal and vestibular systems. Vestibular migraine often begins several years after typical migraine and has a variable clinical presentation. In vestibular migraine patients, the neurological and neurotological examination is mostly normal and the diagnosis will be based in the patient clinical history. Treatment trials that specialize on vestibular migraine are scarce and therapeutic recommendations are based on migraine guidelines. Controlled studies on the efficacy of pharmacologic interventions in the treatment of vestibular migraine should be performed.

Visual Attention in Children With Migraine: The Importance of Prophylaxis.

This study aimed to compare the visual attention performance of children newly diagnosed with migraine, children undergoing migraine prophylaxis, and a healthy control group. Eighty-two children aged 8 to 12 years were divided into 3 groups: untreated migraine (n = 30), migraine prophylaxis (n = 22), and control (n = 30). All were subjected to a visual attention assessment with the Trail Making Test parts A and B, Letter-Cancellation Test, and the Brazilian Visual Attention Test 3rd edition. Although performance in attention tasks was within the normal range in all groups, children with untreated migraine performed significantly worse in some visual attention tests than did the control children or children undergoing migraine prophylaxis. The migraine prophylaxis group performed as well as the control group. The deregulation of the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the physiopathology of migraine might induce visual attention deficits, but an effective prophylactic treatment might reverse migraine symptoms.

Amitriptyline and aerobic exercise or amitriptyline alone in the treatment of chronic migraine: a randomized comparative study.

UNLABELLED: To compare the preventive treatment benefits of amitriptyline and aerobic exercise or amitriptyline alone in patients with chronic migraine. METHOD: Sixty patients, both genders, aged between 18 and 50 years, with a diagnosis of chronic migraine, were randomized in groups called amitriptyline and aerobic exercise or amitriptyline alone. The following parameters were evaluated: headache frequency, intensity and duration of headache, days of the analgesic medication use, body mass index (BMI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores. RESULTS: In the evaluated parameters, was observed decrease in headache frequency (p=0.001), moderate intensity (p=0.048), in headache duration (p=0.001), the body mass index (p=0.001), Beck Depression Inventory (p=0.001) and Beck Anxiety Inventory scores (p=0.001), when groups were compared in the end of third month. CONCLUSION: In this study, the amitriptyline was an effective treatment for chronic migraine, but its efficacy was increased when combined with aerobic exercise.

Prevalence of bruxism in children with episodic migraine--a case-control study with polysomnography.

BACKGROUND: Parents of children with migraine have described a higher prevalence of sleep bruxism and other sleep disturbances in their children. The objective of this study was to use polysomnography to investigate the prevalence of bruxism during sleep in children with episodic migraine relative to controls. FINDINGS: Controls and patients were matched by sex, age, years of formal education, presence of snoring, arousals per hour, and respiratory events per hour.A total of 20 controls, between 6 and 12 years old, with no history of headache, recruited from public schools in Sao Paulo between 2009 and 2012, and 20 patients with episodic migraine recruited from the Headache Clinic at the Federal University of Sao Paulo between 2009 and 2012 underwent polysomnography.No intervention was performed before sleep studies.Among migraine patients, 27.5% experienced aura prior to migraine onset. The sleep efficiency, sleep latency, REM sleep latency, arousals per hour, percentage of sleep stages, and breathing events per hour were similar between groups. Five children (25%) with episodic migraine exhibited bruxism during the sleep study while this finding was not observed in any control (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that bruxism during sleep is more prevalent in children with episodic migraine. Further prospective studies will help elucidate the underlying shared pathogenesis between bruxism and episodic migraine in children.

Consensus of the Brazilian Headache Society on the treatment of chronic migraine / Consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaleia sobre o tratamento da migrânea crônica

ABSTRACT Chronic migraine poses a significant personal, social and economic burden and is characterized by headache present on 15 or more days per month for at least three months, with at least eight days of migrainous headache per month. It is frequently associated with analgesic or acute migraine medication overuse and this should not be overlooked. The present consensus was elaborated upon by a group of members of the Brazilian Headache Society in order to describe current evidence and to provide recommendations related to chronic migraine pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment. Withdrawal strategies in medication overuse headache are also described, as well as treatment risks during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oral topiramate and onabotulinum toxin A injections are the only treatments granted Class A recommendation, while valproate, gabapentin, and tizanidine received Class B recommendation, along with acupuncture, biofeedback, and mindfulness. The anti-CGRP or anti-CGRPr monoclonal antibodies, still unavailable in Brazil, are promising new drugs already approved elsewhere for migraine prophylactic treatment, the efficacy of which in chronic migraine is still to be definitively proven.

RESUMO A migrânea (enxaqueca) crônica determina uma carga pessoal, social e econômica significativa e é caracterizada por dor de cabeça presente em quinze ou mais dias por mês por ao menos três meses, com no mínimo oito dias de cefaleia migranosa a cada mês. É frequentemente associada ao uso excessivo de medicação analgésica ou antimigranosa aguda e isso não deve ser negligenciado. Este consenso foi elaborado por um grupo de membros da Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaleia, para descrever as evidências atualmente disponíveis e fornecer recomendações relacionadas ao tratamento farmacológico e não farmacológico da migrânea crônica. Estratégias de retirada na cefaleia por uso excessivo de medicamentos também são descritas, assim como os riscos dos tratamentos durante a gravidez e a amamentação. O topiramato oral e as injeções de toxina onabotulínica A são os únicos tratamentos que receberam a recomendação classe A, enquanto que o valproato, a gabapentina e a tizanidina receberam recomendação classe B, juntamente com acupuntura, biofeedback e mindfulness. Os anticorpos monoclonais anti-CGRP ou anti-CGRPr, ainda não disponíveis no Brasil, são novos fármacos promissores, já aprovados em outros países para o tratamento profilático da migrânea, cuja eficácia na migrânea crônica ainda está por ser definitivamente comprovada.

Prophylactic treatment of vestibular migraine / Tratamento profilático da migrânea vestibular

Abstract Introduction: Vestibular migraine (VM) is now accepted as a common cause of episodic vertigo. Treatment of VM involves two situations: the vestibular symptom attacks and the period between attacks. For the latter, some prophylaxis methods can be used. The current recommendation is to use the same prophylactic drugs used for migraines, including β-blockers, antidepressants and anticonvulsants. The recent diagnostic definition of vestibular migraine makes the number of studies on its treatment scarce. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic treatment used in patients from a VM outpatient clinic. Methods: Review of medical records from patients with VM according to the criteria of the Bárány Society/International Headache Society of 2012 criteria. The drugs used in the treatment and treatment response obtained through the visual analog scale (VAS) for dizziness and headache were assessed. The pre and post-treatment VAS scores were compared (the improvement was evaluated together and individually, per drug used). Associations with clinical subgroups of patients were also assessed. Results: Of the 88 assessed records, 47 were eligible. We included patients that met the diagnostic criteria for VM and excluded those whose medical records were illegible and those of patients with other disorders causing dizziness and/or headache that did not meet the 2012 criteria for VM. 80.9% of the patients showed improvement with prophylaxis (p < 0.001). Amitriptyline, Flunarizine, Propranolol and Topiramate improved vestibular symptoms (p < 0.001) and headache (p < 0.015). The four drugs were effective in a statistically significant manner. There was a positive statistical association between the time of vestibular symptoms and clinical improvement. There was no additional benefit in hypertensive patients who used antihypertensive drugs as prophylaxis or depressed patients who used antidepressants in relation to other prophylactic drugs. Drug association did not show statistically significant results in relation to the use of a single drug. Conclusions: Prophylactic medications used to treat VM improve the symptoms of this disease, but there is no statistically significant difference between the responses of prophylactic drugs. The time of vestibular symptom seems to increase the benefit with prophylactic treatment.

Resumo Introdução: A migrânea vestibular (MV) é aceita atualmente como uma causa comum de vertigem episódica. O tratamento da MV envolve duas situações: as crises de sintomas vestibulares e o período intercrise. Para esse último, pode-se usar algum método de profilaxia. A recomendação atual é que se usem os mesmos medicamentos profiláticos usados para a enxaqueca, o que inclui os β-bloqueadores, antidepressivos e anticonvulsivantes. A recente definição diagnóstica da migrânea vestibular torna escasso o número de estudos sobre seu tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento profilático usado em pacientes em um ambulatório de MV. Método: Revisão de prontuários de pacientes com MV pelos critérios da Bárány Society/International Headeache Society de 2012. Foram pesquisados os medicamentos usados e resposta ao tratamento obtida através da escala visual analógica (EVA) para tontura e cefaleia. Foram comparados os escores da EVA pré e pós-tratamento (a melhoria foi avaliada em conjunto e individualmente por droga usada). Também foram pesquisadas relações com subgrupos clínicos dos pacientes. Resultados: De 88 prontuários estudados, 47 foram elegíveis. Incluíram-se os pacientes que preenchiam os critérios diagnósticos para MV, foram excluídos os prontuários ilegíveis e aqueles de pacientes com outro distúrbio causador de tontura e/ou cefaleia que não preenchiam critérios de 2012 para MV. Apresentaram melhoria com a profilaxia 80,9% dos pacientes (p < 0,001). Amitriptilina, flunarizina, propranolol e topiramato apresentaram melhoria para sintomas vestibulares (p < 0,001) e para cefaleia (p < 0,015). Os quatro medicamentos foram eficazes de forma estatisticamente significante. Houve relação estatística positiva entre tempo de sintoma vestibular e melhoria clínica. Não houve benefício adicional para hipertensos que usaram anti-hipertensivos como profilaxia ou para os deprimidos que usaram antidepressivos em relação ao uso dos outros profiláticos. A associação de medicamentos não mostrou resultados estatisticamente significantes do uso de um medicamento isolado. Conclusões: Os medicamentos profiláticos usados para MV melhoram os sintomas dessa doença, porém não há diferença estatisticamente significante entre as respostas dos medicamentos profiláticos. O tempo de sintoma vestibular parece aumentar a melhoria obtida com o tratamento profilático.

Vestibular migraine: diagnosis challenges and need for targeted treatment / Migrânea vestibular: desafios diagnósticos e a necessidade de tratamentos específicos

ABSTRACT Approximately 1% of the general population suffers from vestibular migraine. Despite the recently published diagnostic criteria, it is still underdiagnosed condition. The exact neural mechanisms of vestibular migraine are still unclear, but the variability of symptoms and clinical findings both during and between attacks suggests an important interaction between trigeminal and vestibular systems. Vestibular migraine often begins several years after typical migraine and has a variable clinical presentation. In vestibular migraine patients, the neurological and neurotological examination is mostly normal and the diagnosis will be based in the patient clinical history. Treatment trials that specialize on vestibular migraine are scarce and therapeutic recommendations are based on migraine guidelines. Controlled studies on the efficacy of pharmacologic interventions in the treatment of vestibular migraine should be performed.

RESUMO Cerca de 1% da população apresentam o diagnóstico de migrânea vestibular. Apesar dos critérios diagnósticos terem sido publicados recentemente, ainda é uma condição subdiagnosticada. Os mecanismos neurais exatos da migrânea vestibular ainda não estão claros, mas a variabilidade dos sintomas e achados clínicos durante e entre os ataques sugere uma interação importante entre os sistemas trigeminal e vestibular. A migrânea vestibular geralmente começa alguns anos após a migrânea típica e tem apresentação clínica variável. Em pacientes com migrânea vestibular, o exame neurológico e otoneurológico são geralmente normais e o diagnóstico é baseado na história clínica do paciente. Estudos sobre tratamento da migrânea vestibular são escassos e recomendações terapêuticas são baseadas em diretrizes do tratamento da migrânea. Estudos controlados sobre a eficácia das intervenções farmacológicas para o tratamento da migrânea vestibular devem ser realizados.

Migraine and cognition in children: a controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the cognitive functions of children with migraine and compare them to A control group. METHOD: 30 migraineur children and 30 control group children without migraine, age ranging from 8 to 12 years old, were subjected to a cognitive functions assessment with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISCIII). RESULTS: Although both groups had a normal cognitive performance, children with migraine had significantly worse scores compared to the control group in the subtests of Information, Arithmetic, Vocabulary, Object Assembly and in the Indexes of Perceptual Organization, Resistance to Distraction and Processing Speed. CONCLUSION: Children with migraine had impairment in some cognitive functions such as attention, memory, information speed, and perceptual organization compared to the control group.

Amitriptyline and aerobic exercise or amitriptyline alone in the treatment of chronic migraine: a randomized comparative study / Amitriptilina e exercício aeróbico ou amitriptilina isolada no tratamento da migrânea crônica: um estudo randomizado e comparativo

To compare the preventive treatment benefits of amitriptyline and aerobic exercise or amitriptyline alone in patients with chronic migraine. Method Sixty patients, both genders, aged between 18 and 50 years, with a diagnosis of chronic migraine, were randomized in groups called amitriptyline and aerobic exercise or amitriptyline alone. The following parameters were evaluated: headache frequency, intensity and duration of headache, days of the analgesic medication use, body mass index (BMI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores. Results In the evaluated parameters, was observed decrease in headache frequency (p=0.001), moderate intensity (p=0.048), in headache duration (p=0.001), the body mass index (p=0.001), Beck Depression Inventory (p=0.001) and Beck Anxiety Inventory scores (p=0.001), when groups were compared in the end of third month. Conclusion In this study, the amitriptyline was an effective treatment for chronic migraine, but its efficacy was increased when combined with aerobic exercise. .

Comparar os benefícios do tratamento preventivo em pacientes com migrânea crônica utilizando a amitriptilina associada ao exercício aeróbico ou amitriptilina isolada. Método Sessenta pacientes de ambos os sexos com idade entre 18 e 50 anos e com diagnóstico de migrânea crônica foram randomizados para receber amitriptilina e orientados a: praticar exercícios aeróbicos ou somente a amitriptilina isolada. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: frequência, intensidade e duração da cefaleia, dias de uso de medicação analgésica, índice de massa corporal (IMC), e pontuação nas escalas de Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) e Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Resultados Nos parâmetros avaliados, houve redução na frequência da cefaleia (p=0,001), intensidade moderada (p=0,048), na duração (p=0,001), no índice de massa corporal (p=0,001), e pontuação nas escalas Beck Depression Inventory (p=0,001) e Beck Anxiety Inventory (p=0,001), quando os grupos foram comparados ao final do terceiro mês. Conclusão A amitriptilina foi um tratamento eficaz para a migrânea crônica, mas sua eficácia foi maior quando combinada com exercício aeróbio. .

Migraine and cognition in children: a controlled study / Migrânea e cognição em crianças: um estudo controlado

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the cognitive functions of children with migraine and compare them to A control group. METHOD: 30 migraineur children and 30 control group children without migraine, age ranging from 8 to 12 years old, were subjected to a cognitive functions assessment with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISCIII). RESULTS: Although both groups had a normal cognitive performance, children with migraine had significantly worse scores compared to the control group in the subtests of Information, Arithmetic, Vocabulary, Object Assembly and in the Indexes of Perceptual Organization, Resistance to Distraction and Processing Speed. CONCLUSION: Children with migraine had impairment in some cognitive functions such as attention, memory, information speed, and perceptual organization compared to the control group.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as funções cognitivas de crianças com e sem migrânea, utilizando a Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Crianças (WISC-III). MÉTODO: A amostra foi composta por 30 crianças com diagnóstico de migrânea na idade entre 8 a 12 anos e grupo controle de 30 crianças sem migrânea na mesma faixa etária. Todas foram avaliadas pela Escala de WISC-III. RESULTADOS: Embora ambos os grupos tenham demonstrado um quociente de inteligência dentro da média, as crianças com migrânea, quando comparados aos controles, tiveram desempenho inferior nos subtestes de Informação, Aritmética, Vocabulário, Armar Objetos e nos Índices de Compreensão verbal, Organização Perceptual, Resistência à Distração e Velocidade de Processamento. CONCLUSÃO: Quando comparadas aos controles, crianças com migrânea apresentaram desempenhos inferiores em vários domínios cognitivos como atenção, velocidade de processamento, memória e organização perceptual.