Low Rate of Infectious Enterocolitis in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients with Acute Diarrhea: A Prospective Study by the GETH-TC.

Acute diarrhea is a common and debilitating complication in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). In this prospective, observational, and multicenter study we examined all episodes occurring in the first 6 months of 142 consecutive adult patients who underwent a reduced-intensity conditioning HCT in 10 Spanish tertiary university hospitals. Fifty-four patients (38%) developed a total of 75 acute diarrhea episodes. The median time from HCT to the first episode was 38 days (4-157). The main cause of enterocolitis was lower GI-aGVHD (38%), followed by infections (21%) and drug-related toxicity (8%). Causative infectious causes were identified in only 16/75 episodes (21%). C. difficile-related infection was the most common infectious agent with an incidence and recurrence of 13% and 2%, respectively. With a median follow-up for survivors of 32 months, the non-relapse mortality (NRM) and the overall survival (OS) at 1 year, were 20% (95% C.I.: 14-28%) and 69% (95% C.I.: 61-77%), respectively. Development of enterocolitis was not associated with higher NRM (p = 0.37) or worse OS (p = 0.9). This real-life study confirms that the diagnosis and management of acute diarrhea in the early stages after HCT is challenging. Nosocomial infections seem to be relatively uncommon, probably due to more rational use of antibiotics.

Transplantation for myelofibrosis patients in the ruxolitinib era: a registry study from the Société Francophone de Greffe de Moelle et de Thérapie Cellulaire.

In this SFGM-TC registry study, we report the results after stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in 305 myelofibrosis patients, in order to determine potential risk factors associated with outcomes, especially regarding previous treatment with ruxolitinib. A total of 102 patients were transplanted from an HLA-matched-sibling donor (MSD), and 143 patients received ruxolitinib. In contrast with previous studies, our results showed significantly worse outcomes for ruxolitinib patients regarding overall survival (OS) and non-relapse mortality (NRM), especially in the context of unrelated donors (URD). When exploring reasons for potential confounders regarding the ruxolitinib effect, an interaction between the type of donor and the use of ATG was found, therefore subsequent analyses were performed separately for each type of donor. Multivariable analyses did not confirm a significant negative impact of ruxolitinib in transplantation outcomes. In the setting of URD, only age and Fludarabine-Melphalan (FM) conditioning were associated with increased NRM. For MSD, only Karnoksfy <70% was associated with reduced OS. However, a propensity score analysis showed that ruxolitinib had a negative impact on OS but only in non-responding patients, consistent with previous data. To conclude, with all the precautions due to confounders and bias, ruxolitinib itself does not appear to increase mortality after HSCT.

Optimization of universal allogeneic CAR-T cells combining CRISPR and transposon-based technologies for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.

Despite the potential of CAR-T therapies for hematological malignancies, their efficacy in patients with relapse and refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia has been limited. The aim of our study has been to develop and manufacture a CAR-T cell product that addresses some of the current limitations. We initially compared the phenotype of T cells from AML patients and healthy young and elderly controls. This analysis showed that T cells from AML patients displayed a predominantly effector phenotype, with increased expression of activation (CD69 and HLA-DR) and exhaustion markers (PD1 and LAG3), in contrast to the enriched memory phenotype observed in healthy donors. This differentiated and more exhausted phenotype was also observed, and corroborated by transcriptomic analyses, in CAR-T cells from AML patients engineered with an optimized CAR construct targeting CD33, resulting in a decreased in vivo antitumoral efficacy evaluated in xenograft AML models. To overcome some of these limitations we have combined CRISPR-based genome editing technologies with virus-free gene-transfer strategies using Sleeping Beauty transposons, to generate CAR-T cells depleted of HLA-I and TCR complexes (HLA-IKO/TCRKO CAR-T cells) for allogeneic approaches. Our optimized protocol allows one-step generation of edited CAR-T cells that show a similar phenotypic profile to non-edited CAR-T cells, with equivalent in vitro and in vivo antitumoral efficacy. Moreover, genomic analysis of edited CAR-T cells revealed a safe integration profile of the vector, with no preferences for specific genomic regions, with highly specific editing of the HLA-I and TCR, without significant off-target sites. Finally, the production of edited CAR-T cells at a larger scale allowed the generation and selection of enough HLA-IKO/TCRKO CAR-T cells that would be compatible with clinical applications. In summary, our results demonstrate that CAR-T cells from AML patients, although functional, present phenotypic and functional features that could compromise their antitumoral efficacy, compared to CAR-T cells from healthy donors. The combination of CRISPR technologies with transposon-based delivery strategies allows the generation of HLA-IKO/TCRKO CAR-T cells, compatible with allogeneic approaches, that would represent a promising option for AML treatment.

Integrated flow cytometry and sequencing to reconstruct evolutionary patterns from dysplasia to acute myeloid leukemia.

Clonal evolution in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) originates long before diagnosis and is a dynamic process that may affect survival. However, it remains uninvestigated during routine diagnostic workups. We hypothesized that the mutational status of bone marrow dysplastic cells and leukemic blasts, analyzed at the onset of AML using integrated multidimensional flow cytometry (MFC) immunophenotyping and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with next-generation sequencing (NGS), could reconstruct leukemogenesis. Dysplastic cells were detected by MFC in 285 of 348 (82%) newly diagnosed patients with AML. Presence of dysplasia according to MFC and World Health Organization criteria had no prognostic value in older adults. NGS of dysplastic cells and blasts isolated at diagnosis identified 3 evolutionary patterns: stable (n = 12 of 21), branching (n = 4 of 21), and clonal evolution (n = 5 of 21). In patients achieving complete response (CR), integrated MFC and FACS with NGS showed persistent measurable residual disease (MRD) in phenotypically normal cell types, as well as the acquisition of genetic traits associated with treatment resistance. Furthermore, whole-exome sequencing of dysplastic and leukemic cells at diagnosis and of MRD uncovered different clonal involvement in dysplastic myelo-erythropoiesis, leukemic transformation, and chemoresistance. Altogether, we showed that it is possible to reconstruct leukemogenesis in ∼80% of patients with newly diagnosed AML, using techniques other than single-cell multiomics.

Biallelic TET2 mutations confer sensitivity to 5'-azacitidine in acute myeloid leukemia.

Precision medicine can significantly improve outcomes for patients with cancer, but implementation requires comprehensive characterization of tumor cells to identify therapeutically exploitable vulnerabilities. Here, we describe somatic biallelic TET2 mutations in an elderly patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that was chemoresistant to anthracycline and cytarabine but acutely sensitive to 5'-azacitidine (5'-Aza) hypomethylating monotherapy, resulting in long-term morphological remission. Given the role of TET2 as a regulator of genomic methylation, we hypothesized that mutant TET2 allele dosage affects response to 5'-Aza. Using an isogenic cell model system and an orthotopic mouse xenograft, we demonstrate that biallelic TET2 mutations confer sensitivity to 5'-Aza compared with cells with monoallelic mutations. Our data argue in favor of using hypomethylating agents for chemoresistant disease or as first-line therapy in patients with biallelic TET2-mutated AML and demonstrate the importance of considering mutant allele dosage in the implementation of precision medicine for patients with cancer.

Simplification to dual antiretroviral therapy including a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of simplification to a dual antiretroviral regimen containing a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r) in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 131 HIV-1-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral treatment (HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL) who switched to a maintenance dual antiretroviral regimen, containing a PI/r, in three hospitals in Spain. Virological failure was defined as confirmed HIV-RNA >50 copies/mL. The percentage of patients remaining free of therapeutic failure was estimated using the time-to-loss-of-therapeutic-response algorithm, by intent-to-treat analysis. RESULTS: Median baseline characteristics of the patients were 14 years on antiretroviral therapy, five prior HAART regimens and 10 different drugs, 24 months on a suppressive regimen and 522 CD4+ cells/mL. Reasons for simplification to dual therapy were nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-related toxicity (46.6%), removal of lamivudine/emtricitabine due to resistance (16.8%), simplification from regimens containing a dual PI, enfuvirtide or tipranavir (20.6%) and simplification from other complex regimens (16.0%). Darunavir (58.0%), lopinavir (16.8%) or atazanavir (13.0%) were the preferred PIs, used in combination with tenofovir (50.4%), raltegravir (22.1%) or etravirine (12.2%). At the end of follow-up (median 14 months), 90.1% of patients remained free of therapeutic failure; corresponding data at treatment weeks 24, 48 and 96 were 93.6% (95% CI, 89.3-97.9), 90.9% (95% CI, 84.9-95.9) and 87.4% (95% CI, 80.7-94.1), respectively. Two (1.5%) patients had virological failure and 11 (8.4%) discontinued treatment due to side effects or were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Simplification to a dual-therapy regimen including a PI/r might be useful to enhance convenience and/or diminish toxicity in selected treatment-experienced patients.

Dual therapy based on a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor as a novel salvage strategy for HIV-1-infected patients on a failing antiretroviral regimen.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of dual-antiretroviral therapy containing a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r) in treatment-experienced patients failing a current antiretroviral regimen. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 60 consecutive HIV-1-infected patients who started a dual-antiretroviral rescue regimen containing a PI/r, in three hospitals in Spain. Virological failure was defined as confirmed HIV RNA >50 copies/mL at treatment week 24 or later. The percentage of patients remaining free of therapeutic failure was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, by intent-to-treat analysis (missing, changes and virological failure = therapeutic failure). RESULTS: Median baseline characteristics of patients were: 13 years on antiretroviral therapy (four prior highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens and eight different drugs), 380 CD4 cells/mm(3) and HIV RNA 3.04 log(10) copies/mL. All patients had resistance mutations to at least two drug classes, although only 9.3% had specific mutations to darunavir. A darunavir-based regimen was started in 47 (78.4%) patients, combined with etravirine (26.7%), tenofovir (26.7%) or raltegravir (25%). Three (5%) patients discontinued treatment due to side effects. At the end of follow-up, 86.7% of patients remained free of therapeutic failure; the percentages of patients with no therapeutic failure at treatment weeks 24, 48 and 96 were 96.6% (95% CI, 91.9-101.3); 90.1% (95% CI, 81.9-98.3) and 79.8% (95% CI, 66.1-93.5), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a dual-therapy rescue regimen including a PI/r is convenient, well tolerated and potent enough to achieve persistent viral suppression in selected pre-treated patients with low viral load and few PI resistance mutations.

Updates on the Management of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia is a heterogeneous disease defined by a large spectrum of genetic aberrations that are potential therapeutic targets. New targeted therapies have changed the landscape for a disease with poor outcomes. They are more effective than standard chemotherapy with a good safety profile. For "fit patients" in first-line, the combination of gemtuzumab ozogamicin or midostaurin with intensive chemotherapy or Vyxeos is now considered the "standard of care" for selected patients. On the other hand, for "unfit patients", azacitidine-venetoclax has been consolidated as a frontline treatment, while other combinations with magrolimab or ivosidenib are in development. Nevertheless, global survival results, especially in relapsed or refractory patients, remain unfavorable. New immunotherapies or targeted therapies, such as Menin inhibitors or sabatolimab, represent an opportunity in this situation. Future directions will probably come from combinations of different targeted therapies ("triplets") and maintenance strategies guided by measurable residual disease.

Explainable artificial intelligence for precision medicine in acute myeloid leukemia.

Artificial intelligence (AI) can unveil novel personalized treatments based on drug screening and whole-exome sequencing experiments (WES). However, the concept of "black box" in AI limits the potential of this approach to be translated into the clinical practice. In contrast, explainable AI (XAI) focuses on making AI results understandable to humans. Here, we present a novel XAI method -called multi-dimensional module optimization (MOM)- that associates drug screening with genetic events, while guaranteeing that predictions are interpretable and robust. We applied MOM to an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cohort of 319 ex-vivo tumor samples with 122 screened drugs and WES. MOM returned a therapeutic strategy based on the FLT3, CBFß-MYH11, and NRAS status, which predicted AML patient response to Quizartinib, Trametinib, Selumetinib, and Crizotinib. We successfully validated the results in three different large-scale screening experiments. We believe that XAI will help healthcare providers and drug regulators better understand AI medical decisions.

Humoral/Cellular Immune Discordance in Stem Cell Donors: Impact on Cytomegalovirus-Specific Immune Reconstitution after Related Hematopoietic Transplantation.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is an important cause of complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Discrepancies between serologic and cellular CMV-specific immune response have been reported. This study evaluated the impact of lack of CMV-specific CD8+ T cell response in seropositive donors (ie, discordant donors) on the reconstitution of CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) after related HSCT in seropositive recipients. CMV-CMI was assessed in donors and recipients using the QuantiFERON-CMV assay (QF). CMV-CMI was prospectively assessed for 1 year in 81 CMV-seropositive HSCT recipients with a haploidentical or matched related donor. A Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed. Of the 67 CMV-seropositive donors, 54 (80.6%) were D+QFpos. The remaining 13 CMV-seropositive donors (19.4%) had a QFneg result and thus were classified as discordant donors (D+QFneg). We found that patients with D+QFneg had a significantly higher risk of impaired CMV-CMI reconstitution compared with patients with D+QFpos (log-rank test, P = .001) or D- donors (log-rank test, P = .023). In addition, the D+QFneg group had a higher incidence of single-episode reactivation compared with D+QFpos or D- donors (69.2% versus 44.4% and 28.6%, respectively) but a lower incidence of CMV recurrence compared with the D- group (7.7% versus 57.1%; P = .003). After adjusting for other relevant variables, immune discordance in donors was independently associated with impaired CMV-CMI reconstitution compared with D+QFpos donors (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], .06 to .52; P = .001) and D- donors (adjusted HR, .17; 95% CI, .05 to .59; P = .005). Discordant donors were associated with undetectable CMV-CMI during the 12-month follow-up period using the QF assay. The inability of these patients to become QFpos persisted even after CMV reactivation. This might be related to the low frequency of CMV recurrence in this group. CMV-CMI assessment, in conjunction with CMV serostatus, can be of utility to better classify stem cell donors as well as the risk of impaired CMV-CMI reconstitution after HSCT.

The transcriptomic landscape of elderly acute myeloid leukemia identifies B7H3 and BANP as a favorable signature in high-risk patients.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the elderly remains a clinical challenge, with a five-year overall survival rate below 10%. The current ELN 2017 genetic risk classification considers cytogenetic and mutational characteristics to stratify fit AML patients into different prognostic groups. However, this classification is not validated for elderly patients treated with a non-intensive approach, and its performance may be suboptimal in this context. Indeed, the transcriptomic landscape of AML in the elderly has been less explored and it might help stratify this group of patients. In the current study, we analyzed the transcriptome of 224 AML patients > 65 years-old at diagnosis treated in the Spanish PETHEMA-FLUGAZA clinical trial in order to identify new prognostic biomarkers in this population. We identified a specific transcriptomic signature for high-risk patients with mutated TP53 or complex karyotype, revealing that low expression of B7H3 gene with high expression of BANP gene identifies a subset of high-risk AML patients surviving more than 12 months. This result was further validated in the BEAT AML cohort. This unique signature highlights the potential of transcriptomics to identify prognostic biomarkers in in elderly AML.

Measurable residual disease in elderly acute myeloid leukemia: results from the PETHEMA-FLUGAZA phase 3 clinical trial.

The value of measurable residual disease (MRD) in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is inconsistent between those treated with intensive vs hypomethylating drugs, and unknown after semi-intensive therapy. We investigated the role of MRD in refining complete remission (CR) and treatment duration in the phase 3 FLUGAZA clinical trial, which randomized 283 elderly AML patients to induction and consolidation with fludarabine plus cytarabine (FLUGA) vs 5-azacitidine. After consolidation, patients continued treatment if MRD was ≥0.01% or stopped if MRD was <0.01%, as assessed by multidimensional flow cytometry (MFC). On multivariate analysis including genetic risk and treatment arm, MRD status in patients achieving CR (N = 72) was the only independent prognostic factor for relapse-free survival (RFS) (HR, 3.45; P = .002). Achieving undetectable MRD significantly improved RFS of patients with adverse genetics (HR, 0.32; P = .013). Longer overall survival was observed in patients with undetectable MRD after induction though not after consolidation. Although leukemic cells from most patients displayed phenotypic aberrancies vs their normal counterpart (N = 259 of 265), CD34 progenitors from cases with undetectable MRD by MFC carried extensive genetic abnormalities identified by whole-exome sequencing. Interestingly, the number of genetic alterations significantly increased from diagnosis to MRD stages in patients treated with FLUGA vs 5-azacitidine (2.2-fold vs 1.1-fold; P = .001). This study supports MRD assessment to refine CR after semi-intensive therapy or hypomethylating agents, but unveils that improved sensitivity is warranted to individualize treatment and prolong survival of elderly AML patients achieving undetectable MRD.