Rational targeting of autophagy in colorectal cancer therapy: From molecular interactions to pharmacological compounds.

The abnormal progression of tumors has been a problem for treatment of cancer and therapeutic should be directed towards targeting main mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis in tumors. The genomic mutations can result in changes in biological mechanisms in human cancers. Colorectal cancer is one of the most malignant tumors of gastrointestinal tract and its treatment has been faced some difficulties due to development of resistance in tumor cells and also, their malignant behavior. Hence, new therapeutic modalities for colorectal cancer are being investigated. Autophagy is a "self-digestion" mechanism that is responsible for homeostasis preserving in cells and its aberrant activation/inhibition can lead to tumorigenesis. The current review focuses on the role of autophagy mechanism in colorectal cancer. Autophagy may be associated with increase/decrease in progression of colorectal cancer due to mutual function of this molecular mechanism. Pro-survival autophagy inhibits apoptosis to increase proliferation and survival rate of colorectal tumor cells and it is also involved in cancer metastasis maybe due to EMT induction. In contrast, pro-death autophagy decreases growth and invasion of colorectal tumor cells. The status of autophagy (upregulation and down-regulation) is a determining factor for therapy response in colorectal tumor cells. Therefore, targeting autophagy can increase sensitivity of colorectal tumor cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Interestingly, nanoparticles can be employed for targeting autophagy in cancer therapy and they can both induce/suppress autophagy in tumor cells. Furthermore, autophagy modulators can be embedded in nanostructures in improving tumor suppression and providing cancer immunotherapy.

ANLN Serves as an Oncogene in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma via Activating JNK Signaling Pathway.

INTRODUCTION: To understand the significance of ANLN (anillin, actin-binding protein)-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signal pathway on the progression of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA). METHODS: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was utilized to perform the clinical significance of ANLN in BLCA. Then, ANLN expression was determined in human normal primary bladder epithelial cells (BdEC) and BLCA cells. Later, ANLN knockdown was performed in BLCA cells, where the expression of MAPK8, MAPK9, and p-JNK/JNK was detected. BLCA cells were divided into the Mock, siNC, siANLN, SP600125 (a selective JNK inhibitor), and ANLN + SP600125 group, followed by measurements of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, Annexin V-FITC/PI, Wound-healing, Transwell, and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS: ANLN was upregulated in the BLCA tissues, which showed a relation with the stage of patients. Besides, BLCA patients with high expression of ANLN had a worse prognosis than those with low expression of ANLN. Besides, the expression of ANLN in the BLCA tissues was positively correlated with MAPK8 and MAPK9. SP600125 suppressed the JNK signal pathway, reduced the proliferation, and increased BLCA cell apoptosis, with the reductions in the invasion and migration and the upregulation of phospho-histone H3 Ser-10 (pHH3), which was abolished by the overexpression of ANLN. CONCLUSION: ANLN, as an oncogene of BLCA, may associate with the activation of JNK signal pathway. Inhibiting ANLN could deactivate the JNK signal pathway, thereby suppressing the proliferation, invasion, and migration while promoting the apoptosis of BLCA cells.

Forward-Looking Roadmaps for Long-Term Continuous Water Quality Monitoring: Bottlenecks, Innovations, and Prospects in a Critical Review.

Long-term continuous monitoring (LTCM) of water quality can bring far-reaching influences on water ecosystems by providing spatiotemporal data sets of diverse parameters and enabling operation of water and wastewater treatment processes in an energy-saving and cost-effective manner. However, current water monitoring technologies are deficient for long-term accuracy in data collection and processing capability. Inadequate LTCM data impedes water quality assessment and hinders the stakeholders and decision makers from foreseeing emerging problems and executing efficient control methodologies. To tackle this challenge, this review provides a forward-looking roadmap highlighting vital innovations toward LTCM, and elaborates on the impacts of LTCM through a three-hierarchy perspective: data, parameters, and systems. First, we demonstrate the critical needs and challenges of LTCM in natural resource water, drinking water, and wastewater systems, and differentiate LTCM from existing short-term and discrete monitoring techniques. We then elucidate three steps to achieve LTCM in water systems, consisting of data acquisition (water sensors), data processing (machine learning algorithms), and data application (with modeling and process control as two examples). Finally, we explore future opportunities of LTCM in four key domains, water, energy, sensing, and data, and underscore strategies to transfer scientific discoveries to general end-users.

Electrospraying Zwitterionic Copolymers as an Effective Biofouling Control for Accurate and Continuous Monitoring of Wastewater Dynamics in a Real-Time and Long-Term Manner.

Long-term continuous monitoring (LTCM) of water quality can provide high-fidelity datasets essential for executing swift control and enhancing system efficiency. One roadblock for LTCM using solid-state ion-selective electrode (S-ISE) sensors is biofouling on the sensor surface, which perturbs analyte mass transfer and deteriorates the sensor reading accuracy. This study advanced the anti-biofouling property of S-ISE sensors through precisely coating a self-assembled channel-type zwitterionic copolymer poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate-random-sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PTFEMA-r-SBMA) on the sensor surface using electrospray. The PTFEMA-r-SBMA membrane exhibits exceptional permeability and selectivity to primary ions in water solutions. NH4+ S-ISE sensors with this anti-fouling zwitterionic layer were examined in real wastewater for 55 days consecutively, exhibiting sensitivity close to the theoretical value (59.18 mV/dec) and long-term stability (error <4 mg/L). Furthermore, a denoising data processing algorithm (DDPA) was developed to further improve the sensor accuracy, reducing the S-ISE sensor error to only 1.2 mg/L after 50 days of real wastewater analysis. Based on the dynamic energy cost function and carbon footprint models, LTCM is expected to save 44.9% NH4+ discharge, 12.8% energy consumption, and 26.7% greenhouse emission under normal operational conditions. This study unveils an innovative LTCM methodology by integrating advanced materials (anti-fouling layer coating) with sensor data processing (DDPA).

Curcumin promotes venous thrombi resolve process in a mouse deep venous thrombosis model via regulating miR-499.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The morbidity of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is increasing rapidly and the current therapeutic strategies for DVT are unsatisfactory. Accumulating evidence suggest that venous thrombi resolve (VTR) may provide new insights into DVT therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of curcumin in VTR process and try to reveal the potential mechanism. METHODS: Immunofluorescence and HE staining were performed to investigate the therapeutic angiogenesis effect of curcumin in VTR process. Microarray analysis and RT-PCR were performed to examine the expression level of miR-499 in thrombosis after curcumin administration. Cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis capacity were tested by CCK8 assay, Transwell assay and Tube formation assay, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assay (DLR) was used to confirm the connection between miR-499 and paired phosphate and tension homology deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN). RESULTS: We found that curcumin could effectively promote VTR process by activating angiogenesis in thrombus in vivo. The expression of miR-499 exhibited notably downregulated after curcumin administration. The proangiogenic effect of curcumin in HUVECs could be blocked by miR-499 overexpression. In addition, we confirmed that miR-499 directly target to the 3'UTR region of PTEN. CONCLUSION: Curcumin promotes VTR process in DVT through activating therapeutic angiogenesis. Mechanically, curcumin promotes therapeutic angiogenesis by regulating miR-499 mediated PTEN/VEGF/Ang-1 signaling pathway.

MiRNA-1271-5p regulates osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by targeting forkhead box O1 (FOXO1).

Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) is a key regulator of osteogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms of microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting FOXO1 in osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Three miRNA target prediction programs were used to search for potential miRNAs that target FOXO1. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was conducted to detect the expression of miR-1271-5p and FOXO1 during osteogenic differentiation. Target gene prediction and screening, luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the downstream target gene of miR-1271-5p. The expression levels of FOXO1 and Runx2 were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and matrix mineralization were detected by biochemical methods. The expression levels of Runx2, ALP, and osteocalcin were detected by RT-qPCR. Our results showed that miR-1271-5p was downregulated during osteogenic induction. And the expression levels of miR-1271-5p were higher in osteoporotic tissues than that in adjacent nonosteoporotic tissues. The expression levels of FOXO1 were lower in osteoporotic tissues than that in adjacent nonosteoporotic tissues. And a negative correlation was found between miR-1271-5p and FOXO1 in osteoporotic tissues. Overexpression of miR-1271-5p downregulated FOXO1 and inhibited osteogenic differentiation in hMSCs. Overexpression of miR-1271-5p downregulated the expression of osteogenic markers and reduced ALP activity. In addition, ectopic expression of FOXO1 reversed the effect of miR-1271-5p on osteogenic differentiation. In conclusion, miR-1271-5p functioned as a therapeutic target of osteogenic differentiation in hMSCs by inhibiting FOXO1, which provides valuable insights into the use of miR-1271-5p as a target in the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone metabolic diseases.

Inner diameters of the normal carotid arteries measured using three-dimensional digital subtraction catheter angiography: a retrospective analysis.

PURPOSE: To obtain normal ranges for the inner diameters of the carotid arteries. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included consecutive patients with disease-free carotid arteries who had undergone 3D-DSA at two hospitals in Nanning, Guangxi, between March 2013 and March 2018. Demographic and clinical characteristics, including Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS), were extracted from the medical records. The 3D-DSA data were used to calculate the inner diameters of the carotid arteries. RESULTS: The analysis included 1182 patients (837 males) aged 58.81 ± 11.02 years. The inner diameters of the proximal carotid sinus (CS), CS bulge, distal CS, and common carotid artery (CCA) were larger on the right than on the left (P < 0.05). The inner diameters of the proximal CS, CS bulge, distal CS, and CCA on both sides were larger for males than females (P < 0.05). The inner diameters of the proximal CS, CS bulge, and distal CS on both sides were smaller for patients aged > 65 years than for patients aged ≤ 55 years (P < 0.05). Right CCA inner diameter did not vary with age, whereas left CCA inner diameter was larger for patients aged > 55 years than for patients aged ≤ 45 years (P < 0.05). The inner diameters of the proximal CS, CS bulge, and distal CS on both sides were smaller for patients with ESRS ≥ 3 than those with ESRS < 3 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study provides reference values for the internal diameters of normal carotid arteries. Carotid artery diameters varied with side, sex, and age.

Machine Learning: New Ideas and Tools in Environmental Science and Engineering.

The rapid increase in both the quantity and complexity of data that are being generated daily in the field of environmental science and engineering (ESE) demands accompanied advancement in data analytics. Advanced data analysis approaches, such as machine learning (ML), have become indispensable tools for revealing hidden patterns or deducing correlations for which conventional analytical methods face limitations or challenges. However, ML concepts and practices have not been widely utilized by researchers in ESE. This feature explores the potential of ML to revolutionize data analysis and modeling in the ESE field, and covers the essential knowledge needed for such applications. First, we use five examples to illustrate how ML addresses complex ESE problems. We then summarize four major types of applications of ML in ESE: making predictions; extracting feature importance; detecting anomalies; and discovering new materials or chemicals. Next, we introduce the essential knowledge required and current shortcomings in ML applications in ESE, with a focus on three important but often overlooked components when applying ML: correct model development, proper model interpretation, and sound applicability analysis. Finally, we discuss challenges and future opportunities in the application of ML tools in ESE to highlight the potential of ML in this field.

Numerical Simulation of Supercooled Water Droplets Impacting Ice with Rapid Crystal Growth Taken into Consideration.

The impact of a supercooled water droplet is considerably affected by the rapid crystal growth when the duration of the recalescence stage is comparable to the typical time of impact. However, the recalescence stage is generally neglected in the existing numerical simulations using the enthalpy-porosity method. We propose a subregion function method to deal with the rapid crystal growth during the impact of supercooled water droplets. A restricted region named the dendrite cloud region is defined in the method, and the phase change is enabled only in this dendrite cloud region while the evolution of this region is determined by the initial nucleation sites and the dendritic growth velocity of the ice. The impacts of supercooled water droplets on a smooth ice surface are simulated using a three-phase volume-of-fluid method coupled with the subregion function method. The calculated residual ice layer thickness at the impact center is consistent with previous experimental results. This subregion function method can also be extended to the numerical simulations of other types of fluid flows involving rapid solidification.

Real-time in situ auto-correction of K+ interference for continuous and long-term NH4+ monitoring in wastewater using solid-state ion selective membrane (S-ISM) sensor assembly.

Potassium ions (K+) present in wastewater has caused severe interference for NH4+ monitoring, over-estimation of NH4+ concentration and ultimately leads to extra energy consumption. Past effort for enhancing the selectivity of NH4+ over K+ were oftentimes complex, costly, or compromised the selectivity and accuracy of the NH4+ ion selective membrane (ISM) sensors. This study targeted this imminent challenge by developing an integrated NH4+/K+ auto-correction solid-state ISM (S-ISM) sensor assembly combined with a data-driven model to monitor [NH4+] under different [NH4+] and [K+] concentrations. The results showed that the interference of K+ was substantially alleviated for NH4+ measurement. The accuracy was enhanced by over 70% when examined using real wastewater and energy consumption was expected to reduce by 26% for a wastewater treatment plant, especially for wastewater with high [K+]. Furthermore, the uniquely structured S-ISMs were made by embedding the ionophores in a robust polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix containing plasticizers and a layer of carbon nanotubes (CNT) as ion-to-electron transducer, which maintained the selectivity and accuracy of the S-ISM sensor for 4 weeks in wastewater. NH4+/K+ sensor assembly integrated with data-driven correction models poses great potential in high-efficiency and energy-saving wastewater treatment and water reuse processes.

Dendritic Growth Model Involving Interface Kinetics for Supercooled Water.

The dendritic growth of ice in supercooled water droplets is studied theoretically and experimentally. The measured dendritic growth velocity of ice shows a good agreement with the prediction of the Langer and Müller-Krumbhaar (LM-K) growth model at supercoolings less than 7 K, whereas an increasing overestimation in the latter is observed as the droplets are further supercooled. Therefore, the LM-K dendritic growth model is modified by considering the influence of interface kinetics. In the modified model, a dendrite grows in the limit of marginal stability coupled with diffusion at the liquid-solid interface, and the interface kinetics supercooling is introduced to predict the dendritic growth velocity. The interface kinetics factor is determined by fitting the experimental dendritic growth velocity within the framework of the modified model. This modification to the LM-K model well describes the dendritic growth of ice in water supercooled up to 25 K. It provides a solution to the dendritic growth of ice in the high-supercooling regime and can serve as a reliable input for studies on icing problems in engineering fields.

Real-Time in Situ Monitoring of Nitrogen Dynamics in Wastewater Treatment Processes using Wireless, Solid-State, and Ion-Selective Membrane Sensors.

Real-time, in situ accurate monitoring of nitrogen contaminants in wastewater over a long-term period is critical for swift feedback control, enhanced nitrogen removal efficiency, and reduced energy consumption of wastewater treatment processes. Existing nitrogen sensors suffer from high cost, low stability, and short life times, posing hurdles for their mass deployment to capture a complete picture within heterogeneous systems. Tackling this challenge, this study presents solid-state ion-selective membrane (S-ISM) nitrogen sensors for ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) in wastewater that were coupled to a wireless data transmission gateway for real-time remote data access. Lab-scale test and continuous-flow field tests using real municipal wastewater indicated that the S-ISM nitrogen sensors possessed excellent accuracy and precision, high selectivity, and multiday stability. Importantly, autocorrections of the sensor readings on the cloud minimized temperature influences and assured accurate nitrogen concentration readings in remote-sensing applications. It was estimated that real-time, in situ monitoring using wireless S-ISM nitrogen sensors could save 25% of electric energy under normal operational conditions and reduce 22% of nitrogen discharge under shock conditions.

Two-Fold C-H/C-H Cross-Coupling Using RhCl3·3H2O as the Catalyst: Direct Fusion of N-(Hetero)arylimidazolium Salts and (Hetero)arenes.

[Cp*RhCl2]2 is the most prevailing catalyst employed for rhodium-catalyzed chelation-assisted C-H/C-H cross-coupling reactions due to the special ligand effect of Cp*. In this article, a novel concept of using a simple inorganic rhodium salt, RhCl3·3H2O, as the catalyst by taking advantage of in situ π-coordination to Rh with a (hetero)aromatic reaction component to stabilize Rh intermediates is proposed and evaluated. Our studies not only prove the feasibility of this concept but also disclose a novel 2-fold C-H/C-H cross-coupling reaction of N-(hetero)arylimidazolium salts with various (hetero)arenes to access water-soluble, fluorescent, cationic, and planar polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules, in which RhCl3·3H2O outperforms [Cp*RhCl2]2. Mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations reveal that this successive quadruple C-H activation reaction consists of two different C-H activation modes, i.e., concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) and oxidative addition. Notably, this is the first report of a C-H bond activation via oxidative addition to RhI in a bi(hetero)aryl formation with hydrogen evolution. Finally, the different ligand electrochemical parameters of neutral (hetero)arenes and anionic Cp* are used to explain the different catalytic behaviors of RhCl3·3H2O and [Cp*RhCl2]2.

Microfluidic techniques for tumor cell detection.

Cancer metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related death. Early detection of tumor cell in peripheral blood is of great significant to early diagnosis and effective treatment of cancer. Over the past two decades, microfluidic technologies have been demonstrated to have great potential for isolating and detecting tumor cell from blood. The present paper reviews microfluidic techniques for tumor cell detection based on various physical principles. The specific methods are categorized into active and passive methods depending on whether extra force field is applied. Working principles of the two methods are explained in detail, including microfluidics combined with optical tweezer, electric field, magnetic field, acoustophoresis, and without extra fields for tumor cell detection. Typical experiments and the results are reviewed. Based on these, research characteristics of the two methods are analyzed.

A facile method for the synthesis of 2-(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl)-2-oxoacetic acid and it's optimization.

2-(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl)-2-oxoacetic acid (IV), a key intermediate of saxagliptin for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), was prepared from 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid(I) via oxidation by potassium permanganate(KMnO4) to afford 3-hydroxy-1-adamantanecarboxylic acid (II), which was treated with a one-pot method to give 1-acetyl-3-hydroxyadamantane (III) followed by oxidation. Some key steps were optimized and the overall yield was about 51%.

Increased miR-16 expression induced by hepatitis C virus infection promotes liver fibrosis through downregulation of hepatocyte growth factor and Smad7.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is involved in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis by regulating genes encoding host proteins. However, the underlying mechanism of HCV-induced liver fibrosis is still to be determined. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot were performed to investigate the effect of HCV infection on the expression of the cellular microRNA miR-16 and its target genes encoding hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and Smad7 in patients infected with HCV and in a liver cell line, QSG-7701, transfected with Ad-HCV, a recombinant adenovirus construct for expression of the HCV core protein. Regulation of HGF and Smad7 expression by miR-16 was assessed using luciferase reporter construct assays and miR-16 mimic transfection. Interferon-α (IFN-α) was used to verify the alteration of gene expression induced by HCV in QSG-7701 cells. Here, we found that miR-16 levels were increased in patients with HCV infection and were correlated with HGF and Smad7 expression levels in patients with HCV infection. Furthermore, HGF and Smad7 were predicted by bioinformatics analysis to be targets of miR-16. Upregulation of miR-16 and decreased HGF and Smad7 expression were still shown in QSG-7701 cells infected with Ad-HCV. Additionally, interferon-α (IFN-α) could reverse the changes in gene expression induced by HCV infection. These results suggest that the upregulation of miR-16 expression induced by HCV infection is a novel mechanism that contributes to downregulation of HGF and Smad7 in the development of liver fibrosis.

Low-Protein Diet Inhibits the Synovial Tissue Macrophage Pro-Inflammatory Polarization Via NRF2/SIRT3/SOD2/ROS Pathway in K/BxN Rheumatoid Arthritis Mice.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by pain, swelling, stiffness, and impaired function. Attenuating inflammation is a crucial objective in RA management. Diet and nutrition are believed to influence RA symptomatology, with a low-protein diet being one potential nutritional strategy, although its underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. In this research, serum derived from arthritic transgenic K/BxN mice was administered to naive mice to establish a K/BxN rheumatoid arthritis model. Physiological assessments and histological staining were performed to evaluate joint pathology. (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) ELISA was used to measure inflammatory cytokines. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were applied to characterize macrophage phenotypes. Transcriptomic analysis elucidated molecular pathways under the effect of a low-protein diet and verified by immunoblotting. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by Mito-SOX. Protein expression was silenced through the application of siRNA transfection. Our results indicate that a low-protein diet significantly alleviates disease symptoms and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in synovial fluid. Furthermore, this dietary intervention inhibits M1 macrophage polarization while promoting a shift towards the M2 phenotype. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the beneficial effects of the low-protein diet in alleviating rheumatoid arthritis are closely linked to the NRF2 pathway. In vitro, low protein treatment can promote the activity of NRF2 via inhibiting the ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and activate the NRF2/SIRT3/SOD2 pathway to inhibit the production of ROS, which will further inhibit the M1 macrophage polarization. NRF2 knockdown can abolish the effects of low-protein treatment, indicating that the inhibition of M1 polarization and the anti-inflammatory response induced by low-protein treatment are dependent on NRF2. In summary, our findings propose that low-protein diet can inhibit synovial macrophage M1 polarization via activating NRF2/SIRT3/SOD2 pathway to reduce mitochondrial ROS production. This mechanism effectively decreases synovial inflammation and alleviates RA symptoms.

Rosmarinic acid mitigates acrylamide induced neurotoxicity via suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in mouse hippocampus.

BACKGROUND: Acrylamide (ACR) is a widely used compound that is known to be neurotoxic to both experimental animals and humans, causing nerve damage. The widespread presence of ACR in the environment and food means that the toxic risk to human health can no longer be ignored. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a natural polyphenolic compound extracted from the perilla plant, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other properties. It has also been demon strated to possess promising potential in neuroprotection. However, its role and potential mechanism in treating ACR induced neurotoxicity are still elusive. PURPOSE: This study explores whether RA can improve ACR induced neurotoxicity and its possible mechanism. METHODS: The behavioral method was used to study RA effect on ACR exposed mice's neurological function. We studied its potential mechanism through metabolomics, Nissl staining, HE staining, immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blot. RESULTS: RA pretreatment reversed the increase in mouse landing foot splay and decrease in spontaneous activity caused by 3 weeks of exposure to 50 mg/kg/d ACR. Further experiments demonstrated that RA could prevent ACR induced neuronal apoptosis, significantly downregulate nuclear factor-κB and tumor necrosis factor-α expression, and inhibit NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome activation, thereby reducing inflammation as confirmed by metabolomics results. Additionally, RA treatment prevented endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) caused by ACR exposure, as evidenced by the reversal of significant P-IRE1α,TRAF2,CHOP expression increase. CONCLUSION: RA alleviates ACR induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting ERS and inflammation. These results provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism of ACR induced neurotoxicity and propose a potential new treatment method.

Human neural stem cells promote mitochondrial genesis to alleviate neuronal damage in MPTP-induced cynomolgus monkey models.

Currently, there is no effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), and the regenerative treatment of neural stem cells (NSCs) is considered the most promising method. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of NSCs on neurons in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) model of PD. We first found that injecting NSCs into the subarachnoid space relieved motor dysfunction in PD cynomolgus monkeys, as well as reduced dopaminergic neuron loss and neuronal damage in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum. Besides, NSCs decreased 17-estradiol (E2) level, an estrogen, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of PD cynomolgus monkeys, which shows NSCs may provide neuro-protection by controlling estrogen levels in the CSF. Furthermore, NSCs elevated proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1a), mitofusin 2 (MFN2), and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) expression, three genes mediating mitochondrial biogenesis, in the SN and striatum of PD monkeys. In addition, NSCs suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) production caused by MPTP, as well as mitochondrial autophagy, therefore preserving dopaminergic neurons. In summary, our findings show that NSCs may preserve dopaminergic and neuronal cells in an MPTP-induced PD cynomolgus monkey model. These protective benefits might be attributed to NSCs' ability of modulating estrogen balance, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, and limiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial autophagy. These findings add to our understanding of the mechanism of NSC treatment and shed light on further clinical treatment options.

Omental fibroma combined with right indirect inguinal hernia masquerades as a scrotal tumor: A case report.

BACKGROUND: The most common causes of scrotal enlargement in patients include primary tumor of the scrotum, inflammation, hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis, and indirect inguinal hernia; scrotal enlargement caused by external tumors of the scrotum is rare. The patient had both a greater omentum tumor and an inguinal hernia, and the tumor protruded into the scrotum through the hernia sac, which is even rarer. Moreover, omental tumors are mostly metastatic, and primary omental fibroma is rare. CASE SUMMARY: Here, we report a rare case of a 25-year-old young man with scrotal enlargement and pain for 3 months. Preoperative examination and multidisciplinary discussions considered intra-abdominal tumor displacement and inguinal hernia, and intraoperative exploration confirmed that the greater omentum tumor protruded into the scrotum. Therefore, tumor resection and tension-free inguinal hernia repair were performed. The final diagnosis was benign fibroma of the greater omentum accompanied by an indirect inguinal hernia. CONCLUSION: This unusual presentation of a common inguinal hernia disease illustrates the necessity of performing detailed history taking, physical examination, and imaging before surgery.