RESUMEN
MRTX1719 is an inhibitor of the PRMT5/MTA complex and recently entered clinical trials for the treatment of MTAP-deleted cancers. MRTX1719 is a class 3 atropisomeric compound that requires a chiral synthesis or a chiral separation step in its preparation. Here, we report the SAR and medicinal chemistry design strategy, supported by structural insights from X-ray crystallography, to discover a class 1 atropisomeric compound from the same series that does not require a chiral synthesis or a chiral separation step in its preparation.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores Enzimáticos , Neoplasias , Ftalazinas , Humanos , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Ftalazinas/farmacología , Proteína-Arginina N-MetiltransferasasRESUMEN
SOS1 and SOS2 are guanine nucleotide exchange factors that mediate RTK-stimulated RAS activation. Selective SOS1:KRAS PPI inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation, whereas there are no reports to date of SOS2:KRAS PPI inhibitors. SOS2 activity is implicated in MAPK rebound when divergent SOS1 mutant cell lines are treated with the SOS1 inhibitor BI-3406; therefore, SOS2:KRAS inhibitors are of therapeutic interest. In this report, we detail a fragment-based screening strategy to identify X-ray cocrystal structures of five diverse fragment hits bound to SOS2.
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Furanos , Factores de Intercambio de Guanina Nucleótido , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras) , Quinazolinas , Rayos X , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Factores de Intercambio de Guanina Nucleótido/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Proteína SOS1/metabolismoRESUMEN
The H1047R mutation of PIK3CA is highly prevalent in breast cancers and other solid tumors. Selectively targeting PI3KαH1047R over PI3KαWT is crucial due to the role that PI3KαWT plays in normal cellular processes, including glucose homeostasis. Currently, only one PI3KαH1047R-selective inhibitor has progressed into clinical trials, while three pan mutant (H1047R, H1047L, H1047Y, E542K, and E545K) selective PI3Kα inhibitors have also reached the clinical stage. Herein, we report the design and discovery of a series of pyridopyrimidinones that inhibit PI3KαH1047R with high selectivity over PI3KαWT, resulting in the discovery of compound 17. When dosed in the HCC1954 tumor model in mice, 17 provided tumor regressions and a clear pharmacodynamic response. X-ray cocrystal structures from several PI3Kα inhibitors were obtained, revealing three distinct binding modes within PI3KαH1047R including a previously reported cryptic pocket in the C-terminus of the kinase domain wherein we observe a ligand-induced interaction with Arg1047.
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Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias , Ratones , Animales , Antineoplásicos/química , Inhibidores de las Quinasa Fosfoinosítidos-3/farmacología , Inhibidores de las Quinasa Fosfoinosítidos-3/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Mutación , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasa Clase I/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a common, chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease with increased epidermal proliferation. The objective of this review was to systematically identify the evidence and perform a network meta-analysis (NMA) to estimate the relative efficacy of secukinumab (SEC) against adalimumab (ADA) and infliximab (INF) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. METHODS: A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted according to a pre-specified protocol to identify relevant studies. Initially, the databases were searched from database inception till June 2013, and the SLR was updated in April 2020. The eligibility criteria included adult patients (≥18 years old) with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, and the SLR included randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The comparators of interest were SEC, ADA, INF, and placebo (PLA), while outcomes of interest were Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) (50, 75, and 90) at weeks 12, 16, and 24. A Bayesian NMA for PASI was utilized with a framework that evaluated the probability of PASI responses in different categories of PASI thresholds within a single model. RESULTS: A total of 23 RCTs that assessed the efficacy of SEC, ADA, and INF in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis were identified. At 12 weeks, SEC was associated with a significantly better response compared with PLA and ADA for PASI 75 and 90, while response results were comparable against INF. At 12 weeks, risk ratio (95% confidence interval) derived from NMA for SEC vs. ADA and INF for PASI 75 was 1.35 (1.19, 1.57) and 1.01 (0.90, 1.18), respectively. At the 16-week and 24-week time interval, SEC was significantly better than PLA, ADA, and INF for PASI 75 and 90. CONCLUSION: Efficacy of SEC in the treatment of patient populations with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis is well demonstrated through NMA.
Asunto(s)
Psoriasis , Adalimumab/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Humanos , Infliximab/uso terapéutico , Psoriasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Here we describe the early stages of a fragment-based lead discovery (FBLD) project for a recently elucidated synthetic lethal target, the PRMT5/MTA complex, for the treatment of MTAP-deleted cancers. Starting with five fragment/PRMT5/MTA X-ray co-crystal structures, we employed a two-phase fragment elaboration process encompassing optimization of fragment hits and subsequent fragment growth to increase potency, assess synthetic tractability, and enable structure-based drug design. Two lead series were identified, one of which led to the discovery of the clinical candidate MRTX1719.
RESUMEN
SOS1 is one of the major guanine nucleotide exchange factors that regulates the ability of KRAS to cycle through its "on" and "off" states. Disrupting the SOS1:KRASG12C protein-protein interaction (PPI) can increase the proportion of GDP-loaded KRASG12C, providing a strong mechanistic rationale for combining inhibitors of the SOS1:KRAS complex with inhibitors like MRTX849 that target GDP-loaded KRASG12C. In this report, we detail the design and discovery of MRTX0902âa potent, selective, brain-penetrant, and orally bioavailable SOS1 binder that disrupts the SOS1:KRASG12C PPI. Oral administration of MRTX0902 in combination with MRTX849 results in a significant increase in antitumor activity relative to that of either single agent, including tumor regressions in a subset of animals in the MIA PaCa-2 tumor mouse xenograft model.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras) , Acetonitrilos , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Ratones , Mutación , Piperazinas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Pirimidinas , Proteína SOS1/metabolismoRESUMEN
The PRMT5â¢MTA complex has recently emerged as a new synthetically lethal drug target for the treatment of MTAP-deleted cancers. Here, we report the discovery of development candidate MRTX1719. MRTX1719 is a potent and selective binder to the PRMT5â¢MTA complex and selectively inhibits PRMT5 activity in MTAP-deleted cells compared to MTAP-wild-type cells. Daily oral administration of MRTX1719 to tumor xenograft-bearing mice demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of PRMT5-dependent symmetric dimethylarginine protein modification in MTAP-deleted tumors that correlated with antitumor activity. A 4-(aminomethyl)phthalazin-1(2H)-one hit was identified through a fragment-based screen, followed by X-ray crystallography, to confirm binding to the PRMT5â¢MTA complex. Fragment growth supported by structural insights from X-ray crystallography coupled with optimization of pharmacokinetic properties aided the discovery of development candidate MRTX1719.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Ftalazinas/uso terapéutico , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Desoxiadenosinas/metabolismo , Femenino , Eliminación de Gen , Humanos , Ratones Desnudos , Ftalazinas/síntesis química , Ftalazinas/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferasas/metabolismo , Purina-Nucleósido Fosforilasa/deficiencia , Purina-Nucleósido Fosforilasa/genética , Tionucleósidos/metabolismo , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Recent progress in targeting KRASG12C has provided both insight and inspiration for targeting alternative KRAS mutants. In this study, we evaluated the mechanism of action and anti-tumor efficacy of MRTX1133, a potent, selective and non-covalent KRASG12D inhibitor. MRTX1133 demonstrated a high-affinity interaction with GDP-loaded KRASG12D with KD and IC50 values of ~0.2 pM and <2 nM, respectively, and ~700-fold selectivity for binding to KRASG12D as compared to KRASWT. MRTX1133 also demonstrated potent inhibition of activated KRASG12D based on biochemical and co-crystal structural analyses. MRTX1133 inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell viability in KRASG12D-mutant cell lines, with median IC50 values of ~5 nM, and demonstrated >1,000-fold selectivity compared to KRASWT cell lines. MRTX1133 exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of KRAS-mediated signal transduction and marked tumor regression (≥30%) in a subset of KRASG12D-mutant cell-line-derived and patient-derived xenograft models, including eight of 11 (73%) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) models. Pharmacological and CRISPR-based screens demonstrated that co-targeting KRASG12D with putative feedback or bypass pathways, including EGFR or PI3Kα, led to enhanced anti-tumor activity. Together, these data indicate the feasibility of selectively targeting KRAS mutants with non-covalent, high-affinity small molecules and illustrate the therapeutic susceptibility and broad dependence of KRASG12D mutation-positive tumors on mutant KRAS for tumor cell growth and survival.
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Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Humanos , Mutación/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/metabolismoRESUMEN
A diaryl ketone series was identified as vanin-1 inhibitors from a high-throughput screening campaign. While this novel scaffold provided valuable probe 2 that was used to build target confidence, concerns over the ketone moiety led to the replacement of this group. The successful replacement of this moiety was achieved with pyrimidine carboxamides derived from cyclic secondary amines that were extensively characterized using biophysical and crystallographic methods as competitive inhibitors of vanin-1. Through optimization of potency and physicochemical and ADME properties, and guided by co-crystal structures with vanin-1, 3 was identified with a suitable profile for advancement into preclinical development.
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Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piridinas/síntesis química , Piridinas/farmacología , Animales , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Sulfato de Dextran , Perros , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Femenino , Proteínas Ligadas a GPI/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento , Cetonas/química , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
KRASG12D, the most common oncogenic KRAS mutation, is a promising target for the treatment of solid tumors. However, when compared to KRASG12C, selective inhibition of KRASG12D presents a significant challenge due to the requirement of inhibitors to bind KRASG12D with high enough affinity to obviate the need for covalent interactions with the mutant KRAS protein. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of the first noncovalent, potent, and selective KRASG12D inhibitor, MRTX1133, which was discovered through an extensive structure-based activity improvement and shown to be efficacious in a KRASG12D mutant xenograft mouse tumor model.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antineoplásicos/química , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Humanos , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Mutación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Structure-guided design led to the discovery of novel chemical scaffolds for B-Raf inhibitors. Both type I and type II kinase inhibitors have been explored and lead compounds with good potency and excellent selectivity have been identified.
Asunto(s)
Diseño de Fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Isoindoles/síntesis química , Ftalazinas/síntesis química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/antagonistas & inhibidores , Bencenosulfonatos/química , Bencenosulfonatos/farmacología , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Imidazoles/química , Imidazoles/farmacología , Isoindoles/química , Isoindoles/farmacología , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Compuestos de Fenilurea , Ftalazinas/química , Ftalazinas/farmacología , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacología , Sorafenib , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Synthesis, modeling and structure-activity relationship of indazoles as inhibitors of Tpl2 kinase are described. From a high throughput screening effort, we identified an indazole hit compound 5 that has a single digit micromolar Tpl2 activity. Through SAR modifications at the C3 and C5 positions of the indazole, we discovered compound 31 with good potency in LANCE assay and cell-based p-Erk assay.
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Descubrimiento de Drogas , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Indazoles/farmacología , Quinasas Quinasa Quinasa PAM/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Indazoles/síntesis química , Indazoles/química , Quinasas Quinasa Quinasa PAM/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Monocitos/enzimología , Monocitos/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in de novo lipogenesis, which is increased in the livers of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. GS-0976 (firsocostat), an inhibitor of isoforms ACC1 and ACC2, reduced hepatic steatosis and serum fibrosis biomarkers such as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a randomized controlled trial, although the impact of this improvement on fibrosis has not fully been evaluated in preclinical models. Here, we used Western diet-fed melanocortin 4 receptor-deficient mice that have similar phenotypes to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients including progressively developed hepatic steatosis as well as fibrosis. We evaluated the effects of ACC1/2 inhibition on hepatic fibrosis. After the confirmation of significant hepatic fibrosis with a 13-week pre-feeding, GS-0976 (4 and 16 mg/kg/day) treatment for 9 weeks lowered malonyl-CoA and triglyceride content in the liver and improved steatosis, histologically. Furthermore, GS-0976 reduced the histological area of hepatic fibrosis, hydroxyproline content, mRNA expression level of type I collagen in the liver, and plasma tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor 1, suggesting an improvement of hepatic fibrosis. The treatment with GS-0976 was also accompanied by reductions of plasma ALT and AST levels. These data demonstrate that improvement of hepatic lipid metabolism by ACC1/2 inhibition could be a new option to suppress fibrosis progression as well as to improve hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Asunto(s)
Acetil-CoA Carboxilasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Técnicas de Inactivación de Genes , Cirrosis Hepática/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/deficiencia , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/genética , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , Isobutiratos/farmacología , Isobutiratos/uso terapéutico , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Cirrosis Hepática/metabolismo , Cirrosis Hepática/patología , Ratones , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/patología , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Oxazoles/farmacología , Oxazoles/uso terapéutico , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Triglicéridos/metabolismoRESUMEN
A series of pyrazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidine analogs has been prepared and found to be potent and selective B-Raf inhibitors. Molecular modeling suggests they bind to the active conformation of the enzyme.
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Descubrimiento de Drogas , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirazoles/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/metabolismo , Pirazoles/síntesis química , Pirazoles/química , Pirimidinas/síntesis química , Pirimidinas/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Especificidad por SustratoRESUMEN
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1/MAP3K) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase family member shown to contribute to acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. Using structure-based drug design, deconstruction, and reoptimization of a known ASK1 inhibitor, a lead compound was identified. This compound displayed robust MAP3K pathway inhibition and reduction of infarct size in an isolated perfused heart model of cardiac injury.
RESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00481.].
RESUMEN
Since the discovery linking B-Raf mutations to human tumors in 2002, significant advances in the development of Raf inhibitors have been made, leading to the recent approval of two Raf inhibitor drugs. This chapter includes a brief introduction to B-Raf as a validated target and focuses on the three different binding modes observed with Raf small-molecule inhibitors. These various binding modes lock the Raf kinase in different conformations that impact the toxicity profiles of the inhibitors. Possible solutions to mitigate the side effects caused by inhibitor-induced dimerization are also discussed.
Asunto(s)
Conformación Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Quinasas raf/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , HumanosRESUMEN
Novel indazolylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine analogues have been prepared and found to be extremely potent type I B-Raf inhibitors. The lead compound shows good selectivity against a panel of 60 kinases, possesses a desirable pharmacokinetic profile, and demonstrates excellent in vivo antitumor efficacy in B-Raf mutant xenograft models.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Compuestos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos con Puentes/síntesis química , Indazoles/síntesis química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirazoles/síntesis química , Pirimidinas/síntesis química , Animales , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Compuestos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos con Puentes/química , Compuestos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos con Puentes/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Humanos , Indazoles/química , Indazoles/farmacología , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Mutación , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/genética , Pirazoles/química , Pirazoles/farmacología , Pirimidinas/química , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Trasplante HeterólogoRESUMEN
It was found that solvent hydrogen bond basicity (SHBB) significantly affects the regiochemistry of the S(N)Ar reaction between secondary amines and activated polyfluoroarenes. A plausible mechanism involving a six-membered transition state is invoked for the formation of an ortho-substituted isomer, which is likely organized by a hydrogen bond. Evidence for this hypothesis is presented, and a regioselective amination reaction of activated polyfluoroarenes has been developed.