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1.
Integr Environ Assess Manag ; 19(2): 366-375, 2023 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36444733

RESUMEN

Military conflict has led to large-scale environmental changes throughout recorded human history. Pollution from war contaminates surface water and soil, releases large volumes of greenhouse gases into the air, and directly harms wildlife and biodiversity. Although much is understood about the human toll of war, numerous examples of postwar reconstruction suggest that underestimating the severity of wartime damages to ecosystems and natural resources results in prolonged or incomplete recovery of the environment. A data-driven scientific approach closely aligned with the evidentiary rules standard in western legal systems is needed to quantify the injury, destruction, or loss of natural resources and inform the estimation of the reparations necessary to restore the environment fully. The US Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) process and the European Union environmental liability directive are well-suited for a systematic and science-based analysis of the ecological injuries incurred during armed conflicts. Both approaches include a preliminary damage assessment process, which could be initiated during wartime to document and predict the likely severity of the injuries and prioritize, in advance, rehabilitation activities after the cessation of hostilities. In this article, we refer to news reporting of Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine as an example of how a preliminary damage assessment could be conducted remotely and later modified by in-country inspections and analysis to verify and refine the scale of injuries and to develop reparation proposals. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:366-375. © 2022 SETAC.


Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , Humanos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Ucrania , Recursos Naturales , Contaminación Ambiental
2.
Integr Environ Assess Manag ; 18(4): 950-963, 2022 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35438842

RESUMEN

As global salmon production accelerates in response to higher consumer demand for seafood, so does the need for sophisticated monitoring strategies to enable and maintain ethically sound, productive, and environmentally friendly production of fish. Innovative technologies are needed to ensure proper water quality, react to unfavorable hydrodynamic conditions, monitor for changes in fish health, and minimize ecological interactions with indigenous aquatic life, including fish escapes. Automated sensors connected wirelessly to data stations, visualization aids, and acoustic and physical tagging technologies are emerging tools capable of detecting environmental stress and its associated behavioral changes in farmed fish. Computer modeling of the monitoring data collected from a single salmon farm or collection of farms sharing a data network can be used to spot environmental trends vital for anticipating some of the consequences of climate change. Environmental regulations governing salmon farming in coastal areas are becoming more stringent in response to public pressures to protect coastal and ocean resources and to provide for multipurpose use of marine resources. As net-pen salmon aquaculture expands globally, new technologies will be essential to collect and interpret the anticipated larger volumes of data needed to meet these stringent regulatory requirements and to safeguard the high investment costs inherent in salmon farming. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:950-963. © SETAC.


Asunto(s)
Acuicultura , Salmón , Animales , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Peces , Alimentos Marinos
3.
Environ Toxicol Chem ; 40(5): 1499-1519, 2021 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33369769

RESUMEN

Elevated levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and other contaminants have been reported in lower Passaic River, New Jersey, USA, sediments since the 1980s. Nearly 8000 surficial and buried sediment samples have been collected along the 17 miles (27.4 km) of river and analyzed for various contaminants, including the seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F congeners. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis reveal spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of dioxin congeners, with respect to both sediment depth and river mile. Polytopic vector analysis resolved 11 unique 2,3,7,8-substituted dioxin congener profiles in the river sediment. The profiles were consistent with multiple dioxin source types, including manufacture of certain dyes and pigments, chlorinated industrial chemicals, hexachlorophene, polychlorinated biphenyls, waste disposal and incineration, the production and use of 2,4,5-trichorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), and other industrial processes. The distribution of dioxin profiles in surface and buried river sediments is indicative of multiple inputs of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and other dioxins at different locations along the lower Passaic River. These findings are inconsistent with historical claims that a former herbicide manufacturing plant in the lower reach of the river is the only significant 2,3,7,8-TCDD source and consistent with evidence of several different inputs associated with the production, use, and/or disposal of 2,4,5-TCP at several locations along the lower Passaic River. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1499-1519. © 2020 SETAC.


Asunto(s)
Benzofuranos , Dioxinas , Bifenilos Policlorados , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Benzofuranos/análisis , Dibenzofuranos Policlorados , Sedimentos Geológicos , New Jersey , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análisis , Ríos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis
4.
Sci Total Environ ; 407(3): 1035-47, 2009 Jan 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19004475

RESUMEN

As part of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment on a broad range of species, the potential for adverse effects in birds was evaluated at a chromate ore processing residue disposal site, Study Area 7, located at the confluence of the Lower Hackensack River, Passaic River, and Upper Newark Bay. Although detection of elevated concentrations of total chromium in sediment prompted the study, it was also necessary to consider potential risks related to other chemicals present in elevated concentrations due to widespread anthropogenic activities in Upper Newark Bay and its watershed. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' TrophicTrace software was used to predict exposure to avian receptors using measured concentrations of chemicals in sediment, measured concentrations of chemicals in benthic invertebrates, and measured site physicochemical parameters. The TrophicTrace model was improved as part of the Study Area 7 ecological risk assessment to account for (1) incidental ingestion of sediment by dabbling and diving birds, (2) area use factors for spatial overlap of wide-ranging fish species and piscivorous birds, (3) spatially-explicit utilization of the site by birds with a variety of foraging strategies, and (4) temporal patterns of site utilization by migratory species. The ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chromium in sediment does not pose unacceptable hazards to avian receptors. Potentially unacceptable hazards were indicated for several organic chemicals (i.e., pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxins/furans), with hazard quotients highest for Upper Newark Bay reference conditions, reflecting potential widespread chemical impacts to the estuary. The modifications to TrophicTrace conducted for this assessment may be prudent and applicable for improving the accuracy and realism of other assessments involving avian receptors exposed to chemicals via contaminated sediment and transfer through the food web.


Asunto(s)
Aves , Cromo/análisis , Agua Dulce/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Alimentación Animal , Migración Animal , Animales , Aves/fisiología , DDT/análisis , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análisis , Diclorodifenildicloroetano/análisis , Ecosistema , Peces , Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Humanos , Invertebrados , New Jersey , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de las Plantas , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , Densidad de Población , Población Urbana
6.
Sci Total Environ ; 394(1): 103-11, 2008 May 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18295301

RESUMEN

Elevated levels of chromium, partly attributable to historical disposal of chromite ore processing residue, are present in sediment along the eastern shore of the lower Hackensack River near the confluence with Newark Bay. Due to anaerobic conditions in the sediment, the chromium is in the form of Cr(III), which poses no unacceptable risks to human health or to the river ecology. However, as water quality conditions have improved since the 1970s, aerobic conditions have become increasingly prevalent in the overlying water column. If these conditions result in oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), either under quiescent conditions or during severe weather or anthropogenic scouring events, the potential for adverse ecological effects due to biological exposures to Cr(VI) is possible, though the reaction kinetics associated with oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) are unfavorable. To investigate the stability of Cr(III) in Hackensack River sediments exposed to oxic conditions, sediment suspension and oxidation experiments and intertidal sediment exposure experiments that exposed the sediments to oxic conditions were conducted. Results revealed no detectable concentrations of Cr(VI), and thus no measurable potential for total chromium oxidation to Cr(VI). Furthermore, total chromium released from sediment to elutriate water in the oxidation and suspension experiments ranged from below detection (<0.01 mg/L) to 0.18 mg/L, below the freshwater National Recommended Water Quality Criteria (NRWQC) of 0.57 mg/L for Cr(III). These results support conclusions of a stable, in situ geochemical environment in sediments in the lower Hackensack River with respect to chromium. Results showed that chemicals other than Cr(VI), including copper, lead, mercury, zinc, and PCBs, were released at levels that may pose a potential for adverse ecological effects.


Asunto(s)
Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Metales Pesados/análisis , Ríos/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Arsénico/análisis , Benzofuranos/análisis , Dibenzofuranos Policlorados , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , New Jersey , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análogos & derivados , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análisis , Pirenos/análisis
7.
Mar Environ Res ; 141: 289-304, 2018 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30274718

RESUMEN

Oil spill response (OSR) in the Arctic marine environment conducted as part of operational planning and preparedness supporting exploration and development is most successful when knowledge of the ecosystem is readily available and applicable in an oil spill risk assessment framework. OSR strategies supporting decision-making during the critical period after a spill event should be explicit about the environmental resources potentially at risk and the efficacy of OSR countermeasures that best protect sensitive and valued resources. At present, there are 6 prominent methods for spill impact mitigation assessment (SIMA) in the Arctic aimed at supporting OSR and operational planning and preparedness; each method examines spill scenarios and identifies response strategies best suited to overcome the unique challenges posed by polar ecosystems and to minimize potential long-term environmental consequences. The different methods are grounded in classical environmental risk assessment and the net environmental benefit analysis (NEBA) approach that emerged in the 1990s after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The different approaches share 5 primary assessment elements (oil physical and chemical properties, fate and transport, exposure, effects and consequence analysis). This paper highlights how the different Arctic methods reflect this common risk assessment framework and share a common need for oil spill science relevant to Arctic ecosystems. An online literature navigation portal, developed as part of the 5-year Arctic Oil Spill Response Technologies Joint Industry Programme, complements the different approaches currently used in the Arctic by capturing the rapidly expanding body of scientific knowledge useful to evaluating exposure, vulnerability and recovery of the Arctic ecosystem after an oil spill.


Asunto(s)
Contaminación por Petróleo , Medición de Riesgo , Regiones Árticas , Ecosistema , Ambiente
8.
Integr Environ Assess Manag ; 18(1): 5-6, 2022 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34932862
10.
Integr Environ Assess Manag ; 16(5): 541-545, 2020 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33448591
11.
Chemosphere ; 46(5): 779-96, 2002 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11999800

RESUMEN

Some environmental monitoring programs have reported increasing levels of certain polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) isomers in aquatic biota and in human breast milk. The commercial PBDE products are known as penta-, octa-, and deca-brominated diphenyl ethers (PeBDE, OBDE and DBDE, respectively). Aside from the current European Commission's risk assessment initiative and efforts underway in Sweden, Canada and elsewhere to evaluate environmental levels, little is understood about sources of exposure and risks to humans. In this study, a multi-pathway human health risk assessment was performed to predict theoretical chronic daily intakes (CDIs) of PeBDE, OBDE, and DBDE by five different age groups: 0-2, 2-6, 6-12, 12-18, and 18-70 years. Sources of exposure included air, drinking water, consumption of fish, vegetables, meat and dairy products, and ingestion of breast milk by infants. In addition to a deterministic analysis, the risk assessment included a probabilistic analysis to derive the probability density functions describing the range of plausible exposures associated with eight different pathways, as well as aggregate lifetime exposures for each age group. The results were compared to CDI point estimates calculated by the European Chemicals Bureau as part of the European Commission's Existing Substances Programme. The major sources of uncertainties are discussed, including environmental sources, levels in different environmental compartments, toxicity, and human exposure. This paper also discusses the limitations in the current state-of-the-science and provides recommendations for improving the scientific relevance and accuracy of future environmental risk assessments of PBDEs.


Asunto(s)
Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Retardadores de Llama/efectos adversos , Éteres Fenílicos/efectos adversos , Bifenilos Polibrominados/efectos adversos , Salud Pública , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Predicción , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medición de Riesgo
12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24449162

RESUMEN

While winter has proven to be one of the coldest and snowiest seasons on record throughout much of the United States, the coming summer could be unseasonably warm in Washington, DC if the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) successfully implements its reinterpretation of one of the nation's proudest environmental regulatory accomplishments, the Clean Water Act (CWA). In 2013, USEPA and the US Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) bypassed the traditional scientific review and public comment process by submitting to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) a proposed rule establishing a broad interpretation of the scope of the forty year old CWA. In the US, the OMB is tasked, among other duties, with evaluating the significance of agency policies and proposed regulations on the national economy. Integr Environ Assess Manag © 2014 SETAC.

13.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 21(1): 17-27, 2014 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23673922

RESUMEN

During the International Conference on Deriving Environmental Quality Standards for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystems held in Hong Kong in December 2011, an expert group, comprising scientists, government officials, and consultants from four continents, was formed to discuss the important scientific and regulatory challenges with developing sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). We identified the problems associated with SQG development and made a series of recommendations to ensure that the methods being applied were scientifically defensible and internationally applicable. This document summarizes the key findings from the expert group. To enable evaluation of current SQG derivation and application systems, a feedback mechanism is required to communicate confounding factors and effects in differing environments, while field validation is necessary to gauge the effectiveness of SQG values in sediment quality assessments. International collaboration is instrumental to knowledge exchange and method advancement, as well as promotion of 'best practices'. Since the paucity of sediment toxicity data poses the largest obstacle to improving current SQGs and deriving new SQGs, a standardized international database should be established as an information resource for sediment toxicity testing and monitoring data. We also identify several areas of scientific research that are needed to improve sediment quality assessment, including determining the importance of dietary exposure in sediment toxicity, mixture toxicity studies, toxicity screening of emerging chemicals, how climate change influence sediments and its biota, and possible use of new toxicity study approaches such as high throughput omic-based toxicity screenings.


Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Biota , Ecosistema , Guías como Asunto , Hong Kong , Pruebas de Toxicidad/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/normas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Contaminación Química del Agua/prevención & control
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