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BACKGROUND: Recent guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention advocate the importance of psychological risk factors, as they contribute to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. However, most previous research on psychological distress and cardiovascular factors has focused on selected populations with cardiovascular disease. AIM: The primary aim was to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and Type D personality in elderly primary care patients with hypertension. Secondary aim was to examine the relation between elevated systolic blood pressure and depression, anxiety, and Type D personality. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study in primary care practices located in the south of the Netherlands. METHOD: Primary care hypertension patients (N = 605), between 60 and 85 years (45 % men, mean age = 70 ± 6.6), were recruited for this study. All patients underwent a structured interview including validated self-report questionnaires to assess depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), and Type D personality (DS14) as well as blood pressure assessment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Depression was prevalent in 5 %, anxiety in 5 %, and Type D personality in 8 %. None of the distress measures were associated with elevated systolic blood pressure of >160 mmHg (all p-values >0.05). This study showed no relation between psychological distress and elevated systolic blood pressure in elderly primary care patients with hypertension.
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OBJECTIVE: Risk stratification within the ICD population warrants the examining of the role of protective- and risk factors. Current study examines the association between Type D personality, pessimism, and optimism and risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTa's) and mortality in patients with a first-time ICD 6 years post implantation. METHODS: A total of 221 first-implant ICD patients completed questionnaires on optimism and pessimism (Life Orientation Test) and Type D personality (Type D scale DS14) 10 to 14 days after implantation. VTa's and all-cause mortality 6 years post implant comprised the study endpoints. RESULTS: Ninety (40.7%) patients had experienced VTa's and 37 (16.7%) patients died, 12 (5.4%) due to a cardiac cause. Adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that pessimism was significantly associated with increased risk of VTa's (OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.00-1.19; p = .05). Type D personality (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 0.47-2.32; p = .91) and optimism (OR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.90-1.12; p = .98) were not associated with VTa's. None of the personality types were associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: Pessimism was associated with VTa's but not with mortality. No significant association with either of the endpoints was observed for Type D personality and optimism. Future research should focus on the coexistent psychosocial factors that possibly lead to adverse cardiac prognosis in this patient population.