Transparency and sustainability in global commodity supply chains.

Over the last few decades rapid advances in processes to collect, monitor, disclose, and disseminate information have contributed towards the development of entirely new modes of sustainability governance for global commodity supply chains. However, there has been very little critical appraisal of the contribution made by different transparency initiatives to sustainability and the ways in which they can (and cannot) influence new governance arrangements. Here we seek to strengthen the theoretical underpinning of research and action on supply chain transparency by addressing four questions: (1) What is meant by supply chain transparency? (2) What is the relevance of supply chain transparency to supply chain sustainability governance? (3) What is the current status of supply chain transparency, and what are the strengths and weaknesses of existing initiatives? and (4) What propositions can be advanced for how transparency can have a positive transformative effect on the governance interventions that seek to strengthen sustainability outcomes? We use examples from agricultural supply chains and the zero-deforestation agenda as a focus of our analysis but draw insights that are relevant to the transparency and sustainability of supply chains in general. We propose a typology to distinguish among types of supply chain information that are needed to support improvements in sustainability governance, and illustrate a number of major shortfalls and systematic biases in existing information systems. We also propose a set of ten propositions that, taken together, serve to expose some of the potential pitfalls and undesirable outcomes that may result from (inevitably) limited or poorly designed transparency systems, whilst offering guidance on some of the ways in which greater transparency can make a more effective, lasting and positive contribution to sustainability.

Surgical correction of ileus in a blue-and-gold macaw (Ara ararauna).

A blue-and-gold macaw (Ara ararauna) was presented with a history of vomiting and production of small amounts of thin feces. A diagnosis of partial obstructive ileus was made following an oral barium-contrast study of the alimentary canal. The ileus proved to be the result of an adhesion of an intestinal loop to the abdominal wall and was successfully corrected by surgical intervention.

Seven cases of heartworm disease (dirofilariosis) in dogs in The Netherlands.

We present here the clinical history, diagnosis, and treatment of seven dogs with dirofilariosis. All dogs were imported into the Netherlands after residing in an area in which dirofilariosis is endemic. In three of these dogs the infection was occult, for the serological test was positive but there was no microfilaraemia. Weight loss, coughing, dyspnoea, and decreased exercise tolerance were the most prominent clinical signs. Two of the dogs had the characteristic electrocardiographic and radiographic signs of enlargement of the right heart. Treatment with thiacetarsamide and ivermectin resulted in complete remission in six dogs. One dog died, presumably as a result of acute renal failure. In the past year (1992-1993) seven cases of canine dirofilariosis were diagnosed, nearly equal to the number in the preceding 10 years (n = 9). This most probably reflects the greater sensitivity of the serological diagnosis of dirofilariosis in comparison with identification of microfilariae in the circulation, but a real increase in the number of dogs with dirofilariosis as a result of growing international traffic of tourists accompanied by pets cannot be excluded.

Clinical and radiographic manifestations of canine malignant histiocytosis.

The results of clinical and radiographic examinations of 15 dogs with confirmed malignant histiocytosis (MH) were reviewed. The most common clinical signs were anorexia (14 dogs), weight loss (13 dogs), lethargy (13 dogs), anaemia (11 dogs), and dyspnoea and/or coughing (8 dogs). Radiographs revealed abnormalities in all dogs, either intrathoracic (pulmonary nodules or consolidation [7 dogs], mediastinal masses [10 dogs], and incidentally pleural effusion [3 dogs]) or abdominal (hepatomegaly [6 dogs] and splenomegaly [2 dogs]), or both. MH occurs relatively frequently in Bernese Mountain dogs. Both clinical and radiographic signs are non-specific, but when they are present in a middle-aged Bernese Mountain dog, MH should be included in the differential diagnosis.

Synovial cell sarcoma in a sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita).

A 13-year-old sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) was presented with a mass surrounding the right elbow joint. Radiographs showed a soft tissue mass. The right wing was amputated. Histological examination of the mass revealed an incompletely lobulated tumour composed of strands of spindle-shaped cells and of epithelial cells resembling acini. On morphological grounds the tumour was classified to be a synovial cell sarcoma. After 6 months the bird was returned for examination because of lameness in the right leg. Radiographs showed osteolysis in the right tibiotarsal bone. Cytological investigation of a bone marrow biopsy revealed neoplasia. The bird was euthanized. Necropsy revealed metastases in many organs. This is believed to be the first reported case of synovial cell sarcoma in a bird.