One-to-Nine Single Spectroscopic Intelligent Probe for Risk Assessment of Multiple Metals in Drinking Water.

26% of the world's population lacks access to clean drinking water; clean water and sanitation are major global challenges highlighted by the UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicating water security in public water systems is at stake today. Water monitoring using precise instruments by skilled operators is one of the most promising solutions. Despite decades of research, the professionalism-convenience trade-off when monitoring ubiquitous metal ions remains the major challenge for public water safety. Thus, to overcome these disadvantages, an easy-to-use and highly sensitive visual method is desirable. Herein, an innovative strategy for one-to-nine metal detection is proposed, in which a novel thiourea spectroscopic probe with high 9-metal affinity is synthesized, acting as "one", and is detected based on the 9 metal-thiourea complexes within portable spectrometers in the public water field; this is accomplished by nonspecialized personnel as is also required. During the processing of multimetal analysis, issues arise due to signal overlap and reproducibility problems, leading to constrained sensitivity. In this innovative endeavor, machine learning (ML) algorithms were employed to extract key features from the composite spectral signature, addressing multipeak overlap, and completing the detection within 30-300 s, thus achieving a detection limit of 0.01 mg/L and meeting established conventional water quality standards. This method provides a convenient approach for public drinking water safety testing.

Construction of Embedded Sulfur-Doped g-C3N4/BiOBr S-Scheme Heterojunction for Highly Efficient Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Compound Rhodamine B.

Constructing S-scheme heterojunction catalysts is a key challenge in visible-light catalysed degradation of organic pollutants. Most heterojunction materials are reported to face significant obstacles in the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs owing to differences in the material size and energy barriers. In this study, sulfur-doped g-C3N4 oxidative-type semiconductor materials are synthesized and then coupled with BiOBr reductive-type semiconductor to form S-g-C3N4/BiOBr S-scheme heterojunction. A strong and efficient internal electric field is established between the two materials, facilitating the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Notably, in situ XPS proved that after visible light irradiation, Bi3+ is converted into Bi(3+ɑ)+, and a large number of photogenerated holes are produced on the surface of BiOBr, which oxidized and activated H2O into •OH.  â€¢OH cooperated with •O2 - and 1O2 to attack Rhodamine B (RhB) molecules to achieve deep oxidation mineralization. The composite material is designed with a LUMO energy level higher than that of RhB, promoting the sensitization of RhB by injecting photogenerated electrons into the heterojunction, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic performance to 22.44 times that of pure g-C3N4. This study provides a new perspective on the efficient degradation of organic molecules using visible light catalysis.

Modifying Electronic Structure of Bismuth Telluride Through S Doping and Te Vacancy Engineering for Enhanced Zn-Ion Storage Ability in Aqueous Zn-proton Hybrid Ion Batteries.

Bismuth chalcogenides are used as cathode materials in Zn-proton hybrid ion batteries, which exhibit an ultraflat discharge plateau that is favorable for practical applications. Unfortunately, their capacity is not competitive, and their charge storage mechanisms are ambiguous, both of which hinder their further development. In this study, S-doped Bi2Te3- x (SBT) nanosheets are prepared by tellurizing a Bi2O2S precursor using a hydrothermal process. As revealed by density functional theory analyses, the S dopant and its induced Te vacancies can distinctly manipulate the electronic structure of SBT, resulting in decent electrical conductivity and more negative adsorption energy to Zn2+. These advantages boost the Zn2+ storage ability of SBT materials. Consequently, compared with defect-free Bi2Te3, the SBT cathodes have superior specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability.

Abundant Edge Active Sites-Modified High-Crystalline g-C3N5 for Hydrogen Peroxide Production from Pure-Water via a Quasi-Homogeneous Photocatalytic Process.

Ultrathin carbon nitride pioneered a paradigm that facilitates effective charge separation and acceleration of rapid charge migration. Nevertheless, the dissociation process confronts a disruption owing to the proclivity of carbon nitride to reaggregate, thereby impeding the optimal utilization of active sites. In response to this exigency, the adoption of a synthesis methodology featuring alkaline potassium salt-assisted molten salt synthesis is advocated in this work, aiming to craft a nitrogenated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N5) photocatalyst characterized by thin layer and hydrophilicity, which not only amplifies the degree of crystallization of g-C3N5 but also introduces a plethora of abundant edge active sites, engendering a quasi-homogeneous photocatalytic system. Under visible light irradiation, the ultra-high H2O2 production rate of this modified high-crystalline g-C3N5 in pure water attains 151.14 µm h-1. This groundbreaking study offers a novel perspective for the innovative design of highly efficient photocatalysts with a quasi-homogeneous photocatalytic system.

Ultrahigh Degree of Cationic Disorder, Configurational Entropy in New Type of High-Entropy Pseudobrookite Phase.

High-entropy ceramics exhibit various excellent properties owing to their high configurational entropy, which is caused by multi-principal elements sharing one lattice site. The configurational entropy will further increase significantly if multi-principal elements randomly share two different lattice sites. For this purpose, pseudobrookite phase containing two cationic lattice sites (A and B sites) is selected, and corresponding high-entropy pseudobrookite (M2+ 0.4M3+ 1.2)Ti1.4O5 is synthesized. Herein, the distribution of the 2-valent and 3-valent cations in the A and B sites are analysed in depth. The distance between the A and B sites in the crystal structure models which are constructed by the Rietveld analysis is calculated and defined as distance d. Meanwhile, the atomic column positions in the STEM images are quantified by a model-based mathematical algorithm, and the corresponding distance d are calculated. By comparing the distance d, it is determine that the 2-valent and 3-valent cations are jointly and disorderly distributed in the A and B sites in high-entropy (M2+ 0.4M3+ 1.2)Ti1.4O5. The density functional theory (DFT) simulations also demonstrate that this type of crystal structure is more thermodynamically stable. The higher degree of cationic disorder leads to a higher configurational entropy in high-entropy (M2+ 0.4M3+ 1.2)Ti1.4O5, and endows high-entropy (M2+ 0.4M3+ 1.2)Ti1.4O5 with very low thermal conductivity (1.187-1.249 W m-1 K-1).

Regulating Phase Distribution of Dion-Jacobson Perovskite Colloidal Multiple Quantum Wells Toward Highly Stable Deep-Blue Emission.

Metal halide perovskite colloidal quantum wells (CQWs) hold great promise for modern photonics and optoelectronics. However, current studies focus on Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) phase perovskite CQWs that contain bilayers of monovalent long-chain alkylamomoniums between the separated perovskite octahedra layers. The bilayers are packed back-to-back via weak van der Waals interaction, resulting in inferior charge carrier transport and easier decomposition of perovskite. This report first creates a new type of perovskite colloidal multiple QWs (CMQWs) in the form of Dion-Jacobson (D-J) structure by introducing an asymmetric diammonium cation. Furthermore, the phase distribution is optimized by the synergistic effect of valeric acid and zwitterionic lecithin, finally achieving pure deep-blue emission at 435 nm with narrow full width at half maximum. The diammonium layer in D-J perovskite CMQWs features extremely short width of only ≈0.6 nm, thereby contributing to more effective charge carrier transport and higher stability. Through the continuous photoluminescence (PL) measurement and corresponding theoretical calculation, the higher stability of D-J perovskite CMQWs than that of R-P structural CMQWs is confirmed. This work reveals the inherent superior stability of D-J structural CMQWs, which opens a new direction for fabricating stable perovskite optoelectronics.

Aerobically Autoxidized Self-Charge Concept Derived from Synergistic Pyrrolic Nitrogen and Catechol Configurations in N, O Co-Doped Carbon Cathode Material.

Aerobically autoxidized self-charging concept has drawn significant attraction due to its promising chemical charge features without external power supply. Particularly, heteroatom-doped carbon materials with abundant oxidizable sites and good conductivity are expected to be ideal cathode materials. However, there is no well-defined aerobically autoxidized self-charging concept based on heteroatom-doped carbon materials, significantly hindering the design of related carbon cathodes. An aerobically autoxidized self-chargeable concept derived from synergistic effect of pyrrolic nitrogen and catechol configuration in carbon cathode using model single pyrrolic nitrogen and oxygen (N-5, O) co-doped carbon and O-enriched carbon is proposed. First, self-charging of N-5, O co-doped carbon cathode can be achieved by aerobic oxidation of pyrrolic nitrogen and catechol to oxidized pyrrolic nitrogen and ortho-quinone configurations, respectively. Second, introducing a single pyrrolic nitrogen configuration enhanced acidic wettability of N-5, O co-doped carbon facilitating air self-charge/galvanic discharge involving proton removal/introduction. Third, synergistic effect of pyrrolic nitrogen and hydroxyl species with the strong electron-donating ability to conjugated carbon-based backbone endows N-5, O co-doped carbon with a higher highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level more susceptible to oxidation charging. The assembled Cu/Carbon batteries can drive a timer after every air-charging run. This promising aerobically autoxidized self-charging concept can inspire exploring high-efficiency self-charging devices.

Design and synthesis of APN and 3CLpro dual-target inhibitors based on STSBPT with anticoronavirus activity.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) have continuously posed a threat to human and animal health. However, existing antiviral drugs are still insufficient in overcoming the challenges caused by multiple strains of CoVs. And methods for developing multi-target drugs are limited in terms of exploring drug targets with similar functions or structures. In this study, four rounds of structural design and modification on salinomycin were performed for novel antiviral compounds. It was based on the strategy of similar topological structure binding properties of protein targets (STSBPT), resulting in the high-efficient synthesis of the optimal compound M1, which could bind to aminopeptidase N and 3C-like protease from hosts and viruses, respectively, and exhibit a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 pseudovirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, feline infectious peritonitis virus and mouse hepatitis virus. Furthermore, the drug-binding domains of these proteins were found to be structurally similar based on the STSBPT strategy. The compounds screened and designed based on this region were expected to have broad-spectrum and strong antiviral activities. The STSBPT strategy is expected to be a fundamental tool in accelerating the discovery of multiple targets with similar effects and drugs.

Preoxidation and Prilling Combined with Doping Strategy to Build High-Performance Recycling Spent LiFePO4 Materials.

Direct regeneration has gained much attention in LiFePO4 battery recycling due to its simplicity, ecofriendliness, and cost savings. However, the excess carbon residues from binder decomposition, conductive carbon, and coated carbon in spent LiFePO4 impair electrochemical performance of direct regenerated LiFePO4. Herein, we report a preoxidation and prilling collaborative doping strategy to restore spent LiFePO4 by direct regeneration. The excess carbon is effectively removed by preoxidation. At the same time, prilling not only reduces the size of the primary particles and shortens the diffusion distance of Li+ but also improves the tap density of the regenerated materials. Besides, the Li+ transmission of the regenerated LiFePO4 is further improved by Ti4+ doping. Compared with commercial LiFePO4, it has excellent low-temperature performance. The collaborative strategy provides a new insight into regenerating high-performance spent LiFePO4.

Supercapacitor Performance of Sulfonyldibenzene Derivative-Functionalized Graphene Aerogel.

3D aerogels incorporating functionalized reduced graphene oxide (SUL/rGO) were prepared as a hydrothermal method utilizing graphene oxide (GO) and a sulfonyldibenzene derivative (SUL) as raw materials. The aromatic compound SUL, which contains hydroxyl and sulfonyl groups, was bonded to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through π-π connections. The obtained composite material exhibited porosity within its structure with improved hydrophilicity, along with excellent electrochemical characteristics. This improvement was ascribed to the specific rGO structure, as well as the pseudocapacitance inherent in SUL, both of which synergistically contribute to improvement in the characteristics of the prepared electrode materials. Also, an analysis was performed employing density functional theory from which the density of states and adsorption energy of SUL on the surface of rGO were computed to further investigate the charge storage process within the prepared composite. The prepared SUL/rGO-2 electrode exhibited the highest specific capacitance value of 388 F/g at a current density equal to 1 A/g. The constructed symmetrical supercapacitor, SUL/rGO-2//SUL/rGO-2, attained an energy density value of 14.55 Wh/kg at a power density equal to 350 W/kg with an exceptional galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cyclic stability equal to 91% following 10 000 cycles. Therefore, this review presents a novel functionalized graphene-based material incorporating hydroxyl and sulfonyl groups, which holds promise in future energy storage applications.

Photocatalytic Cyclization Cascades by Radical Relay toward Pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Application.

A photocatalytic annulation cascade of unactivated N-alkene-linked indoles with Langlois' reagent by a radical relay is developed at room temperature under blue LED irradiation. The reaction afforded a series of tri/difluoromethylated pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles in moderate to good yields. The DFT study suggests that the reaction is ascribed to a rhodamine 6G-induced cyclization cascade involving vinyl addition-radical relay and hydrogen-atom-abstraction (HAA) processes, and interestingly, pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles are applied as fluorescent dyes into the fluorescence spectrum and live-cell imaging. This paper represents an initial example on photocatalytic cyclization cascades by radical relay and the HAA process.

3D/1D Fe3O4@TiO2/TC-TiO2/SiO2 Magnetic Inorganic-Framework Molecularly Imprinted Fibers for Targeted Photodegradation.

To achieve a selective degradation of pollutants in a water body, 3D/1D magnetic molecularly imprinted fibers Fe3O4@TiO2/TC-TiO2/SiO2 were fabricated by an electrospinning method. The molecularly imprinted layer was successfully prepared by a direct imprinting method using TiO2 as a functional monomer. Fe3O4 facilitates the catalyst recovery and light utilization. The as-prepared fibrous photocatalyst has a large specific surface area of 132.4 m2/g. The successful generation of imprinted sites was proven by various characterizations. The weak interaction between the inorganic functional monomer and tetracycline (TC) was determined to be van der Waals force and hydrogen bonds by the IGMH isosurface theory. The construction of the 3D/1D homojunction of molecularly imprinted materials is beneficial to charge transfer. The as-prepared photocatalyst exhibits a high selectivity coefficient α = 737.38 competing with RhB. The TC removal efficiency reached 100% within only 20 min. In addition, the possible degradation pathway and the degradation mechanism are reasonably proposed. This work not only provides an in-depth mechanism of the weak interaction between the inorganic molecularly imprinted functional monomer and pollutant molecules but also offers new thoughts on the fabrication of photocatalysts for the effective and selective treatment of pollutants in water bodies.

Fe-Based Metal Organic Framework-Derived FeNiP/N-Doped Carbon Heterogeneous Core-Shell Structures for Oxygen Evolution.

It is of great significance to explore high activity, low overpotential, and outstanding durability electrocatalysts without precious metals for oxygen evolution reaction to reduce the energy consumption in the electrolysis of water to product hydrogen. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with periodic structure and uniform pore distribution have been widely used as precursors for the synthesis of transition metal electrocatalysts. Herein, we first synthesized nanoscale Fe-soc-MOFs with relatively high specific surface area and in situ converted it into nickel-iron double layer hydroxide/MOF (FeNi LDH/MOF) by Ni2+ etching. Finally, a nickel-iron phosphide/nitrogen-doped carbon cubic nanocage (FeNiP/NC) was obtained by calcination and phosphating. FeNiP/NC with its unique core-shell structure has an overpotential of only 240 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 and can be continuously electrolyzed for 45 h. High catalytic activity of FeNiP/NC is mainly attributed to the action of Fe and Ni bimetals and the synergistic effect between FeNiP and N-doped porous carbon, which was confirmed by the calculation of density functional theory (i.e., Gibbs free energy). After a long period of electrolysis, FeNiP was converted to MOOH (M = Fe and Ni) and became the new active site. This study provides a feasible optimization strategy for the development of high-efficiency three-dimensional electrode materials without precious metals.

Quantitative Insights into Phosphate-Enhanced Lead Immobilization on Goethite.

Despite extensive study, geochemical modeling often fails to accurately predict lead (Pb) immobilization in environmental samples. This study employs the Charge Distribution MUlti-SIte Complexation (CD-MUSIC) model, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), and density functional theory (DFT) to investigate mechanisms of phosphate (PO4) induced Pb immobilization on metal (hydr)oxides. The results reveal that PO4 mainly enhances bidentate-adsorbed Pb on goethite via electrostatic synergy at low PO4 concentrations. At relatively low pH (below 5.5) and elevated PO4 concentrations, the formation of the monodentate-O-sharing Pb-PO4 ternary structure on goethite becomes important. Precipitation of hydropyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3OH) occurs at high pH and high concentrations of Pb and PO4, with an optimized log Ksp value of -82.02. The adjustment of log Ksp compared to that in the bulk solution allows for quantification of the overall Pb-PO4 precipitation enhanced by goethite. The CD-MUSIC model parameters for both the bidentate Pb complex and the monodentate-O-sharing Pb-PO4 ternary complex were optimized. The modeling results and parameters are further validated and specified with XAFS analysis and DFT calculations. This study provides quantitative molecular-level insights into the contributions of electrostatic enhancement, ternary complexation, and precipitation to phosphate-induced Pb immobilization on oxides, which will be helpful in resolving controversies regarding Pb distribution in environmental samples.

Degradation products and transformation pathways of sulfamethoxazole chlorination disinfection by-products in constructed wetlands.

Antibiotics and available chlorine coexist in multiple aquatic environments, and thus antibiotics and their chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs) have been a great concern for the nature and human health. Herein, the degradation intermediates and transformation pathways of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) Cl-DBPs in constructed wetlands (CWs) were investigated. A total of five SMX Cl-DBPs and their twenty degradation products in CWs was identified in this study. SMX and its Cl-DBPs influenced the biodegradation rather than the adsorption process in CWs. S1 atom on sulfonyl group of SMX had the strongest nucleophilicity, and was most vulnerable for nucleophilic attack. N5 and N7 on amino groups, and C17 on the methyl group had great electronegativity, and were susceptible to electrophilic reactions. S1-N5 and S1-C8 bonds of SMX are the most prone to cleavage, followed by C11-N5, C16-C17, and C12-N7. The chlorination of SMX mainly occurred at S1, N5, and N7 sites, and went through S-C cleavage, S-N hydrolysis, and desulfonation. The biodegradation of SMX Cl-DBPs in CWs mainly occurred at S1, N5, N7, C8, and C17 sites, and went through processes including oxidation of methyl, hydroxyl and amino groups, desulfonation, decarboxylation, azo bond cleavage, benzene ring cleavage, ß-oxidation of fatty acids under the action of coenzymes. Over half of the SMX Cl-DBPs had greater bioaccumulation potential than their parent SMX, but the environmental risk of SMX Cl-DBPs was effectively reduced through the degradation by CWs.

Ultra-efficient peroxymonosulfate utilization and trichloroethylene degradation in heterogeneous catalytic system guided by sheet-like Cu2MnO4 nanoparticles: The role of Cu(III)-O species and free radicals.

Synthesizing cubic spinel Cu2MnO4 with nanosheet structure (SCMO) aimed to construct a "non-radical-mediated radical-oxidative reaction", for increasing PMS utilization efficiency, and solving the defects of SO4•- and •OH through indirect PMS activation by electron transfer process. Compared with box-like Cu2MnO4 (11.1%, 0.0035 min-1) and ordinary Cu2MnO4 nanoparticles (21.3%, 0.0070 min-1), SCMO/PMS showed excellent trichloroethylene removal (98.8%, 0.1577 min-1). The pivotal role of Cu(III) was determined based on EPR analysis, quenching experiments, chemical probe experiments, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction and Raman spectroscopy analysis, in-situ FTIR and Raman analyses. In brief, the interaction between PMS and SCMO could produce surface-bonded reactive complexes and the subsequent breaking of O-O bond in the sub-stable structure allowed the conversion of Cu(II) to Cu(III), which in turn facilitates the generation of •OH and SO4•-. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided supporting evidence for the electron donor role of SCMO and the increase of the electron acceptance capacity of PMS. SCMO/PMS system showed good resistance and degradation efficiency to complex composition and combined pollutants in actually contaminated groundwater, respectively. However, the coexistence of high concentrations of arsenic could significantly affect SCMO performance due to their adsorption on -OH groups, which still need in-depth study.

High-performance electrosorption of lanthanum ion by Mn3O4-loaded phosphorus-doped porous carbon electrodes via capacitive deionization.

Transition-metal-oxide@heteroatom doped porous carbon composites have attracted considerable research interest because of their large theoretical adsorption capacity, excellent electrical conductivity and well-developed pore structure. Herein, Mn3O4-loaded phosphorus-doped porous carbon composites (Mn3O4@PC-900) were designed and fabricated for the electrosorption of La3+ in aqueous solutions. Due to the synergistic effect between Mn3O4 and PC-900, and the active sites provided by Mn-O-Mn, C/PO, C-P-O and Mn-OH, Mn3O4@PC-900 exhibits high electrosorption performance. The electrosorption value of Mn3O4@PC-900 was 45.34% higher than that of PC-900, reaching 93.02 mg g-1. Moreover, the adsorption selectivity reached 87.93% and 89.27% in La3+/Ca2+ and La3+/Na+ coexistence system, respectively. After 15 adsorption-desorption cycles, its adsorption capacity and retention rate were 50.34 mg g-1 and 54.12%, respectively. The electrosorption process is that La3+ first accesses the pores of Mn3O4@PC-900 to generate an electric double layer (EDL), and then undergoes further Faradaic reaction with Mn3O4 and phosphorus-containing functional groups through intercalation, surface adsorption and complexation. This work is hoped to offer a new idea for exploring transition-metal-oxide @ heteroatom doped porous carbon composites for separation and recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) by capacitive deionization.

Active Diluent-Anion Synergy Strategy Regulating Nonflammable Electrolytes for High-Efficiency Li Metal Batteries.

High-energy Li metal batteries (LMBs) consisting of Li metal anodes and high-voltage cathodes are promising candidates of the next generation energy-storage systems owing to their ultrahigh energy density. However, it is still challenging to develop high-voltage nonflammable electrolytes with superior anode and cathode compatibility for LMBs. Here, we propose an active diluent-anion synergy strategy to achieve outstanding compatibility with Li metal anodes and high-voltage cathodes by using 1,2-difluorobenzene (DFB) with high activity for yielding LiF as an active diluent to regulate nonflammable dimethylacetamide (DMAC)-based localized high concentration electrolyte (LHCE-DFB). DFB and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI- ) anion cooperate to construct robust LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), which effectively stabilize DMAC from intrinsic reactions with Li metal anode and enhance the interfacial stability of the Li metal anodes and LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 (NCM811) cathodes. LHCE-DFB enables ultrahigh Coulombic efficiency (98.7 %), dendrite-free, extremely stable and long-term cycling of Li metal anodes in Li || Cu cells and Li || Li cells. The fabricated NCM811 || Li cells with LHCE-DFB display remarkably enhanced long-term cycling stability and excellent rate capability. This work provides a promising active diluent-anion synergy strategy for designing high-voltage electrolytes for high-energy batteries.

Acoustic Levitation Synthesis of Ultrahigh-Density Spherical Nucleic Acid Architectures for Specific SERS Analysis.

Controllably regulating the electrostatic bilayer of nanogold colloids is a significant premise for synthesizing spherical nucleic acid (SNA) and building ordered plasmonic architectures. We develop a facile acoustic levitation reactor to universally synthesize SNAs with an ultra-high density of DNA strands, which is even higher than those of various state-of-the-art methods. Results reveal a new mechanism of DNA grafting via acoustic wave that can reconfigure the ligands on colloidal surfaces. The acoustic levitation reactor enables substrate-free three-dimentional (3D) spatial assembly of SNAs with controllable interparticle nanogaps through regulating DNA lengths. This kind of architecture may overcome the plasmonic enhancement limits by blocking electron tunneling and breaking electrostatic shielding in dried aggregations. Finite element simulations support the architecture with 3D spatial plasmonic hotspot matrix, and its ultrahigh surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) capability is evidenced by in situ untargeted tracking of biomolecular events during photothermal stimulation (PTS)-induced cell death process. For biomarker diagnosis, the conjugation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) aptamer onto SNAs enables in situ targeted tracking of ATP during PTS-induced cell death process. Particularly, the CD71 receptor and integrin α3ß1 protein on PL45 cell membrance could be well distinguished by label-free SERS fingerprints when using specific XQ-2d and DML-7 aptamers, respectively, to synthesize SNA architectures. Our current acoustic levitation reactor offers a new method for synthesizing SNAs and enables both targeted and untargeted SERS analysis for tracking molecular events in living systems. It promises great potentials in biochemical synthesis and sensing in future.

Interlayer Structure Manipulation of FeOCl/MXene with Soft/Hard Interface Design for Safe Water Production Using Dechlorination Battery Deionization.

Suffering from the susceptibility to decomposition, the potential electrochemical application of FeOCl has greatly been hindered. The rational design of the soft-hard material interface can effectively address the challenge of stress concentration and thus decomposition that may occur in the electrodes during charging and discharging. Herein, interlayer structure manipulation of FeOCl/MXene using soft-hard interface design method were conducted for electrochemical dechlorination. FeOCl was encapsulated in Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets by electrostatic self-assembly layer by layer to form a soft-hard mechanical hierarchical structure, in which Ti3C2Tx was used as flexible buffer layers to relieve the huge volume change of FeOCl during Cl- intercalation/deintercalation and constructed a conductive network for fast charge transfer. The CDI dechlorination system of FeOCl/Ti3C2Tx delivered outstanding Cl- adsorption capacity (158.47 ± 6.98 mg g-1), rate (6.07 ± 0.35 mg g-1 min-1), and stability (over 94.49 % in 30 cycles), and achieved considerable energy recovery (21.14 ± 0.25 %). The superior dechlorination performance was proved to originate from the Fe2+/Fe3+ topochemical transformation and the deformation constraint effect of Ti3C2Tx on FeOCl. Our interfacial design strategy enables a hard-to-soft integration capacity, which can serve as a universal technology for solving the traditional problem of electrode volume expansion.