The Relationship Between Nodal Metastases and Primary Location in Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: This study examines the relationship between location of the primary tumor and specific nodal metastases in clinical stage 1 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients undergoing lobectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all lobectomies performed at a single institution, between January 2005 and December 2019, for clinical stage I NSCLC patients. Patients selected for this study were clinically node negative (cN0) by positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan and selectively by endobronchial ultrasound or mediastinoscopy. Cases of postoperative pathologic nodal upstaging were identified among these patients. For each patient upstaged, the specific lymph node stations found to be positive were recorded. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and Fisher's exact test were utilized to identify independent risk factors for upstaging to specific N1 and N2 lymph node stations. All clinical and pathologic staging information was retrospectively normalized to the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer 8th Edition TNM Classification. RESULTS: The research cohort included 645 patients. The mean age was 68 years (standard deviation ± 9.2), 54% were female, and 88% were White, 11% Black, and 1% other. Twelve percent (n = 75) were upstaged from cN0 to pN1 or pN2 upon final pathologic examination: 41 to pN1 (54.7%) and 34 to pN2 (45.3%). The primary tumor location with the highest rate of nodal upstaging was the left upper lobe (LUL) (12.8%). Tumors in the right middle lobe had the lowest rate of unsuspected nodal metastases (8.8%). Out of all upstaged patients, there were no positive level eight lymph nodes, and only 1 patient with a positive level nine lymph node. Lymph node levels five and six were only positive in LUL primary tumors, a relationship that approached statistical significance (P = 0.0797). No patients with a LUL primary tumor had a positive level seven lymph node. Upstaging at station 12 was significantly associated with the location of the primary tumor, occurring less often in tumors originating in the right upper lobe in comparison to other lobes (P = 0.0288). CONCLUSIONS: We identified relationships between the location of a primary tumor and specific nodal upstaging in patients with clinical stage I NSCLC who undergo lobectomy. We found the following: 1) only 1 patient had a positive level eight or nine lymph node out of 645 patients; 2) only LUL primary tumors demonstrated upstaging to level five or six lymph nodes; and 3) right upper lobe tumors were significantly less likely to be associated with a positive level 12 lymph node.

Early Water Seal of Chest Tubes Following Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Pleurodesis.

INTRODUCTION: Early water seal following minimally invasive pulmonary lobectomy has been shown to reduce chest tube duration and postoperative length of stay (LOS). We evaluated chest tube duration and postoperative LOS following a standardized chest tube management protocol change (water seal on postoperative day 1) after video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) pleurodesis. METHODS: We identified adult patients undergoing VATS pleurodesis from August 2013 to December 2021. The chest tube protocol was changed in January 2017 such that patients were placed to water seal on the morning of postoperative day 1. Patients were divided into two groups, before the change (Group 1: August 2013-December 2016) and after (Group 2: January 2017-December 2021). We compared demographics, clinical characteristics, operative details, postoperative chest tube duration and output, and postoperative LOS between the groups. Descriptive statistics and log-transformed multivariable linear regression models were used to identify differences in patient outcomes that were associated with the protocol change. RESULTS: A total of 488 patients underwent VATS pleurodesis during the study period (Group 1: 329 patients; Group 2: 159 patients). The median age was 61 y (interquartile range [IQR] 49-68), 51% were females, 69% were White, and 29% were Black. For postoperative LOS, Group 1 had an IQR of 3-7 d, while Group 2 had an IQR of 2-6 d (P < 0.001). The multivariable log-transformed linear regression models demonstrated that the practice change was associated with reduced chest tube duration (0.77 times the chest tube duration before the change; P < 0.001) and reduced LOS (0.81 times the LOS before the change; P = 0.006). There was an associated reduction in patients needing to return to the operating room (P = 0.048) and needing postoperative extended ventilatory support (P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Development of a standardized protocol to water seal chest tubes on postoperative day 1 following VATS pleurodesis is associated with reduced chest tube duration and LOS without an increase in postoperative complication rates.

Physician-Targeted Interventions Reduce Surgical Expense and Improve Value-Driven Health Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Increasing health-care costs in the United States have not translated to superior outcomes in comparison to other developed countries. The implementation of physician-targeted interventions to reduce costs may improve value-driven health outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of physician-targeted interventions to reduce surgical expenses and improve care for patients undergoing total thyroidectomies. METHODS: Two separate face-to-face interventions with individual surgeons focusing on surgical expenses associated with thyroidectomy were implemented in two surgical services (endocrine surgery and otolaryngology) by the surgical chair of each service in Jun 2016. The preintervention period was from Dec 2014 to Jun 2016 (19 mo, 352 operations). The postintervention period was from July 2016 to January 2018 (19 mo, 360 operations). Descriptive statistics were utilized, and differences-in-differences were conducted to compare the pre and postintervention outcomes including cost metrics (total costs, fixed costs, and variable costs per thyroidectomy) and clinical outcomes (30-d readmission rate, days to readmission, and total length of stay). RESULTS: Patient demographics and characteristics were comparable across pre- and post-intervention periods. Post-intervention, both costs and clinical outcomes demonstrated improvement or stability. Compared to otolaryngology, endocrine surgery achieved additional savings per surgery post-intervention: mean total costs by $607.84 (SD: 9.76; P < 0.0001), mean fixed costs by $220.21 (SD: 5.64; P < 0.0001), and mean variable costs by $387.82 (SD: 4.75; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Physician-targeted interventions can be an effective tool for reducing cost and improving health outcomes. The effectiveness of interventions may differ based on specialty training. Future implementations should standardize these interventions for a critical evaluation of their impact on hospital costs and patient outcomes.

Race and Gender Disparities in Access to Parathyroidectomy: A Need to Change Processes for Diagnosis and Referral to Surgeons.

BACKGROUND: Hyperparathyroidism substantially impairs quality of life, and effective treatment depends on timely referral to surgeons. We hypothesized that there would be race and gender disparities in the time from initial diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism to treatment with parathyroidectomy. METHODS: We reviewed administrative data on 2289 patients with hypercalcemia (calcium > 10.5 mg/dL) and abnormal parathyroid hormone levels who were seen at a tertiary referral center from 2011 to 2016. We used two-phase parametric hazard modeling to identify predictors of time from index abnormal calcium until parathyroidectomy. RESULTS: The median age of our cohort was 63 years, and 1685 (74%) were women. Of the total patients, 1301 (57%) were Caucasian, and 946 (41%) were African-American. Only 490 (21%) patients underwent parathyroidectomy. Among patients undergoing surgery, time from index high calcium to surgical treatment was longest for African-American men, who waited a median of 13.6 months (interquartile range IQR 2-28), compared with 2.9 months (IQR 1-8) for Caucasian males (p < 0.05). African-American women waited a median of 6.7 months (IQR 2-16) versus 3.5 months (IQR 2-14) for Caucasian women (p < 0.05). At 1 year after the index abnormal calcium, only 6% of black men underwent surgery compared with 20% of white males (p < 0.05). Similarly, 13% of black women underwent surgery versus 20% of white women (p < 0.05). These differences remained significant after adjusting for age, calcium levels, insurance, and comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: African-Americans face substantial delays in access to parathyroidectomy after diagnosis with hyperparathyroidism that could impair quality of life and increase health care costs. We must improve systems of diagnosis and referral to ensure timely treatment of hyperparathyroidism.

The Disturbing Findings of Pediatric Firearm Injuries From the National Trauma Data Bank: 2010-2016.

BACKGROUND: Trauma is the leading cause of pediatric and adolescent morbidity and mortality. Firearm-related injuries and deaths contribute substantially to the overall disease burden. This study described the intent, location, demographics, and outcomes of a nationally representative pediatric population with firearm injuries. We hypothesized that younger patients would have a higher percentage of unintentional and self-inflicted injuries with associated higher mortality rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The National Trauma Data Bank, maintained by the American College of Surgeons, from 2010 to 2016 was utilized. All pediatric patients (0-19 y) with firearm injuries who had complete data were analyzed for mechanism, location, demographics, and outcomes. Basic descriptive statistics were used to compare subgroups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to investigate risk factors for firearm injury-caused mortality. RESULTS: In the study period, 46,039 pediatric patients sustained firearm injuries (median age = 17 y). Males, Blacks, ages 15-19, and the Southern region were the most common injured demographics. However, subgroup analysis showed the demographics differ for self-inflicted and unintentional firearm injuries, which had significantly higher White patients (66.6% and 47.9%, respectively; P < 0.001). Nearly 76% of injuries were related to assaults, 14% were unintentional, 5% were self-inflicted, and 5% were undetermined. The overall mortality was nearly 12%. The youngest population had higher proportion of unintentional injuries and highest mortality rate when compared with other classifications of intent (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric firearm injuries have high mortality, especially in the youngest populations. Age-tailored prevention strategies, such as strict child access prevention laws and enforced gun storage violations, may help in reducing firearm injuries and improving health outcomes.

Increasing Use of Thyroidectomy as Definitive Treatment for Hyperthyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Thyroidectomy is a definitive treatment for hyperthyroidism. The purpose of this study is to examine how often patients with hyperthyroidism are referred for thyroidectomy and what are the common reasons for referral. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 864 patients with hyperthyroidism diagnosis. A total of 237 patients underwent thyroidectomy from January 2011 to December 2016. Patients were divided into six groups according to the year of thyroidectomy, group 1 to group 6, from 2011 to 2016, respectively. Primary and secondary outcomes: reasons why patient was referred for thyroidectomy, time from diagnosis, and/or start of antithyroid drugs (ATDs) to thyroidectomy as well as the trend and total number of thyroidectomies each surgeon did during the study period. RESULTS: The mean age was 44 ± 15 y, 73% were women, and 54% were African American. A significant increase in the rate of thyroidectomy over the study period was observed where 31 patients underwent thyroidectomy in 2011 compared with 61 patients in 2016. The most common reasons patients were referred for thyroidectomy were resistance or intolerance to ATDs followed by patient's preference, and presentation with obstructive symptoms with no statistically significant difference between groups. The median time from diagnosis to surgery was 8 mo (0 to 204 mo) and 7 mo from initiation of ATDs to thyroidectomy with no significant difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: An increase of thyroidectomy rate was observed at our institution over the last 6 y. Patients were mostly referred due to resistance or intolerance to antithyroid medications, patients' preference of surgery, and presentation with obstructive symptoms.

Evaluation of temporomandibular joint function after orthognathic surgery using a jaw tracker.

OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function after orthognathic surgery differs from normal patients. Dysfunction of the joints occurs often even in the general public, with an incidence in the range of 20%-25%. Population-based studies among adults report that approximately 10%-15% have symptoms of pain and 5% of them had a perceived need for treatment. To date, no studies have reported on the evaluation of TMJ function after orthognathic surgery through the use of four-dimensional jaw tracking. DESIGN AND SETTING: This study evaluated TMJ function using such a device and information from a TMJ questionnaire. Sixteen orthognathic surgery patients and 17 controls were included in this study. Four-dimensional jaw tracking information was obtained using the SiCAT JMT device. Clinical signs and jaw function were evaluated. RESULTS: Within the limitations of the study, the following results were seen using the SICAT JMT+ jaw tracking device: (1) no significant differences were found in any of the millimetric measurements between the surgery patients and controls; (2) no significant difference was found in subjective reported symptoms of pain, clicking, crepitation, locking, stiffness, headaches and migraines between the groups; and (3)there was a significant difference in the popping of the joints for surgery and non-surgery groups. CONCLUSION: Jaw tracking did not detect significant differences in jaw function, but some clinical symptoms were present.

Failure to Diagnose and Treat Hyperparathyroidism Among Patients with Hypercalcemia: Opportunities for Intervention at the Patient and Physician Level to Increase Surgical Referral.

BACKGROUND: Hyperparathyroidism is both underdiagnosed and undertreated, but the reasons for these deficiencies have not been described. The purpose of this study was to identify reasons for underdiagnosis and undertreatment of hyperparathyroidism that could be addressed by targeted interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 3,200 patients with hypercalcemia (serum calcium >10.5 mg/dL) who had parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels evaluated at our institution from 2011 to 2016. We randomly sampled 60 patients and divided them into three groups based on their PTH levels. Two independent reviewers examined clinical notes and diagnostic data to identify reasons for delayed diagnosis or referral for treatment. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 61 ± 16.5 years, 68% were women, and 55% were white. Fifty percent of patients had ≥1 elevated calcium that was missed by their primary care provider. Hypercalcemia was frequently attributed to causes other than hyperparathyroidism, including diuretics (12%), calcium supplements (12%), dehydration (5%), and renal dysfunction (3%). Even when calcium and PTH were both elevated, the diagnosis was missed or delayed in 40% of patients. For 7% of patients, a nonsurgeon stated that surgery offered no benefit; 22% of patients were offered medical treatment or observation, and 8% opted not to see a surgeon. Only 20% of patients were referred for surgical evaluation, and they waited a median of 16 months before seeing a surgeon. CONCLUSION: To address common causes for delayed diagnosis and treatment of hyperparathyroidism, we must improve systems for recognizing hypercalcemia and better educate patients and providers about the consequences of untreated disease. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study identified reasons why patients experience delays in workup, diagnosis, and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. These data provide valuable information for developing interventions that increase rates of diagnosis and referral.

Left ventricular myxoma: A contractile mass causing intracavitary obstruction and severe pulmonary hypertension.

Cardiac myxomas can be fatal and left ventricular (LV) myxomas with papillary muscle and mitral valve (MV) involvement are rare. The following case is that of a 55-year-old woman who developed signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension. Imaging revealed a contractile mass in the LV that was in continuum with the papillary muscles and affected MV function. Her clinical course, radiologic, and hemodynamic findings are discussed. Finally, her surgical extraction technique is described in addition to potential complications encountered.

Hyperthyroidism is Underdiagnosed and Undertreated in 3336 Patients: An Opportunity for Improvement and Intervention.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed and untreated hyperthyroidism among patients with suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). BACKGROUND: Hyperthyroidism can significantly diminish patient quality of life and increase the financial burden on patients and health systems. We hypothesized that many patients with hyperthyroidism remain undiagnosed because physicians fail to recognize and evaluate suppressed TSH as the first indication of disease. METHODS: We reviewed administrative data on 174011 patients with TSH measured at a tertiary referral center between 2011 and 2017 to identify individuals with hyperthyroidism (TSH <0.05 mU/L) and their subsequent outcomes: evaluation (measurement of T4, T3, radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake scan, thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin, thyroid peroxidase antibodies) diagnosis, referral and treatment. We used Kaplan-Meier methods and multivariable time-related parametric hazard modeling to measure our outcomes. RESULTS: We found 3336 patients with hyperthyroidism. The mean age of our cohort was 52 ±â€Š17 years, with 79% females and 59% whites. Only 1088 patients (33%) received any appropriate evaluation and hyperthyroidism remained undiagnosed in 37% of patients who had the appropriate workup. Among those diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, only 21% were referred for surgery and 34% received RAI. Predictors for hyperthyroidism diagnosis include lower TSH (0.01u/L), younger age, African-American race, private commercial insurance, being seen in an outpatient setting, absence of medical comorbidities, presentation with ophthalmopathy, or weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperthyroidism is frequently unrecognized and untreated, which can lead to adverse outcomes and increased costs. Improved systems for detection and treatment of hyperthyroidism are needed to address this gap in care.

Long-term survival prospects of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Envisioning the future.

Implicit and largely intuitive survival predictions guide current clinical decision making after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A model based on nine simple factors known after diagnostic catheterization but prior to PCI provides accurate prediction of five-year survival probability after PCI. Future prediction models and methods incorporating age and gender adjusted risk of death, cause of death (competing risks), and low prevalence but impactful comorbidities automatically implemented in electronic health records have the potential to further inform clinical decision-making and target therapies.

Failure to Diagnose Hyperparathyroidism in 10,432 Patients With Hypercalcemia: Opportunities for System-level Intervention to Increase Surgical Referrals and Cure.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a significant number of patients with hyperparathyroidism remain undiagnosed and untreated. BACKGROUND: Failure to diagnose primary hyperparathyroidism and refer patients to surgeons leads to impaired quality of life and increased costs. We hypothesized that many patients with hyperparathyroidism would be untreated due to not considering the diagnosis, inadequate evaluation of hypercalcemia, and under-referral to surgeons. METHODS: We reviewed administrative data on 682,704 patients from a tertiary referral center between 2011 and 2015, and identified hypercalcemia (>10.5 mg/dL) in 10,432 patients. We evaluated whether hypercalcemic patients underwent measurement of parathyroid hormone (PTH), had documentation of hypercalcemia/hyperparathyroidism, or were referred to surgeons. RESULTS: The mean age of our cohort was 54 years, with 61% females, and 56% whites. Only 3200 (31%) hypercalcemic patients had PTH levels measured, 2914 (28%) had a documented diagnosis of hypercalcemia, and 880 (8%) had a diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism in the medical record. Only 592 (22%) out of 2666 patients with classic hyperparathyroidism (abnormal calcium and PTH) were referred to surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of patients with hyperparathyroidism do not undergo appropriate evaluation and surgical referral. System-level interventions which prompt further evaluation of hypercalcemia and raise physician awareness about hyperparathyroidism could improve outcomes and produce long-term cost savings.

Vein-first vs. artery-first robotic lobectomy outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Data remains limited as to whether the order of pulmonary vessel division during performance of a lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) affects survival outcomes. Some authors have suggested that ligation of the pulmonary veins should be conducted first in order to minimize the spread of tumor cells secondary to manipulation of the lung. This study examines whether there is a difference in outcomes between patients who undergo robotic lobectomies for NSCLC using a vein-first (V-first) vs. artery-first (A-first) technique. Methods: A retrospective review of electronic medical record data was performed for patients who underwent robotic lobectomies from January 2013 to May 2019. Patients were separated into two groups based on the sequence in which the pulmonary vessels were divided: V-first or A-first. Baseline characteristics and postoperative events were recorded and compared between groups using Chi-squared and Student's t-tests. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall and recurrence-free survival were constructed and compared with log-rank tests. Results: A total of 374 patients were identified: 94 V-first and 280 A-first patients. There was no significant difference between the V-first and A-first groups with regards to postoperative complications, length of stay, recurrence-free survival, or overall survival. Conclusions: Our study suggests that choosing a V-first vs. A-first technique for a robotic lobectomy does not significantly impact overall survival or cancer recurrence for patients with NSCLC. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether the order of pulmonary vessel resection affects outcomes for patients with NSCLC.

Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy; comparing the combined effects of smoking burden and operative approach on outcomes in esophagectomy.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the interaction between smoking status and operative approach following esophagectomy on perioperative outcomes. METHODS: Patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer were identified from the STS-GTSD Database between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2022 and divided into six groups based on smoking status [never (NS), former (FS), current (CS)] and surgical approach [minimally invasive (MIE), open (OpenE)]. Primary outcomes were respiratory complications, operative mortality, major morbidity, and composite major morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The final study population consisted of 27,373 (28.3% NS, 68.0% FS, and 13.7% CS) patients from 295 hospitals. Most cases were OpenE (58.1%), but the proportion of MIE increased from 19.2% in 2009 to 56.3% in 2022. Multivariable analysis showed: 1) risk-adjusted operative mortality was only decreased in never-smokers that underwent MIE (MIE-NS: AOR 0.61; CI: 0.45-0.82); 2) there were no significant differences in mortality among the groups compared to the reference OpenE-NS group. Respiratory complications, major morbidity, and composite mortality and morbidity outcomes showed similar smoking and surgical approach effects: 1) all outcomes were worse in smokers irrespective of approach; 2) within the same smoking status, AORs for respiratory complications and morbidity were slightly lower in MIE versus OpenE but these differences were non-significant. CONCLUSION: Respiratory complications and other major morbidity outcomes following esophagectomy are substantially worsened by smoking history particularly in current smokers. Among NS, MIE is associated with reduced operative mortality.

Measuring levels of citizen public health emergency preparedness, Jefferson County, Alabama.

CONTEXT: Recent disaster experiences in Alabama have highlighted the state's public health vulnerabilities to natural disasters. To respond to the need of building better prepared and more resilient communities, the Alabama Department of Public Health developed and launched a mass media campaign, Get10, to promote personal preparedness. This study evaluates the level of preparedness of the residents in Jefferson County, Alabama, using Get10 recommendations of Alabama Department of Public Health as a guideline. This study also examines the level of personal preparedness of the at-risk population including those older than 65 years and those younger than 65 years with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, poor perceived health status, and a physical, mental, or emotional activity limitation disability. OBJECTIVE: To assess (1) awareness of multimedia preparedness campaigns; (2) the levels of personal preparedness in Jefferson County residents; and (3) the levels of personal preparedness within different sectors of the vulnerable or "at-risk" populations. DESIGN: A random-digit-dialed survey was conducted following the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System protocols in the fall of 2010. The survey included a subset of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System questions and additional questions based on Get10 recommendations. RESULTS: More than 38% of the residents of Jefferson County have a complete disaster kit. Those representing the vulnerable (at-risk) populations are not more likely to have preparedness kits than the general population (P = .6646). Marital status was the only variable that was consistently significant in determining whether someone had a complete disaster kit (P = .0140); however, bivariate analysis indicated annual household income as significant (P = .0109). No association was found between having a complete preparedness kit and familiarity with general family preparedness campaigns (P = .0976) or Get10 campaign of Alabama Department of Public Health (P = .3227). CONCLUSIONS: Vulnerable populations were no more likely to have a complete disaster preparedness kit than the general population. Therefore, future marketing should target those at risk of adverse health effects following a disaster as well as the unmarried and those with household incomes under $25 000 per year. Future disaster preparedness campaigns should monitor and evaluate their efforts in reaching these populations and include strategies for acquiring and maintaining disaster kit items.

Less Is More: Parathyroidectomy and Association with Postoperative Hypocalcemia in Dialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroidectomy (PTx) is the most effective treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Literature regarding the effect of surgical approaches on postoperative hypocalcemia is limited and mainly focuses on postoperative calcium levels. This study aims to evaluate the association of subtotal PTx and total PTx with autotransplantation for secondary hyperparathyroidism with postoperative hypocalcemia. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed all dialysis patients who underwent PTx (n = 143) at our institution from 2010 to 2021. Postoperative hypocalcemia adverse events were defined as postoperative intravenous calcium requirement or 30-day readmission due to hypocalcemia. Postoperative hypocalcemia adverse events, length of stay, and oral calcium requirement at 1-month follow-up were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Of the 143 patients, 119 (83.2%) underwent total PTx with autotransplantation, and 24 (16.8%) underwent subtotal PTx. Patients who underwent subtotal PTx had shorter mean ± SD length of stay (1.8 ± 1.7 vs 3.5 ± 3.2, p = 0.002), were less likely to develop hypocalcemia adverse events (8.3% vs 47.1%, p < 0.001), and required less median elemental calcium supplementation at 1-month follow-up (1,558 vs 3,193 mg, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in surgical success between the 2 groups (91.7% vs 89.1%, p = 0.706). Stepwise multivariable regression demonstrated that patients who underwent total PTx with autotransplantation were 11.9 times more likely to develop hypocalcemia adverse events (adjusted odds ratio 11.9, 95% CI 2.2 to 66.2, p = 0.004), had 1.24 days longer length of stay (95% CI 0.04 to 2.44, p = 0.044), and required 1,776.1 mg more elemental calcium (95% CI 661.5 to 2,890.6 mg, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Subtotal parathyroidectomy is associated with less postoperative hypocalcemia and provides similar surgical cure for dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Resident self-assessment of common endocrine procedures.

BACKGROUND: General surgery residency graduates are expected to be proficient in straightforward endocrine operations. This study aimed to elucidate residents' self-assessment of their ability to perform common endocrine procedures. METHODS: A fourteen-question survey was emailed to general surgery residents from seven U.S. residency programs regarding their self-assessed ability to perform each step of a straightforward thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. Demographics and perceived ability to perform the various procedures were collected. RESULTS: A minority of respondents (17, 27.9%) agreed they could complete a straightforward thyroidectomy for benign disease, with only 11.7% (n = 7) agreeing they could complete a straightforward thyroidectomy for malignant disease. 26.2% (n = 16) of respondents agreed they could complete a straightforward parathyroidectomy. Completed number of cases was significantly associated with greater self-assessed ability to perform the endocrine operations (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Most general surgery residents surveyed did not feel capable of performing common, straightforward endocrine procedures. Although confidence in operative ability increased with PGY-level and number of cases completed, the majority of PGY-5 residents still did not feel able to perform a thyroidectomy for malignant disease unassisted.

Program characteristics of cardiothoracic surgery departments versus divisions.

BACKGROUND: The organizational structure of cardiothoracic surgery practices varies among different programs throughout the United States (U.S.). We aimed to investigate the characteristics of the top ranked programs within the specialty and the surgeons practicing within each. METHODS: The top 50 hospitals for adult cardiology and heart surgery were identified using the US News and World Report 2019-20 ranking. There were 590 hospitals reported on, with 50 top rated programs. Data was collected from each hospital's website, analyses conducted using SAS 9.4 with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: When comparing cardiothoracic surgery program organizational structures, 21 of the top 50 ranked programs were departments and 24 were divisions within their respective Department of Surgery. Mean number of surgeons was 11 with no statistical difference when analyzed by division versus department. Overall, 9% of practicing cardiothoracic surgeons were female. Between programs that are a department versus division, general thoracic surgery was included in 58% of divisions and 52% of departments (p = ns). Among programs that were departments, approximately 6% of surgeons had attained a Ph.D., while in divisions approximately 4% of surgeons had attained a Ph.D. CONCLUSIONS: The top 50 Cardiothoracic Surgery programs in the U.S. have approximately the same number of surgeons within the group and are organized similarly. This study group had a slightly higher percentage of female surgeons than has previously been noted in cardiothoracic surgery, with general thoracic surgery trending toward higher gender diversity. The presence of physician scientists was low, though similar amongst the study groups.

Outcomes of Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support in Myocarditis: Analysis of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support Registry.

Myocarditis can be refractory to medical therapy and require durable mechanical circulatory support (MCS). The characteristics and outcomes of these patients are not known. We identified all patients with clinically-diagnosed or pathology-proven myocarditis who underwent mechanical circulatory support in the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support registry (2013-2016). The characteristics and outcomes of these patients were compared to those of patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). Out of 14,062 patients in the registry, 180 (1.2%) had myocarditis and 6,602 (46.9%) had NICM. Among patients with myocarditis, duration of heart failure was <1 month in 22%, 1-12 months in 22.6%, and >1 year in 55.4%. Compared with NICM, patients with myocarditis were younger (45 vs. 52 years, P < 0.001) and were more often implanted with Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support profile 1 (30% vs. 15%, P < 0.001). Biventricular mechanical support (biventricular ventricular assist device [BIVAD] or total artificial heart) was implanted more frequently in myocarditis (18% vs. 6.7%, P < 0.001). Overall postimplant survival was not different between myocarditis and NICM (left ventricular assist device: P = 0.27, BIVAD: P = 0.50). The proportion of myocarditis patients that have recovered by 12 months postimplant was significantly higher in myocarditis compared to that of NICM (5% vs. 1.7%, P = 0.0003). Adverse events (bleeding, infection, and neurologic dysfunction) were all lower in the myocarditis than NICM. In conclusion, although myocarditis patients who receive durable MCS are sicker preoperatively with higher needs for biventricular MCS, their overall MCS survival is noninferior to NICM. Patients who received MCS for myocarditis are more likely than NICM to have MCS explanted due to recovery, however, the absolute rates of recovery were low.

Cost-benefit analysis of a patient engagement technology (PET) in cardiac, thoracic, and colorectal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Patient engagement technologies (PETs) guide patients through perioperative care, but little is known about their costs-benefits. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing elective colorectal, cardiac, thoracic surgery 2015-2020. PET was implemented 2018. Patients were propensity-matched in pre-PET, PET, non-PET groups. Costs of surgical encounter and 30 days post-discharge, mortality, length-of-stay, readmissions, complications, satisfaction were compared. RESULTS: Overall, 4,373 patients underwent surgery and 607 (13.9%) patients enrolled in the PET. PET patients did not have increased costs in any specialty. Colorectal PET patients' variable costs of surgical encounter were $102 lower than non-PET, $1495 lower than pre-PET (p = 0.03). Thoracic PET patients' total costs of surgical encounter were $9224 lower than non-PET, $2187 lower than pre-PET (p = 0.03). Thoracic PET patients had lower mean LOS (2.4 days, 5.1 non-PET, 3.1 pre-PET, p = 0.03). PET patient satisfaction ranged 86.0%-97.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a PET did not increase costs and was associated with benefits for patients undergoing elective surgery.