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BACKGROUND: The multidimensional biological mechanisms underpinning acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) continue to be elucidated, and early biomarkers for predicting ARDS prognosis are yet to be identified. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter observational study, profiling the 4D-DIA proteomics and global metabolomics of serum samples collected from patients at the initial stage of ARDS, alongside samples from both disease control and healthy control groups. We identified 28-day prognosis biomarkers of ARDS in the discovery cohort using the LASSO method, fold change analysis, and the Boruta algorithm. The candidate biomarkers were validated through parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) targeted mass spectrometry in an external validation cohort. Machine learning models were applied to explore the biomarkers of ARDS prognosis. RESULTS: In the discovery cohort, comprising 130 adult ARDS patients (mean age 72.5, 74.6% male), 33 disease controls, and 33 healthy controls, distinct proteomic and metabolic signatures were identified to differentiate ARDS from both control groups. Pathway analysis highlighted the upregulated sphingolipid signaling pathway as a key contributor to the pathological mechanisms underlying ARDS. MAP2K1 emerged as the hub protein, facilitating interactions with various biological functions within this pathway. Additionally, the metabolite sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) was closely associated with ARDS and its prognosis. Our research further highlights essential pathways contributing to the deceased ARDS, such as the downregulation of hematopoietic cell lineage and calcium signaling pathways, contrasted with the upregulation of the unfolded protein response and glycolysis. In particular, GAPDH and ENO1, critical enzymes in glycolysis, showed the highest interaction degree in the protein-protein interaction network of ARDS. In the discovery cohort, a panel of 36 proteins was identified as candidate biomarkers, with 8 proteins (VCAM1, LDHB, MSN, FLG2, TAGLN2, LMNA, MBL2, and LBP) demonstrating significant consistency in an independent validation cohort of 183 patients (mean age 72.6 years, 73.2% male), confirmed by PRM assay. The protein-based model exhibited superior predictive accuracy compared to the clinical model in both the discovery cohort (AUC: 0.893 vs. 0.784; Delong test, P < 0.001) and the validation cohort (AUC: 0.802 vs. 0.738; Delong test, P = 0.008). INTERPRETATION: Our multi-omics study demonstrated the potential biological mechanism and therapy targets in ARDS. This study unveiled several novel predictive biomarkers and established a validated prediction model for the poor prognosis of ARDS, offering valuable insights into the prognosis of individuals with ARDS.
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Biomarcadores , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria , Humanos , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/sangre , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/análisis , Pronóstico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteómica/métodos , Estudios de Cohortes , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análisis , Metabolómica/métodos , MultiómicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Acute type A aortic dissection (AAAD) is a devastating disease. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) exhibit decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, and integrin α5ß1 and FAK are important proangiogenic factors involved in regulating angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of integrin α5ß1 and FAK in patients with AAAD and the potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Aortic tissue samples were obtained from 8 patients with AAAD and 4 organ donors at Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University. The level of apoptosis in the aortic tissues was assessed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. The expression of integrin α5ß1 and FAK was determined. Integrin α5ß1 was found to be significantly expressed in HASMCs, and its interaction with FAK was assessed via coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) analysis. Proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays and flow cytometry after integrin α5ß1 deficiency. RESULTS: The levels of integrin α5ß1 and FAK were both significantly decreased in patients with AAAD. Downregulating the expression of integrin α5ß1-FAK strongly increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation in HASMCs, indicating that integrin α5ß1-FAK might play an important role in the development of AAAD. CONCLUSIONS: Downregulation of integrin α5ß1-FAK is associated with increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation in aortic smooth muscle cells and may be a potential therapeutic strategy for AAAD.
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Disección Aórtica , Integrina alfa5beta1 , Humanos , Aorta/metabolismo , Apoptosis , Integrina alfa5beta1/metabolismo , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/metabolismoRESUMEN
Background Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (S-AKI) is a common complication in critically ill patients. Therefore, reliable biomarkers for predicting S-AKI outcomes are necessary. Serum cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a circulating extracellular DNA fragment used as a noninvasive screening tool for many diseases, including sepsis. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of cfDNA in S-AKI patients and its relationship with some other parameters.Methods A total of 89 S-AKI patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) from June 2021 to December 2021 were enrolled in this study. The patients were categorized into the low cfDNA group (< 855 ng/ml) and high cfDNA group (≥ 855 ng/ml) and were followed up for three months. CfDNA was extracted from serum and quantified using Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Reagent.Results Overall survival was significantly lower in the high cfDNA group than in the low cfDNA group (Log-Rank p = 0.012). Univariate Cox proportional hazard model showed that cfDNA was significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR [hazard ratio] 2.505, 95% CI [95% confidence interval] 1.184-5.298, p = 0.016). Also, serum cfDNA was a significant risk factor for all-cause mortality after adjusting for covariates (HR 2.191, 95% CI 1.017-4.721, p = 0.045). Moreover, cfDNA was positively correlated with several baseline parameters, including serum creatine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, prothrombin time, and International Normalized Ratio.Conclusion High serum cfDNA level is associated with higher mortality among the S-AKI population, indicating that cfDNA is a valuable biomarker for S-AKI prognosis.
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Lesión Renal Aguda , Ácidos Nucleicos Libres de Células , Sepsis , Humanos , Biomarcadores , Pronóstico , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Lesión Renal Aguda/epidemiología , Sepsis/complicaciones , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
We propose a reconfigurable spin tunnel diode based on a small spin-gapped semiconductor (non-doped VS2 monolayer) and semi-metallic magnets (doped VS2 monolayer) separated by a thin insulating tunneling barrier (h-BN). By using first-principles calculations assisted by the nonequilibrium Green's function method, we have carried out a comprehensive study of spin-dependent current and spin transport properties while varying the bias. The device exhibited a magnetization-controlled diode-like behavior with forward-allowed current under antiparallel magnetizations and reverse-forbidden current under parallel magnetizations at the two electrodes. The threshold voltage is tunable by the hole doping density of VS2 monolayers. The doping effect on VS2 monolayers indicates that the magnetic moments, the Heisenberg exchange parameters and Curie temperatures can be monotonically reduced by a larger hole doping density. Our study on VS2 heterostructures has presented a simple and practical device strategy with very promising applications in spintronics.
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BACKGROUND: Secondary nosocomial infections, which are commonly caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), often develop in septic patients. This study aimed to identify the origin of secondary systemic pathogens and reveal the underlying mechanism of infection. METHODS: In this prospective, observational case-control study, a total of 34 septic patients, 33 non-septic intensive care unit (ICU) patients and 10 healthy individuals serving as controls were enrolled. Three hundred and twelve fecal samples were collected and subjected to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Metagenome sequencing was performed to identify the homology between dominant CRKP or VRE in the intestine and pathogens isolated from secondary infectious sites. C57/BL mice were established as pseudo germ-free animal model by pretreatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics for two weeks. RESULTS: The abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota in septic patients was drastically decreased one week after ICU admission, potentially leading to the enrichment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as CRKP. Furthermore, secondary bloodstream and abdominal infections caused by CRKP or VRE in septic patients occurred after intestinal colonization with the predominant bacterial species. Genomic analysis showed that bacteria isolated from secondary infection had high homology with the corresponding predominant intestinal opportunistic pathogens. In addition, animal model experiments validated the hypothesis that the administration of antibiotics caused the enrichment of CRKP and VRE among the intestinal microbiota, increasing the likelihood of permeation of other tissues and potentially causing subsequent systemic infection in pseudo germ-free mice. CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that the pathogens causing secondary infection in septic patients might originate from the intestinal colonization of pathogens following broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment.
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Coinfección , Sepsis , Animales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Genotipo , Humanos , Ratones , Estudios Prospectivos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Sepsis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Since the first report on truly two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials in 2017, a wide variety of merging 2D magnetic materials with unusual physical characteristics have been discovered and thus provide an effective platform for exploring the associated novel 2D spintronic devices, which have been made significant progress in both theoretical and experimental studies. Herein, we make a comprehensive review on the recent scientific endeavors and advances on the various engineering strategies on 2D ferromagnets, such as strain-, doping-, structural- and electric field-engineering, toward practical spintronic applications, including spin tunneling junctions, spin field-effect transistors and spin logic gate, etc. In the last, we discuss on current challenges and future opportunities in this field, which may provide useful guidelines for scientists who are exploring the fundamental physical properties and practical spintronic devices of low-dimensional magnets.
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Quantum target detection is an emerging application that utilizes entanglement to enhance the sensing of the presence of an object. Although several experimental demonstrations for certain situations have been reported recently, the single-shot detection limit imposed by the Helstrom limit has not been reached because of the unknown optimum measurements. Here we report an experimental demonstration of quantum target detection, also known as quantum illumination, in the single-photon limit. In our experiment, one photon of the maximally entangled photon pair is employed as the probe signal and the corresponding optimum measurement is implemented at the receiver. We explore the detection problem in different regions of the parameter space and verify that the quantum advantage exists even in a forbidden region of the conventional illumination, where all classical schemes become useless. Our results indicate that quantum illumination breaks the classical limit for up to 40%, while approaching the quantum limit imposed by the Helstrom limit. These results not only demonstrate the advantage of quantum illumination, but also manifest its valuable potential of target detection.
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The time-symmetric formalism endows the weak measurement and its outcome, the weak value, with many unique features. In particular, it allows a direct tomography of quantum states without resorting to complicated reconstruction algorithms and provides an operational meaning to wave functions and density matrices. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate the direct tomography of a measurement apparatus by taking the backward direction of weak measurement formalism. Our protocol works rigorously with the arbitrary measurement strength, which offers improved accuracy and precision. The precision can be further improved by taking into account the completeness condition of the measurement operators, which also ensures the feasibility of our protocol for the characterization of the arbitrary quantum measurement. Our work provides new insight on the symmetry between quantum states and measurements, as well as an efficient method to characterize a measurement apparatus.
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Several studies found that reduction of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), a marker of DNA hydroxymethylation highly enriched in developing brain, is associated with anxiety-like behaviors. This study aimed to investigate whether gestational arsenic (As) exposure induces anxiety-like behaviors in adult offspring by reducing DNA hydroxymethylation in the developing brain. The dams drank ultrapure water containing NaAsO2 (15 mg/L) throughout pregnancy. Anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated and developing brain 5hmC was detected. Results showed that anxiety-like behaviors were observed in As-exposed adult offspring. In addition, 5hmC content was reduced in As-exposed fetal brain. Despite no difference on Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3 expression, TET activity was suppressed in As-exposed fetal brain. Mechanistically, alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG), a cofactor for TET dioxygenases, was reduced and Idh2, a key enzymatic gene for mitochondrial α-KG synthesis, was downregulated in As-exposed fetal brain. Of interest, ascorbic acid, a cofactor for TET dioxygenases, reversed As-induced suppression of TET activity. Moreover, ascorbic acid attenuated As-induced reduction of 5hmC in fetal brain. In addition, ascorbic acid alleviated As-induced anxiety-like behaviors in adult offspring. Taken together, these results suggest that gestational As exposure induces anxiety-like behaviors in adult offspring, possibly at part, by inhibiting DNA hydroxymethylation in developing brain.
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Arsénico , 5-Metilcitosina , Ansiedad/inducido químicamente , Arsénico/toxicidad , Encéfalo/metabolismo , ADN , Metilación de ADN , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Quantum coherence is a fundamental resource that quantum technologies exploit to achieve performance beyond that of classical devices. A necessary prerequisite to achieve this advantage is the ability of measurement devices to detect coherence from the measurement statistics. Based on a recently developed resource theory of quantum operations, here we quantify experimentally the ability of a typical quantum-optical detector, the weak-field homodyne detector, to detect coherence. We derive an improved algorithm for quantum detector tomography and apply it to reconstruct the positive-operator-valued measures of the detector in different configurations. The reconstructed positive-operator-valued measures are then employed to evaluate how well the detector can detect coherence using two computable measures. As the first experimental investigation of quantum measurements from a resource theoretical perspective, our work sheds new light on the rigorous evaluation of the performance of a quantum measurement apparatus.
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Optically pumped atomic magnetometers based on spin exchange relaxation free regime have recently become a powerful tool in the field of magnetoencephalography measurements. For this application of magnetometers, simultaneous multilocation magnetic field measurements are desired. To fulfill the requirement, we develop a multi-channel sensor module based on a single large vapor cell. The probe beam passes through the vapor cell twice by reflection and then records the two-dimensional spatial magnetic field distribution with two 2 × 2 photodiode matrixes. Comparing with the previous multi-channel tangential magnetic field measuring sensors, our magnetometer is sensitive to the normal magnetic field by operating in the longitudinal parametric modulation mode. Measuring the normal component is considered more suitable for magnetoencephalography, because the normal component provides more information. The sensitivities of the channels are approximately 10 fT/Hz1/2 in the normal direction. The auditory evoked magnetic fields of the four adjacent locations perpendicular to the scalp are detected simultaneously. Our magnetometer can measure the normal and tangential magnetic fields simultaneously. The dual-axis vector measurement of magnetic field is very important for magnetoencephalography.
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This paper proposes an ontology-based fault diagnosis method which overcomes the difficulty of understanding complex fault diagnosis knowledge of loaders and offers a universal approach for fault diagnosis of all loaders. This method contains the following components: (1) An ontology-based fault diagnosis model is proposed to achieve the integrating, sharing and reusing of fault diagnosis knowledge for loaders; (2) combined with ontology, CBR (case-based reasoning) is introduced to realize effective and accurate fault diagnoses following four steps (feature selection, case-retrieval, case-matching and case-updating); and (3) in order to cover the shortages of the CBR method due to the lack of concerned cases, ontology based RBR (rule-based reasoning) is put forward through building SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) rules. An application program is also developed to implement the above methods to assist in finding the fault causes, fault locations and maintenance measures of loaders. In addition, the program is validated through analyzing a case study.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the cell signal transduction pathway of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) mediated hypoxia-induced proliferation of rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). METHODS: The expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1, 2 (ERK1, 2) were analyzed by Western blot. Cell proliferation was tested by a 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. Cell cycle and proliferation index (PI) were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Hypoxia significantly increased the expression of PCNA (0.528 ± 0.028), p-ERK1, 2 (1.12 ± 0.05, 0.91 ± 0.06), BrdU incorporation (143.3 ± 4.2) and cell proliferation index (12.5 ± 0.9) (all P < 0.05, versus control group, 0.243 ± 0.025, 0.47 ± 0.03, 0.40 ± 0.03, 100.0 ± 5.4, 7.5 ± 1.2). Gadolinium chloride (GdCl3, a CaSR agonist) amplified the effect of hypoxia (0.770 ± 0.039, 1.50 ± 0.06, 1.61 ± 0.05, 187.4 ± 3.9, 19.8 ± 0.6, all P < 0.05). PD98059 (a MEK1 inhibitor) decreased the up-regulation of PCNA expression, BrdU incorporation and the increase of cell proliferation index induced by hypoxia and GdCl3 in PASMCs (0.441 ± 0.020, 0.71 ± 0.07, 0.72 ± 0.06, 115.5 ± 4.0, 9.3 ± 1.1, all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Calcium-sensing receptor mediates hypoxia-induced proliferation of rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells through ERK1, 2 pathways.
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MAP Quinasa Quinasa 1/metabolismo , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Proteína Quinasa 1 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/citología , Animales , Hipoxia de la Célula , Proliferación Celular , Células Cultivadas , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/metabolismo , Arteria Pulmonar/citología , Arteria Pulmonar/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Saccharification is a pivotal step in the conversion of lignocellulose to biofuels and chemicals. In this study, crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production was used in pretreatment to facilitate efficient and clean pyrolytic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse. Delignification, demineralization, destruction of lignin-carbohydrate complex structure, and cellulose crystallinity improvement in crude glycerol pretreated biomass could enhance levoglucosan producing reactions against competitive reactions, and therefore facilitate a kinetically controlled pyrolysis with apparent activation energy increased by 2-fold. Accordingly, selective levoglucosan production (44.4%) was promoted by 6-fold whilst light oxygenates and lignin monomers were limited to <25% in bio-oil. Owing to the high-efficiency saccharification, life cycle assessment suggested that the environmental impacts of the integrated process were less than those of typical acid pretreatment and petroleum-based processes, especially on the acidification (8-fold less) and global warming potential. This study provides an environmentally benign approach to efficient biorefinery and waste management.
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Celulosa , Saccharum , Animales , Celulosa/química , Lignina/química , Glicerol , Pirólisis , Cinética , Biomasa , Biocombustibles , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida , HidrólisisRESUMEN
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could induce adverse birth outcomes by evoking inflammation. We investigated the effect and mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on LPS-induced placental inflammation and fetal growth restriction (FGR). In vivo, pregnant CD-1 mice were divided into four groups: Ctrl, DHA, LPS and DHA+LPS group. We found that DHA pretreatment reduced the incidence of FGR induced by LPS and activated the expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in placental tissue. Moreover, the LPS-induced increase of mRNA levels of Tnf-α, Il-6, Il-1ß, Mip-2 and Kc in placental tissue was significantly attenuated by DHA pretreatment. A similar effect of DHA was observed in serum of pregnant mice and amniotic fluid. In contrast, the levels of the IL-10 were significantly increased after DHA pretreatment. In vitro, we clarified that DHA antagonized the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway induced by LPS, which was dependent on PPARγ. Subsequently, CHX (translation inhibitor) was used to indicated that PPARγ significantly increased the degradation rate of p65, an effect that was inhibited by MG132 (proteasome inhibitor) treatment. Finally, it was confirmed that the activation of PPARγ could significantly promote the ubiquitination and degradation of p65. Our results suggested that DHA alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory responses and FGR by activating PPARγ expression, leading to p65 ubiquitination and degradation.
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FN-kappa B , Placenta , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Animales , Ratones , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/metabolismo , Trofoblastos/metabolismo , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/farmacología , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/metabolismo , PPAR gamma/genética , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Several epidemiological investigations demonstrated that maternal arsenic (As) exposure elevated risk of fetal growth restriction (FGR), but the mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effects of gestational As exposure on placental and fetal development and its underlying mechanism. METHODS: Dams were exposed to 0.15, 1.5, and 15mg/L NaAsO2 throughout pregnancy via drinking water. Sizes of fetuses and placentas, placental histopathology, and glycogen content were measured. Placental RNA sequencing was conducted. Human trophoblasts were exposed to NaAsO2 (2µM) to establish an in vitro model of As exposure. The mRNA stability and protein level of genes identified through RNA sequencing were measured. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification was detected by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reason (qPCR). The binding ability of insulin-like growth factor 2 binding protein 2 to the gene of interest was detected by RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation-qPCR. Intracellular S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and methyltransferase activity were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and colorimetry, respectively. In vitro As+3 methyltransferase (As3MT) knockdown or SAM supplementation and in vivo folic acid (FA) supplementation were used to evaluate the protective effect. A case-control study verified the findings. RESULTS: Sizes of fetuses (exposed to 1.5 and 15mg/L NaAsO2) and placentas (exposed to 15mg/L NaAsO2) were lower in As-exposed mice. More glycogen+ trophoblasts accumulated and the expression of markers of interstitial invasion was lower in the 15mg/L NaAsO2-exposed mouse group in comparison with control. Placental RNA sequencing identified cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) as a candidate gene of interest. Mechanistically, mice and cells exposed to As had lower protein expression of CYR61, and this was attributed to a lower incidence of Cyr61 m6A. Furthermore, cells exposed to As had lower methyltransferase activity, suggesting that this could be the mechanism by which Cyr61 m6A was affected. Depletion of intracellular SAM, a cofactor for m6A methyltransferase catalytic domain, partially contributed to As-induced methyltransferase activity reduction. Either As3MT knockdown or SAM supplementation attenuated As-induced Cyr61 m6A down-regulation. In mice, FA supplementation rescued As-induced defective trophoblastic invasion and FGR. In humans, a negative correlation between maternal urinary As and plasma CYR61 was observed in infants who were small for gestational age. DISCUSSION: Using in vitro and in vivo models, we found that intracellular SAM depletion-mediated Cyr61 m6A down-regulation partially contributed to As-induced defective trophoblastic invasion and FGR. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12207.
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Arsénico , Placenta , Embarazo , Lactante , Humanos , Femenino , Animales , Ratones , Arsénico/toxicidad , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Cromatografía Liquida , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Desarrollo Fetal , GlucógenoRESUMEN
Limited follow-up data is available on the recovery of Omicron COVID-19 patients after acute illness. It is also critical to understand persistence of neutralizing antibody (NAb) and of T-cell mediated immunity and the role of hybrid immunity in preventing SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. This prospective cohort study included Omicron COVID-19 individuals from April to June 2022 in Shanghai, China, during a large epidemic caused by the Omicron BA.2 variant. A total of 8945 patients from three medical centres were included in the follow up programme from November 2022 to February 2023. Of 6412 individuals enrolled for the long COVID analysis, 605 (9.4%) individuals experienced at least one sequelae, mainly had fatigue and mental symptoms specific to Omicron BA.2 infection compared with other common respiratory tract infections. During the second-visit, 548 (12.1%) cases of Omicron reinfection were identified. Hybrid immunity with full and booster vaccination had reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection by 0.29-fold (95% CI: 0.63-0.81) and 0.23-fold (95% CI: 0.68-0.87), respectively. For 469 participants willing to the hospital during the first visit, those who received full (72 [IQR, 36-156]) or booster (64 [IQR, 28-132]) vaccination had significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers than those with incomplete vaccination (36 [IQR, 16-79]). Moreover, non-reinfection cases had higher neutralizing antibody titers (64 [IQR, 28-152]) compared to reinfection cases (32 [IQR, 20-69]).
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Estudios de Seguimiento , SARS-CoV-2 , China/epidemiología , Síndrome Post Agudo de COVID-19 , Estudios Prospectivos , Reinfección/epidemiología , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos AntiviralesRESUMEN
Glycerol waste was combined with microwave to pretreat lignocellulose before fast pyrolysis. After pretreatment, most alkali and alkaline earth metals (87.9%) and lignin (52.6%) were removed, and a higher crystallinity was obtained. Comparatively, glycerol waste combined with microwave was proven to be more efficient than glycerol with conventional heating. During fast pyrolysis, higher content of levoglucosan in glycerol waste-pretreated products (27.5%) was obtained, compared with those pretreated by pure glycerol (18.8%) and untreated samples (5.8%). Production of fermentative toxic aldehyde and phenol by-products was also inhibited after glycerol waste treatment. Following mechanistic study had validated that microwave in glycerol waste solvent could effectively ameliorate structure and components of lignocellulose while selectively removing lignin. Notably, under the optimal condition, the levoglucosan content in pyrolytic products was enhanced significantly from 5.8% to 32.9%. In short, this study provided an archetype to dually utilize waste resources for ameliorating lignocellulose structure and precisely manipulating complex fast pyrolysis.
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Halide segregation is a critical bottleneck that hampers the application of mixed-halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) in both electroluminescent and down-conversion red-light-emitting diodes. Herein, we report a strategy that combines precursor and surface engineering to obtain pure-red-emitting (peaked at 624 nm) NCs with a photoluminescence quantum yield of up to 92% and strongly suppresses the halide segregation of mixed-halide NCs under light irradiation. Red-light-emitting diodes (LED) using these mixed-halide NCs as phosphors exhibit color-stable emission with a negligible peak shift and spectral broadening during operation over 240 min. By contrast, a dramatic peak shift and spectral broadening were observed after 10 min of operation in LEDs based on mixed-halide NCs synthesized by a traditional method. Our strategy is critical to achieving photo- and band-gap-stable mixed-halide perovskite NCs for a variety of optoelectronic applications such as micro-LEDs.
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Lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) is the native existing form of major components in lignocellulose. In this study, the structural cross-link between lignin and polysaccharides in lignocellulose was quantitatively estimated with carboxymethylation-separation (CM-Sep) method, and its influence on lignocellulose pyrolysis was systematically investigated. The cross-linked lignin was found to positively correlate with the production of small molecules and furan derivatives while negatively affecting the generation of anhydrous sugars. Content of small molecules was increased by 97% while that of anhydrous sugars was decreased by 47% in pyrolytic products with levoglucosan yield lowered by 54 wt% in the existence of cross-linked lignin. Furthermore, the impact of cross-linked lignin was revealed to be significantly distinguished from free lignin. Impeded glycosidic end formation and boosted glycosyl ring scission as well as lignin fragmentation were responsible for the distinction. Excellent correlations between structural cross-link and lignocellulose pyrolytome could facilitate product prediction and process design.