Electrolyte design for Li-ion batteries under extreme operating conditions.

The ideal electrolyte for the widely used LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811)||graphite lithium-ion batteries is expected to have the capability of supporting higher voltages (≥4.5 volts), fast charging (≤15 minutes), charging/discharging over a wide temperature range (±60 degrees Celsius) without lithium plating, and non-flammability1-4. No existing electrolyte simultaneously meets all these requirements and electrolyte design is hindered by the absence of an effective guiding principle that addresses the relationships between battery performance, solvation structure and solid-electrolyte-interphase chemistry5. Here we report and validate an electrolyte design strategy based on a group of soft solvents that strikes a balance between weak Li+-solvent interactions, sufficient salt dissociation and desired electrochemistry to fulfil all the aforementioned requirements. Remarkably, the 4.5-volt NMC811||graphite coin cells with areal capacities of more than 2.5 milliampere hours per square centimetre retain 75 per cent (54 per cent) of their room-temperature capacity when these cells are charged and discharged at -50 degrees Celsius (-60 degrees Celsius) at a C rate of 0.1C, and the NMC811||graphite pouch cells with lean electrolyte (2.5 grams per ampere hour) achieve stable cycling with an average Coulombic efficiency of more than 99.9 per cent at -30 degrees Celsius. The comprehensive analysis further reveals an impedance matching between the NMC811 cathode and the graphite anode owing to the formation of similar lithium-fluoride-rich interphases, thus effectively avoiding lithium plating at low temperatures. This electrolyte design principle can be extended to other alkali-metal-ion batteries operating under extreme conditions.

CanCellVar: A database for single-cell variants map in human cancer.

Numerous variants, including both single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in DNA and A>G RNA edits in mRNA as essential drivers of cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis, are commonly associated with cancer progression and growth. Thus, mining and summarizing single-cell variants will provide a refined and higher-resolution view of cancer and further contribute to precision medicine. Here, we established a database, CanCellVar, which aims to provide and visualize the comprehensive atlas of single-cell variants in tumor microenvironment. The current CanCellVar identified ∼3 million variants (∼1.4 million SNVs and ∼1.4 million A>G RNA edits) involved in 2,754,531 cells of 5 major cell types across 37 cancer types. CanCellVar provides the basic annotation information as well as cellular and molecular function properties of variants. In addition, the clinical relevance of variants can be obtained including tumor grade, treatment, metastasis, and others. Several flexible tools were also developed to aid retrieval and to analyze cell-cell interactions, gene expression, cell-development trajectories, regulation, and molecular structure affected by variants. Collectively, CanCellVar will serve as a valuable resource for investigating the functions and characteristics of single-cell variations and their roles in human tumor evolution and treatment.

Copper-coordinated cellulose ion conductors for solid-state batteries.

Although solid-state lithium (Li)-metal batteries promise both high energy density and safety, existing solid ion conductors fail to satisfy the rigorous requirements of battery operations. Inorganic ion conductors allow fast ion transport, but their rigid and brittle nature prevents good interfacial contact with electrodes. Conversely, polymer ion conductors that are Li-metal-stable usually provide better interfacial compatibility and mechanical tolerance, but typically suffer from inferior ionic conductivity owing to the coupling of the ion transport with the motion of the polymer chains1-3. Here we report a general strategy for achieving high-performance solid polymer ion conductors by engineering of molecular channels. Through the coordination of copper ions (Cu2+) with one-dimensional cellulose nanofibrils, we show that the opening of molecular channels within the normally ion-insulating cellulose enables rapid transport of Li+ ions along the polymer chains. In addition to high Li+ conductivity (1.5 × 10-3 siemens per centimetre at room temperature along the molecular chain direction), the Cu2+-coordinated cellulose ion conductor also exhibits a high transference number (0.78, compared with 0.2-0.5 in other polymers2) and a wide window of electrochemical stability (0-4.5 volts) that can accommodate both the Li-metal anode and high-voltage cathodes. This one-dimensional ion conductor also allows ion percolation in thick LiFePO4 solid-state cathodes for application in batteries with a high energy density. Furthermore, we have verified the universality of this molecular-channel engineering approach with other polymers and cations, achieving similarly high conductivities, with implications that could go beyond safe, high-performance solid-state batteries.

Stratifying TAD boundaries pinpoints focal genomic regions of regulation, damage, and repair.

Advances in chromatin mapping have exposed the complex chromatin hierarchical organization in mammals, including topologically associating domains (TADs) and their substructures, yet the functional implications of this hierarchy in gene regulation and disease progression are not fully elucidated. Our study delves into the phenomenon of shared TAD boundaries, which are pivotal in maintaining the hierarchical chromatin structure and regulating gene activity. By integrating high-resolution Hi-C data, chromatin accessibility, and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) data from various cell lines, we systematically explore the complex regulatory landscape at high-level TAD boundaries. Our findings indicate that these boundaries are not only key architectural elements but also vibrant hubs, enriched with functionally crucial genes and complex transcription factor binding site-clustered regions. Moreover, they exhibit a pronounced enrichment of DSBs, suggesting a nuanced interplay between transcriptional regulation and genomic stability. Our research provides novel insights into the intricate relationship between the 3D genome structure, gene regulation, and DNA repair mechanisms, highlighting the role of shared TAD boundaries in maintaining genomic integrity and resilience against perturbations. The implications of our findings extend to understanding the complexities of genomic diseases and open new avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting the structural and functional integrity of TAD boundaries.

SORC: an integrated spatial omics resource in cancer.

The interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment play pivotal roles in the initiation, progression and metastasis of cancer. The advent of spatial transcriptomics data offers an opportunity to unravel the intricate dynamics of cellular states and cell-cell interactions in cancer. Herein, we have developed an integrated spatial omics resource in cancer (SORC, http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/SORC), which interactively visualizes and analyzes the spatial transcriptomics data in cancer. We manually curated currently available spatial transcriptomics datasets for 17 types of cancer, comprising 722 899 spots across 269 slices. Furthermore, we matched reference single-cell RNA sequencing data in the majority of spatial transcriptomics datasets, involving 334 379 cells and 46 distinct cell types. SORC offers five major analytical modules that address the primary requirements of spatial transcriptomics analysis, including slice annotation, identification of spatially variable genes, co-occurrence of immune cells and tumor cells, functional analysis and cell-cell communications. All these spatial transcriptomics data and in-depth analyses have been integrated into easy-to-browse and explore pages, visualized through intuitive tables and various image formats. In summary, SORC serves as a valuable resource for providing an unprecedented spatially resolved cellular map of cancer and identifying specific genes and functional pathways to enhance our understanding of the tumor microenvironment.

Aqueous Li-ion battery enabled by halogen conversion-intercalation chemistry in graphite.

The use of 'water-in-salt' electrolytes has considerably expanded the electrochemical window of aqueous lithium-ion batteries to 3 to 4 volts, making it possible to couple high-voltage cathodes with low-potential graphite anodes1-4. However, the limited lithium intercalation capacities (less than 200 milliampere-hours per gram) of typical transition-metal-oxide cathodes5,6 preclude higher energy densities. Partial7,8 or exclusive9 anionic redox reactions may achieve higher capacity, but at the expense of reversibility. Here we report a halogen conversion-intercalation chemistry in graphite that produces composite electrodes with a capacity of 243 milliampere-hours per gram (for the total weight of the electrode) at an average potential of 4.2 volts versus Li/Li+. Experimental characterization and modelling attribute this high specific capacity to a densely packed stage-I graphite intercalation compound, C3.5[Br0.5Cl0.5], which can form reversibly in water-in-bisalt electrolyte. By coupling this cathode with a passivated graphite anode, we create a 4-volt-class aqueous Li-ion full cell with an energy density of 460 watt-hours per kilogram of total composite electrode and about 100 per cent Coulombic efficiency. This anion conversion-intercalation mechanism combines the high energy densities of the conversion reactions, the excellent reversibility of the intercalation mechanism and the improved safety of aqueous batteries.

Author Correction: Aqueous Li-ion battery enabled by halogen conversion-intercalation chemistry in graphite.

In Fig. 3e of this Letter, the labels "Br-Cl1" and "Br-Cl2" should read "Br-Br1" and "Br-Br2", respectively. In the Methods section 'Preparation of electrodes', the phrase "anhydrous LiBr/LiCl was replaced by LiBr·H2O (99.95%; Sigma-Aldrich) and LiCl (99.95%; Sigma-Aldrich)" should read "anhydrous LiBr/LiCl was replaced by LiBr·H2O (99.95%; Sigma-Aldrich) and LiCl·H2O (99.95%; Sigma-Aldrich)". These errors have been corrected online.

Quantifying inactive lithium in lithium metal batteries.

Lithium metal anodes offer high theoretical capacities (3,860 milliampere-hours per gram)1, but rechargeable batteries built with such anodes suffer from dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency (the ratio of charge output to charge input), preventing their commercial adoption2,3. The formation of inactive ('dead') lithium- which consists of both (electro)chemically formed Li+ compounds in the solid electrolyte interphase and electrically isolated unreacted metallic Li0 (refs 4,5)-causes capacity loss and safety hazards. Quantitatively distinguishing between Li+ in components of the solid electrolyte interphase and unreacted metallic Li0 has not been possible, owing to the lack of effective diagnostic tools. Optical microscopy6, in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy7,8, X-ray microtomography9 and magnetic resonance imaging10 provide a morphological perspective with little chemical information. Nuclear magnetic resonance11, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy12 and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy13,14 can distinguish between Li+ in the solid electrolyte interphase and metallic Li0, but their detection ranges are limited to surfaces or local regions. Here we establish the analytical method of titration gas chromatography to quantify the contribution of unreacted metallic Li0 to the total amount of inactive lithium. We identify the unreacted metallic Li0, not the (electro)chemically formed Li+ in the solid electrolyte interphase, as the dominant source of inactive lithium and capacity loss. By coupling the unreacted metallic Li0 content to observations of its local microstructure and nanostructure by cryogenic electron microscopy (both scanning and transmission), we also establish the formation mechanism of inactive lithium in different types of electrolytes and determine the underlying cause of low Coulombic efficiency in plating and stripping (the charge and discharge processes, respectively, in a full cell) of lithium metal anodes. We propose strategies for making lithium plating and stripping more efficient so that lithium metal anodes can be used for next-generation high-energy batteries.

Highly reversible Zn metal anode enabled by sustainable hydroxyl chemistry.

Rechargeable Zn metal batteries (RZMBs) may provide a more sustainable and lower-cost alternative to established battery technologies in meeting energy storage applications of the future. However, the most promising electrolytes for RZMBs are generally aqueous and require high concentrations of salt(s) to bring efficiencies toward commercially viable levels and mitigate water-originated parasitic reactions including hydrogen evolution and corrosion. Electrolytes based on nonaqueous solvents are promising for avoiding these issues, but full cell performance demonstrations with solvents other than water have been very limited. To address these challenges, we investigated MeOH as an alternative electrolyte solvent. These MeOH-based electrolytes exhibited exceptional Zn reversibility over a wide temperature range, with a Coulombic efficiency > 99.5% at 50% Zn utilization without cell short-circuit behavior for > 1,800 h. More important, this remarkable performance translates well to Zn || metal-free organic cathode full cells, supporting < 6% capacity decay after > 800 cycles at -40 °C.

Lumican promotes calcific aortic valve disease through H3 histone lactylation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Valve interstitial cells (VICs) undergo a transition to intermediate state cells before ultimately transforming into the osteogenic cell population, which is a pivotal cellular process in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Herein, this study successfully delineated the stages of VIC osteogenic transformation and elucidated a novel key regulatory role of lumican (LUM) in this process. METHODS: Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) from nine human aortic valves was used to characterize the pathological switch process and identify key regulatory factors. The in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo, and double knockout mice were constructed to further unravel the calcification-promoting effect of LUM. Moreover, the multi-omic approaches were employed to analyse the molecular mechanism of LUM in CAVD. RESULTS: ScRNA-seq successfully delineated the process of VIC pathological transformation and highlighted the significance of LUM as a novel molecule in this process. The pro-calcification role of LUM is confirmed on the in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo level, and ApoE-/-//LUM-/- double knockout mice. The LUM induces osteogenesis in VICs via activation of inflammatory pathways and augmentation of cellular glycolysis, resulting in the accumulation of lactate. Subsequent investigation has unveiled a novel LUM driving histone modification, lactylation, which plays a role in facilitating valve calcification. More importantly, this study has identified two specific sites of histone lactylation, namely, H3K14la and H3K9la, which have been found to facilitate the process of calcification. The confirmation of these modification sites' association with the expression of calcific genes Runx2 and BMP2 has been achieved through ChIP-PCR analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The study presents novel findings, being the first to establish the involvement of lumican in mediating H3 histone lactylation, thus facilitating the development of aortic valve calcification. Consequently, lumican would be a promising therapeutic target for intervention in the treatment of CAVD.

Aromaticity Tuning of Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers for Singlet Fission-Enhanced Immunogenic Photodynamic Oncotherapy.

The quantum yield of reactive oxygen species is of central importance for the development of organic photosensitizers and photodynamic therapy (PDT). A common molecular design approach for optimizing organic photosensitizers involves the incorporation of heavy atoms into their backbones. However, this raises concerns regarding heightened dark cytotoxicity and a shortened triplet-state lifetime. Herein, we demonstrate a heavy-atom-free (HAF) photosensitizer design strategy founded on the singlet fission (SF) mechanism for cancer PDT. Through the "single-atom surgery" approach to deleting oxygen atoms in pyrazino[2,3-g]quinoxaline skeleton photosensitizers, photosensitizers PhPQ and TriPhPQ are produced with Huckel's aromaticity and Baird's aromaticity in the ground state and triplet state, respectively, enabling the generation of two triplet excitons through SF. The SF process endows photosensitizer PhPQ with an ultrahigh triplet-state quantum yield (186%) and an outstanding 1O2 quantum yield (177%). Notably, HAF photosensitizers PhPQ and TriPhPQ enhanced PDT efficacy and potentiated αPD-L1 immune check blockade therapy in vivo, which show their promise for translational oncology treatment.

Li Dynamics in Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conducting Interlayer of All-Solid-State Li-metal Batteries.

Lithium-metal (Li0) anodes potentially enable all-solid-state batteries with high energy density. However, it shows incompatibility with sulfide solid-state electrolytes (SEs). One strategy is introducing an interlayer, generally made of a mixed ionic-electronic conductor (MIEC). Yet, how Li behaves within MIEC remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the Li dynamics in a graphite interlayer, a typical MIEC, by using operando neutron imaging and Raman spectroscopy. This study revealed that intercalation-extrusion-dominated mechanochemical reactions during cell assembly transform the graphite into a Li-graphite interlayer consisting of SE, Li0, and graphite-intercalation compounds. During charging, Li+ preferentially deposited at the Li-graphite|SE interface. Upon further plating, Li0-dendrites formed, inducing short circuits and the reverse migration of Li0. Modeling indicates the interface has the lowest nucleation barrier, governing lithium transport paths. Our study elucidates intricate mechano-chemo-electrochemical processes in mixed conducting interlayers. The behavior of Li+ and Li0 in the interlayer is governed by multiple competing factors.

PCSK9 inhibition interrupts the cross-talk between keratinocytes and macrophages and prevents UVB-induced skin damage.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is an enzyme that promotes the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors. It is involved in hyperlipidemia as well as other diseases, such as cancer and skin inflammation. However, the detailed mechanism for PCSK9 on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin lesions was not clear. Thus, the role and possible action mechanism of PCSK9 in UVB-induced skin damage in mice were studied here using siRNA and a small molecule inhibitor (SBC110736) against PCSK9. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a significant increase in PCSK9 expression after UVB exposure, indicating the possible role of PCSK9 in UVB damage. Skin damage, increase in epidermal thickness, and keratinocyte hyperproliferation were significantly alleviated after treatment with SBC110736 or siRNA duplexes, compared with that in the UVB model group. Notably, UVB exposure triggered DNA damage in keratinocytes, whereas substantial interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation was observed in macrophages. Pharmacologic inhibition of STING or cGAS knockout significantly reduced UVB-induced damage. In the co-culture system, supernatant from UVB-treated keratinocyte induced IRF3 activation in macrophages. This activation was inhibited with SBC110736 and by PCSK9 knockdown. Collectively, our findings reveal that PCSK9 plays a critical role in the crosstalk between damaged keratinocytes and STING activation in macrophages. The interruption of this crosstalk by PCSK9 inhibition may be a potential therapeutic strategy for UVB-induced skin damage.

PbHsfC1a-coordinates ABA biosynthesis and H2O2 signalling pathways to improve drought tolerance in Pyrus betulaefolia.

Abiotic stresses have had a substantial impact on fruit crop output and quality. Plants have evolved an efficient immune system to combat abiotic stress, which employs reactive oxygen species (ROS) to activate the downstream defence response signals. Although an aquaporin protein encoded by PbPIP1;4 is identified from transcriptome analysis of Pyrus betulaefolia plants under drought treatments, little attention has been paid to the role of PIP and ROS in responding to abiotic stresses in pear plants. In this study, we discovered that overexpression of PbPIP1;4 in pear callus improved tolerance to oxidative and osmotic stresses by reconstructing redox homeostasis and ABA signal pathways. PbPIP1;4 overexpression enhanced the transport of H2O2 into pear and yeast cells. Overexpression of PbPIP1;4 in Arabidopsis plants mitigates the stress effects caused by adding ABA, including stomatal closure and reduction of seed germination and seedling growth. Overexpression of PbPIP1;4 in Arabidopsis plants decreases drought-induced leaf withering. The PbPIP1;4 promoter could be bound and activated by TF PbHsfC1a. Overexpression of PbHsfC1a in Arabidopsis plants rescued the leaf from wilting under drought stress. PbHsfC1a could bind to and activate AtNCED4 and PbNCED4 promoters, but the activation could be inhibited by adding ABA. Besides, PbNCED expression was up-regulated under H2O2 treatment but down-regulated under ABA treatment. In conclusion, this study revealed that PbHsfC1a is a positive regulator of abiotic stress, by targeting PbPIP1;4 and PbNCED4 promoters and activating their expression to mediate redox homeostasis and ABA biosynthesis. It provides valuable information for breeding drought-resistant pear cultivars through gene modification.

PRES: a webserver for decoding the functional perturbations of RNA editing sites.

Rapid progresses in RNA-Seq and computational methods have assisted in quantifying A-to-I RNA editing and altered RNA editing sites have been widely observed in various diseases. Nevertheless, functional characterization of the altered RNA editing sites still remains a challenge. Here, we developed perturbations of RNA editing sites (PRES; http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/PRES/) as the webserver for decoding functional perturbations of RNA editing sites based on editome profiling. After uploading an editome profile among samples of different groups, PRES will first annotate the editing sites to various genomic elements and detect differential editing sites under the user-selected method and thresholds. Next, the downstream functional perturbations of differential editing sites will be characterized from gain or loss miRNA/RNA binding protein regulation, RNA and protein structure changes, and the perturbed biological pathways. A prioritization module was developed to rank genes based on their functional consequences of RNA editing events. PRES provides user-friendly functionalities, ultra-efficient calculation, intuitive table and figure visualization interface to display the annotated RNA editing events, filtering options and elaborate application notebooks. We anticipate PRES will provide an opportunity for better understanding the regulatory mechanisms of RNA editing in human complex diseases.

Regulation of laser-induced nanogratings by tuning the Marangoni-plasmon-coupled effect.

Laser-induced subwavelength nanogratings on films find widespread applications in enhancing a spectrum through surface plasmon excitation. It is challenging to achieve high uniformity, diversity, and controllability due to the intricate interplay between two basic mechanisms in laser nanostructuring: the Marangoni effect and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). We tune the coupled effect on Ge2Sb2Te5 films by adjusting the laser polarization, whose component controls the two effects' strength ratio. The Marangoni effect dominates when the SPPs' direction mismatches with the growing direction of nanogratings. Tuning this competition relationship helps to create nanogratings with tunable duty cycle and distribution, which are significant for light modulation applications. A highly efficient direct writing method with a line-shaped laser beam is employed to create large-area regular nanogratings by enhancing the effect tuning. We demonstrate diverse Au nanogratings with the aid of a lift-off operation and apply them in surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE), showcasing exceptional enhancement and narrowing performance.

Tandem Electrochemical Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Amines Towards Carbazoles and Phenazine-based Aza-helicenes.

Experimental and theoretical study of the regioselectivity and mechanism of polycyclic aromatic amine (PAA) electrochemical oxidation is important for designing nitrogen doped large π-conjugated functional molecules. Herein, we used binary-, ternary-, and quaternary-fused PAAs as electro-oxidative reaction substrates to investigate the yield changes of carbazole and phenazine based aza-helicene other than oligomers, which were obtained through pyrrole and pyrazine annulation pathways. Combined with the restrained electrostatic potential (RESP) and steric hindrance factor analysis of the substrate, the electron spin density distribution of free radical resonance hybrid and the spin population analysis of the atoms in the structure of each free radical tautomer indicate that the degree of delocalized dispersion of N free radical and the resulting change in the spin density distribution of C free radical tautomers determine the reaction regioselectivity. The potential charge of the K-region, Bay-region, and L-region adjacent to the C(α)-C(ß1) bond is higher than that of other regions within the molecule, and the charge in these high RESP regions tends to delocalize more strongly toward electron-deficient N free radicals. Thus, the activity of N-C(α)-C(ß1) region is increased, which supports the proposed free radical addition and free radical coupling mechanism for the electro-oxidative reaction of PAA.

A Very Deep Graph Convolutional Network for 13C NMR Chemical Shift Calculations with Density Functional Theory Level Performance for Structure Assignment.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift calculations are powerful tools for structure elucidation and have been extensively employed in both natural product and synthetic chemistry. However, density functional theory (DFT) NMR chemical shift calculations are usually time-consuming, while fast data-driven methods often lack reliability, making it challenging to apply them to computationally intensive tasks with a high requirement on quality. Herein, we have constructed a 54-layer-deep graph convolutional network for 13C NMR chemical shift calculations, which achieved high accuracy with low time-cost and performed competitively with DFT NMR chemical shift calculations on structure assignment benchmarks. Our model utilizes a semiempirical method, GFN2-xTB, and is compatible with a broad variety of organic systems, including those composed of hundreds of atoms or elements ranging from H to Rn. We used this model to resolve the controversial J/K ring junction problem of maitotoxin, which is the largest whole molecule assigned by NMR calculations to date. This model has been developed into user-friendly software, providing a useful tool for routine rapid structure validation and assignation as well as a new approach to elucidate the large structures that were previously unsuitable for NMR calculations.

TransLnc: a comprehensive resource for translatable lncRNAs extends immunopeptidome.

LncRNAs are not only well-known as non-coding elements, but also serve as templates for peptide translation, playing important roles in fundamental cellular processes and diseases. Here, we describe a database, TransLnc (http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/TransLnc/), which aims to provide comprehensive experimentally supported and predicted lncRNA peptides in multiple species. TransLnc currently documents approximate 583 840 peptides encoded by 33 094 lncRNAs. Six types of direct and indirect evidences supporting the coding potential of lncRNAs were integrated, and 65.28% peptides entries were with at least one type of evidence. Considering the strong tissue-specific expression of lncRNAs, TransLnc allows users to access lncRNA peptides in any of the 34 tissues involved in. In addition, both the unique characteristic and homology relationship were also predicted and provided. Importantly, TransLnc provides computationally predicted tumour neoantigens from peptides encoded by lncRNAs, which would provide novel insights into cancer immunotherapy. There were 220 791 and 237 915 candidate neoantigens binding by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II molecules, respectively. Several flexible tools were developed to aid retrieve and analyse, particularly lncRNAs tissue expression patterns, clinical relevance across cancer types. TransLnc will serve as a valuable resource for investigating the translation capacity of lncRNAs and greatly extends the cancer immunopeptidome.

Reversible Switch in Charge Storage Enabled by Selective Ion Transport in Solid Electrolyte Interphase.

Solid-electrolyte interphases (SEIs) in advanced rechargeable batteries ensure reversible electrode reactions at extreme potentials beyond the thermodynamic stability limits of electrolytes by insulating electrons while allowing the transport of working ions. Such selective ion transport occurs naturally in biological cell membranes as a ubiquitous prerequisite of many life processes and a foundation of biodiversity. In addition, cell membranes can selectively open and close the ion channels in response to external stimuli (e.g., electrical, chemical, mechanical, and thermal), giving rise to "gating" mechanisms that help manage intracellular reactions. We wondered whether the chemistry and structure of SEIs can mimic those of cell membranes, such that ion gating can be replicated. That is, can SEIs realize a reversible switching between two electrochemical behaviors, i.e., the ion intercalation chemistry of batteries and the ion adsorption of capacitors? Herein, we report such SEIs that result in thermally activated selective ion transport. The function of open/close gate switches is governed by the chemical and structural dynamics of SEIs under different thermal conditions, with precise behaviors as conducting and insulating interphases that enable battery and capacitive processes within a finite temperature window. Such an ion gating function is synergistically contributed by Arrhenius-activated ion transport and SEI dissolution/regrowth. Following the understanding of this new mechanism, we then develop an electrochemical method to heal the SEI layer in situ. The knowledge acquired in this work reveals the possibility of hitherto unknown biomimetic properties of SEIs, which will guide us to leverage such complexities to design better SEIs for future battery chemistries.