RESUMEN
PURPOSE: During the last decade, the incidence of anaerobic bacteremia (AB) has been increasing. Patients with AB may develop complex underlying diseases, which can occasionally be accompanied by fatal or fulminant outcomes. However, the risk factors for AB-related mortality remain unclear. Herein, we sought to elucidate the risk factors for AB-related mortality. METHODS: In this multicenter, retrospective, observational study, we enrolled patients with culture-proven AB from six tertiary hospitals in Japan, between January 2012 and December 2021. Data on patient and infection characteristics, laboratory findings, treatment, and outcome were collected, and their associations with mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 520 participants were included. The 30-day mortality in the study cohort was 14.0% (73 patients), and malignant tumors were frequently observed comorbidities in 48% of the entire cohort. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed a Charlson comorbidity score of > 6, serum creatinine level of > 1.17 mg/dL, and hypotension to be independent risk factors for 30-day mortality in AB (odds ratios [ORs] 2.12, 2.25, and 5.12, respectively; p < 0.05), whereas drainage significantly reduced this risk (OR, 0.28; p < 0.0001). Twelve patients (2.3% of the whole cohort and 16.4% of the deceased patients) presented with extremely rapid progression leading to fatal outcome, consistent with "fulminant AB." CONCLUSIONS: This study identified acute circulatory dysfunction and performance of drainage as independent predictive factors for 30-day AB-related mortality and revealed the existence of a fulminant AB sub-phenotype. Our findings could serve as a practical guide to predict the clinical outcomes of AB.
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Bacteriemia , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Anaerobiosis , Estudios de Cohortes , Factores de Riesgo , Bacteriemia/microbiología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma (PLC) is a subtype of breast cancer with unique morphological features, but it remains controversial whether PLC should be considered an independent disease entity. The aim of this study was to illustrate cytopathological characteristics of PLC in comparison with other lobular carcinoma variants. METHODS: We investigated clinicopathological features of PLC (n = 11) compared with those of other variants of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC, non-PLC) (n = 32). Histological variants of the non-PLC group consisted of classic (n = 25), solid (n = 2), alveolar (n = 1) and a tubulolobular type (n = 4). A review of cytological reports and fine needle aspiration (FNA) smear samples was performed for the PLC (n = 9) and non-PLC (n = 27) groups. RESULTS: Patients with PLC were older, and had a higher nuclear grade and a higher incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis and triple negative phenotype than non-PLC patients (P = 0.007, P < 0.001, P = 0.02 and P < 0.001, respectively). Cytological findings in PLC included medium- to large-sized nuclei, prominent nucleoli, a moderate-to-severe degree of pleomorphism, apocrine change and background necrosis, none of which were evident in the smears of the non-PLC group (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.03, respectively). Despite these differences, patients with PLC and non-PLC showed similar clinical outcomes in our follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, a cytological diagnosis of PLC should be proposed if there are moderate- to large-sized nuclei, prominent nucleoli, a moderate-to severe degree of nuclear pleomorphism, apocrine change and necrosis in the background in FNA biopsy samples.
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Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Carcinoma Lobular/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Lobular/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Axila/patología , Biopsia con Aguja Fina/métodos , Mama/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Metástasis Linfática , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Mucinous carcinoma (MCA) may show neuroendocrine differentiation (ND), but the cytological features characteristic of ND remains elusive. We compared fine needle aspiration (FNA) findings of MCA between cases with high and low degrees of ND. METHODS: Histological sections of 37 MCA cases were immunohistochemically evaluated for expression of chromogranin A and synaptophysin, and were graded as 0 to 3+ degrees of ND. They were divided into low ND (grade 0 and 1+) and high ND (grade 2+ and 3+) groups. Pre-operative FNA samples of each group were assessed for cytological features. RESULTS: The mean age of the high ND group (n = 18) was higher than the low ND group (n = 19, P = 0.01). In FNA samples of the high ND group, 17 cases showed moderate to severe degrees of discohesiveness, but low ND cases mainly showed no or only mild discohesiveness (P < 0.001). Nine of the low ND cases displayed overlapped, cohesive cell clusters, whereas, in the high ND cases, the cells were arranged in a loose, flat and monolayered pattern (P = 0.045). Fourteen of the high ND cases had round nuclei, but oval nuclei were predominant in the low ND cases (P = 0.027). The nuclei were eccentrically located in 12 of the high ND cases but were centrally located in 14 of the low ND cases (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Mucinous carcinoma with high ND may be diagnosed by the presence of discohesiveness, a flat, monolayered pattern, and round or eccentrically located nuclei. Features of ND in carcinomas in other organs, such as intracytoplasmic granules and coarse chromatin, may not be reliable cytological features of ND in MCA.
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Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Mama/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biopsia con Aguja Fina , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/patología , Cromogranina A/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Clasificación del Tumor , Sinaptofisina/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Frequency of FGFR2 amplification, its clinicopathological features, and the results of high-throughput screening assays in a large cohort of gastric clinical samples remain largely unclear. METHODS: Drug sensitivity to a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor was evaluated in vitro. The gene amplification of the FGFRs in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) gastric cancer tissues was determined by a real-time PCR-based copy number assay and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). RESULTS: FGFR2 amplification confers hypersensitivity to FGFR inhibitor in gastric cancer cell lines. The copy number assay revealed that 4.1% (11 out of 267) of the gastric cancers harboured FGFR2 amplification. No amplification of the three other family members (FGFR1, 3 and 4) was detected. A FISH analysis was performed on 7 cases among 11 FGFR2-amplified cases and showed that 6 of these 7 cases were highly amplified, while the remaining 1 had a relatively low grade of amplification. Although the difference was not significant, patients with FGFR2 amplification tended to exhibit a shorter overall survival period. CONCLUSION: FGFR2 amplification was observed in 4.1% of gastric cancers and our established PCR-based copy number assay could be a powerful tool for detecting FGFR2 amplification using FFPE samples. Our results strongly encourage the development of FGFR-targeted therapy for gastric cancers with FGFR2 amplification.
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Amplificación de Genes , Receptor Tipo 2 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Línea Celular Tumoral , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Dosificación de Gen , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adhesión en Parafina , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Receptor Tipo 2 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Frozen gloves (FG) are effective in preventing docetaxel-induced nail toxicity (DNT), but uncomfortable. The preventive effect of FG for DNT was compared using a standard (-25 to -30°C) or more comfortable (-10 to -20°C) preparation. METHODS: Breast cancer patients receiving docetaxel were eligible. Each patient wore an FG (prepared at -10 to -20°C for 90 min) for 60 min without replacement on the right hand. The left hand was protected by standard methods (FG prepared at -25 to -30°C overnight and worn for 90 min with replacement at 45 min). The primary endpoint was DNT occurrence at 5 months. Secondary endpoints included docetaxel exposure [cumulative dose and area under the blood concentration time curve (AUC)] until DNT occurrence and discomfort from FG. The pharmacokinetics of docetaxel was assessed. RESULTS: From 23 patients enrolled between December 2006 and June 2010, seven who received docetaxel for less than 5 months were excluded from evaluation. The median accumulated docetaxel dose was 700 mg/m(2) (340-1430 mg/m(2)). Within 5 months of FG use, none developed protocol-defined DNT in either hand. Two patients (13%) developed DNT at 7.2 and 7.3 months, respectively, both at -10 to -20°C. In the control hand (-25 to -30°C), discomfort occurred in 92% of the cycles, compared to 15% in the experimental hand (-10 to -20°C). Five patients (22%) experienced pain at -25 to -30°C, but none did at -10 to -20°C. The degree of docetaxel exposure was not related to DNT occurrence in our study. CONCLUSION: A convenient preparation of FG at -10 to -20°C is almost as effective as a standard preparation at -25 to -30°C, with significantly less discomfort.
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Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Guantes Protectores , Hipotermia Inducida/métodos , Enfermedades de la Uña/prevención & control , Taxoides/efectos adversos , Adulto , Anciano , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Docetaxel , Femenino , Guantes Protectores/efectos adversos , Humanos , Hipotermia Inducida/efectos adversos , Japón , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades de la Uña/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de la Uña/metabolismo , Taxoides/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that is activated in response to growth factors and cytokines, and which contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and motility in many human tumour types. METHODS: We investigated the mechanisms of STAT3 activation and the function of STAT3 depending on its mechanism of activation in gastric cancer cells. RESULTS: The MET-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and cell transfection with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for MET mRNA inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation in MET-activated cells, indicating that STAT3 activation is linked to MET signalling. Forced expression of a constitutively active form of STAT3 also attenuated MET-TKI-induced apoptosis, suggesting that inhibition of STAT3 activity contributes to MET-TKI-induced apoptosis. MKN1 and MKN7 cells, both of which are negative for MET activation, produced interleukin-6 (IL-6) that activated STAT3 through the Janus kinase pathway. Depletion of STAT3 by siRNA inhibited migration and invasion of these cells, suggesting that STAT3 activated by IL-6 contributes to regulation of cell motility. CONCLUSION: Our data thus show that activated STAT3 contributes to either cell survival or motility in gastric cancer cells, and that these actions are related to different mechanisms of STAT3 activation.
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Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met/metabolismo , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/fisiología , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular , Supervivencia Celular , Silenciador del Gen , Humanos , Interleucina-6/farmacología , Invasividad Neoplásica , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Activación Transcripcional , TransfecciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A blood pressure drop after bevacizumab administration and its clinical significance have not been previously reported. METHODS: Blood pressure data at 0, 90, and 180 min after a total of 162 bevacizumab administrations in 81 advanced colorectal cancer patients were retrospectively investigated. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (30%) demonstrated an average temporary drop of 20 mm Hg or more in systolic blood pressure. We classified these 25 patients as group A and the others as group B. Median time-to-treatment failure (TTF) was significantly longer in group A than in group B (291 vs 162 days; P=0.02). Furthermore, the proportion of patients who required intervention with antihypertensive drugs during bevacizumab treatment was significantly higher in group A than in group B (36% vs 4%; P<0.01). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that a temporary blood pressure drop after bevacizumab administration could be a predictive marker for bevacizumab treatment.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/efectos adversos , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipotensión/inducido químicamente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/efectos adversos , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Bevacizumab , Neoplasias Colorrectales/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Insuficiencia del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Activin A is a multi-functional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) superfamily; however, the effect of activin A on angiogenesis remains largely unclear. We found that inhibin ß A subunit (INHBA) mRNA is overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC) specimens and investigated the effect of activin A, a homodimer of INHBA, on angiogenesis in GC. METHODS: Anti-angiogenic effects of activin A via p21 induction were evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and a stable INHBA-introduced GC cell line in vivo. RESULTS: Compared with TGF-ß, activin A potently inhibited the cellular proliferation and tube formation of HUVECs with induction of p21. A promoter assay and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that activin A directly regulates p21 transcriptional activity through Smads. Stable p21-knockdown significantly enhanced the cellular proliferation of HUVECs. Notably, stable p21-knockdown exhibited a resistance to activin-mediated growth inhibition in HUVECs, indicating that p21 induction has a key role on activin A-mediated growth inhibition in vascular endothelial cells. Finally, a stable INHBA-introduced GC cell line exhibited a decrease in tumour growth and angiogenesis in vivo. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the suppressive role of activin A, unlike TGF-ß, on tumour growth and angiogenesis in GC.
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Activinas/fisiología , Neovascularización Patológica/prevención & control , Neoplasias Gástricas/irrigación sanguínea , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Proliferación Celular , Células Cultivadas , Inmunoprecipitación de Cromatina , Inhibidor p21 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina/metabolismo , Cartilla de ADN , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Fosforilación , Proteína Smad2/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologíaRESUMEN
The safety of chemotherapy for patients with systemic sclerosis is unclear, and there are few published reports documenting the side effects of chemotherapy in patients with this condition. Here, we report the case of a patient with systemic sclerosis who developed severe digital ischemia during combination gemcitabine/S-1 chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer. In spite of aggressive treatment, the digital ischemia progressively worsened and gangrenous changes developed in multiple fingers and toes. In this patient, the systemic sclerosis had been well controlled, with no digital ischemic symptoms for the previous 6 years, so this progressive clinical course in spite of aggressive treatment strongly suggests that the chemotherapy triggered or aggravated the digital necrosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the third reported case of a patient with systemic sclerosis developing digital necrosis after gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. The incidence of digital necrosis during chemotherapy in patients with systemic sclerosis is unknown, and the mechanism by which it occurs is unclear, but the three reports published to date, including the present case, suggest that physicians should be very cautious about administering gemcitabine-based chemotherapy to patients with systemic sclerosis. Any resulting digital ischemia might be refractory to treatment and worsen progressively, even if chemotherapy is withdrawn in the early stages of digital ischemia.
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Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Dedos/patología , Isquemia/inducido químicamente , Ácido Oxónico/efectos adversos , Esclerodermia Sistémica/complicaciones , Tegafur/efectos adversos , Dedos del Pie/patología , Anciano , Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Desoxicitidina/administración & dosificación , Desoxicitidina/efectos adversos , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Esquema de Medicación , Combinación de Medicamentos , Resultado Fatal , Gangrena/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Isquemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Isquemia/etiología , Isquemia/terapia , Masculino , Necrosis/inducido químicamente , Ácido Oxónico/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Neoplasias Peritoneales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Peritoneales/secundario , Enfermedad de Raynaud/inducido químicamente , Tegafur/administración & dosificación , GemcitabinaRESUMEN
AIMS: Oral administration of probiotics has been known to improve inflammatory responses against infectious diseases. Here, we describe the inhibitory effect of oral intake of heat-killed Lactobacillus pentosus strain b240 (b240) on pneumococcal pneumonia in a murine experimental model. METHOD AND RESULTS: The mice treated with oral b240 for 21 days before Streptococcus pneumoniae infection exhibited prolonged survival time and less body weight loss, compared with saline-treated control mice. Mild pneumonia with significantly reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines according to related mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling molecules (phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase) was found in b240-treated mice, whereas severe pneumonia with hypercytokinemia was evident in control mice. Prominent reduction in the number of pneumococci and elevated expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in the lung tissues was concomitantly noted in b240-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that b240 has inhibitory effects on pneumococcal pneumonia induced by Strep. pneumoniae infection and improves inflammatory tissue responses, resulting in reduced damages to the respiratory tissues. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These results demonstrate that oral administration of b240 might protect host animals from Strep. pneumoniae infection by augmentation of innate immune response.
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Lactobacillus , Neumonía Neumocócica/inmunología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Animales , Citocinas/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Lactobacillus/clasificación , Pulmón/inmunología , Pulmón/microbiología , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Neumonía Neumocócica/microbiología , Organismos Libres de Patógenos Específicos , Receptores Toll-Like/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Smoking may affect the efficacy of chemotherapy and the incidence of adverse events. We investigated the correlation between smoking history and gemcitabine-induced neutropenia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data on smoking history and incidence of grade 3-4 neutropenia were retrospectively gathered for 103 chemo-naive patients treated with gemcitabine monotherapy (59 patients with pancreatic, 41 with hepatobiliary and three with other cancers). RESULTS: There was a significantly higher incidence of grade 3-4 neutropenia among patients without a history of smoking (55.7%) than among those with a history of smoking (including current and ex-smokers; 23.6%) [odds ratio (OR) 0.244, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.105-0.569; P < 0.001]. After adjustment for age, gender, platelet and baseline neutrophil counts, history of surgery for primary cancer, creatinine concentration, hemoglobin concentration, aspartate aminotransferase concentration, alanine aminotransferase concentration and total bilirubin concentration, logistic regression analysis identified a history of smoking as an independent inverse predictor of gemcitabine-induced neutropenia (OR 0.188, 95% CI 0.057-0.618; P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Patients without a history of smoking may be at higher risk of developing gemcitabine-induced neutropenia. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unclear at this point.
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Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Neutropenia/inducido químicamente , Neutropenia/metabolismo , Fumar/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar/sangre , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar/tratamiento farmacológico , Desoxicitidina/administración & dosificación , Desoxicitidina/efectos adversos , Desoxicitidina/farmacocinética , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/sangre , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/sangre , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Fumar/efectos adversos , GemcitabinaRESUMEN
Oncogenes encoding serine/threonine or tyrosine kinases were introduced into the established rodent fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3 and tested for tumorigenic and metastatic behavior in T cell-deficient nude mice. Transforming oncogenes of the ras family were capable of converting fibroblast cell lines to fully metastatic tumors. Cell lines transformed by the kinase oncogenes mos, raf, src, fes, and fms formed experimental metastases and (in some cases) these genes were more efficient at metastatic conversion than a mutant ras gene. In contrast, cells transformed by either of two nuclear oncogenes, myc or p53, were tumorigenic when injected subcutaneously but were virtually nonmetastatic after intravenous injection. These data demonstrate that, in addition to ras, a structurally divergent group of kinase oncogenes can induce the metastatic phenotype.
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Transformación Celular Neoplásica , Genes , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Oncogenes , Proteínas Quinasas/genética , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Ratones , FenotipoRESUMEN
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
RESUMEN
Defining apoptosis-regulatory cascades of the epithelium is important for understanding carcinogenesis, since cancer cells are considered to arise as a result of the collapse of the cascades. We previously reported that a novel gene GASDERMIN (GSDM) is expressed in the stomach but suppressed in gastric cancer cell lines. Furthermore, in this study, we demonstrated that GSDM is expressed in the mucus-secreting pit cells of the gastric epithelium and frequently silenced in primary gastric cancers. We found that GSDM has a highly apoptotic activity and its expression is regulated by a transcription factor LIM domain only 1 (LMO1) through a sequence to which Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) binds, in a GSDM promoter region. We observed coexpression of GSDM with LMO1, RUNX3 and type II transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TGF-betaRII) in the pit cells, and found that TGF-beta upregulates the LMO1- and GSDM-expression in the gastric epithelial cell line and induces apoptosis, which was confirmed by the finding that the apoptosis induction is inhibited by suppression of each LMO1-, RUNX3- and GSDM expression, respectively. The present data suggest that TGF-beta, LMO1, possibly RUNX3, and GSDM form a regulatory pathway for directing the pit cells to apoptosis.
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Apoptosis , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/fisiología , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Transducción de Señal , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Factores de Transcripción/fisiología , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Secuencia de Bases , Línea Celular Tumoral , Subunidad alfa 3 del Factor de Unión al Sitio Principal/fisiología , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas con Dominio LIM , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Sitio de Iniciación de la TranscripciónRESUMEN
Severe pneumonia is found in simultaneous influenza pneumonia and bacterial infection, and suggests a relationship with immunological mechanisms. Here, we performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to detect immunological molecules related to the fulminant pneumonia caused by influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae co-infection in mice. We found two spots that were expressed strongly in co-infected mouse lungs, compared with S. pneumoniae or influenza virus singly infected mouse lungs. The spots were analysed by mass spectrometry, and identified as alpha-1 anti-trypsin (A1AT), known as an anti-protease for neutrophil-derived proteolytic enzymes, and creatine kinase, which reflects a greater degree of lung damage and cell death. A1AT expression was increased significantly, and proteolytic enzymes from neutrophils, such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase and lysozyme, were also secreted abundantly in influenza virus and S. pneumoniae co-infected lungs compared with S. pneumoniae or influenza virus singly infected lungs. These data suggest that A1AT may play a central role as a molecule with broad anti-inflammatory properties, and regulation of the neutrophil-mediated severe lung inflammation is important in the pathogenesis of co-infection with influenza virus and bacteria.
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Virus de la Influenza A , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/complicaciones , Neumonía Neumocócica/complicaciones , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Animales , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/química , Quimiocina CXCL2/metabolismo , Creatina Quinasa/metabolismo , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Electroforesis en Gel Bidimensional/métodos , Elastasa de Leucocito/metabolismo , Pulmón/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos CBA , Muramidasa/metabolismo , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/inmunología , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Neumonía Neumocócica/inmunología , Neumonía Viral/inmunología , alfa 1-Antitripsina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Gabexate mesilate is a synthetic protease inhibitor that is effective for acute pancreatitis. The effect of gabexate mesilate in influenza pneumonia in mice was investigated by examining the changes in pulmonary inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Pathological changes in the lungs of treated mice were extremely mild, compared with changes in infected, untreated mice. Intrapulmonary levels of interleukin-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 decreased in treated mice compared with untreated mice, despite similar viral titres in the lungs. Survival terms for treated and untreated groups were similar. These data indicate that gabexate mesilate has beneficial effects on influenza pneumonia, which may be due to the modulation of inflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses.
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Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Citocinas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Gabexato/administración & dosificación , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/tratamiento farmacológico , Neumonía Viral/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Línea Celular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perros , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos CBA , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/patología , Neumonía Viral/inmunología , Neumonía Viral/patología , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL)-3, encoding a 22-kD low molecular weight tyrosine phosphatase, has been reported to be associated with metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. We assessed the levels of PRL-3 mRNA expression to know whether its up-regulation was involved in progression and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. Levels of PRL-3 expression in 94 human gastric adenocarcinomas and 54 matched lymph node metastases were detected by in situ hybridization and compared with clinicopathological characteristics including prognosis. High PRL-3 expression was detected in 36.2% of primary gastric carcinoma (with nodal metastasis, 55.6%; without nodal metastasis, 10%; P < 0.001) and in 74.1% of lymph node metastases. The incidence of high PRL-3 expression in lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than in primary tumors (P < 0.044). Moreover, high expression of PRL-3 was closely associated with tumor size, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, extent of lymph node metastasis, and tumor stage. These results suggest that high PRL-3 expression may participate in the progression and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. PRL-3 might be a novel molecular marker for aggressive gastric cancer.
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Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Hibridación in Situ/métodos , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidad , Adenocarcinoma/secundario , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Ganglios Linfáticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/genética , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/patología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , ARN Neoplásico/análisis , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Tasa de Supervivencia , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
AIMS: To report the changes in survival over 20 years of 775 breast cancer women operated between 1982 and 2003 at the Kyoto University Hospital in Japan, reflecting changes in clinical practice over that period. RESULTS: Survival curves have significantly improved between the periods 1982-1989 and 1990-2003. The 5- and 10-year survival rates between these periods were 80.3% and 85.1%, and 67.5% and 75.0%, respectively. Moreover, there was a difference in overall survival curves of patients of stages II and III, of 35-54 ages, or of positive estrogen receptor (ER) status between these periods. CONCLUSION: The present study presented the recent advance of the survival rates might be due to the rational development of breast cancer treatment, and suggested the possibility that the patients of stages II and III, of 35-54 ages, or of positive ER status were received benefits by these treatments.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/mortalidad , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Neoplasias de la Mama/terapia , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Escisión del Ganglio Linfático/estadística & datos numéricos , Metástasis Linfática , Mastectomía/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Terapia Neoadyuvante/estadística & datos numéricos , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Receptores de Estrógenos/análisis , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tasa de Supervivencia , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
In the process of cancer spreading, different modes of invasion exist. One is expansive invasion, in which a group of cancer cells gradually expands along with cancer cell proliferation. Invasion of cancer cells is also modified by their interaction with stromal cells including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Cancer cells co-invade with CAFs, and invasion by CAFs frequently precede invasion by cancer cells, which indicates CAF-led cancer cell invasion. Here, we show that CAFs induce apoptosis in gastric cancer cells, which prevented expansive invasion by cancer cells and instead facilitated CAF-led invasion. Death receptor 4 and activation of caspase-8 in cancer cells mediated cancer cell apoptosis induced by CAFs, which was dependent on contact between cancer cells and CAFs. Apoptotic cancer cells in turn released apoptotic vesicles and stimulated invasion of CAFs. Accordingly, cancer cells followed the migrating CAFs. Treatment with a caspase inhibitor, ZVAD, or forced expression of a death domain fragment in cancer cells prevented cancer cell apoptosis induced by CAFs and increased expansive invasion by cancer cells in extracellular gel invasion assays, while the rate of cancer cell invasion led by CAFs was decreased. Death domain-fragment expression also prevented intramural invasion by gastric cancer cells in the stomach. Because CAF-led invasion is characterized by the movement of individual cancer cells away from the tumour, adequate cancer cell apoptosis may promote cancer dissemination.