How Different is the Core of

The structure of a neutron-rich ^{25}F nucleus is investigated by a quasifree (p,2p) knockout reaction at 270A MeV in inverse kinematics. The sum of spectroscopic factors of π0d_{5/2} orbital is found to be 1.0±0.3. However, the spectroscopic factor with residual ^{24}O nucleus being in the ground state is found to be only 0.36±0.13, while those in the excited state is 0.65±0.25. The result shows that the ^{24}O core of ^{25}F nucleus significantly differs from a free ^{24}O nucleus, and the core consists of ∼35% ^{24}O_{g.s.}. and ∼65% excited ^{24}O. The result may infer that the addition of the 0d_{5/2} proton considerably changes neutron structure in ^{25}F from that in ^{24}O, which could be a possible mechanism responsible for the oxygen dripline anomaly.

Extraction of the Landau-Migdal Parameter from the Gamow-Teller Giant Resonance in

The key parameter to discuss the possibility of the pion condensation in nuclear matter, i.e., the so-called Landau-Migdal parameter g^{'}, was extracted by measuring the double-differential cross sections for the (p,n) reaction at 216 MeV/u on a neutron-rich doubly magic unstable nucleus, ^{132}Sn with the quality comparable to data taken with stable nuclei. The extracted strengths for Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions from ^{132}Sn leading to ^{132}Sb exhibit the GT giant resonance (GTR) at the excitation energy of 16.3±0.4(stat)±0.4(syst) MeV with the width of Γ=4.7±0.8 MeV. The integrated GT strength up to E_{x}=25 MeV is S_{GT}^{-}=53±5(stat)_{-10}^{+11}(syst), corresponding to 56% of Ikeda's sum rule of 3(N-Z)=96. The present result accurately constrains the Landau-Migdal parameter as g^{'}=0.68±0.07, thanks to the high sensitivity of the GTR energy to g^{'}. In combination with previous studies on the GTR for ^{90}Zr and ^{208}Pb, the result of this work shows the constancy of this parameter in the nuclear chart region with (N-Z)/A=0.11 to 0.24 and A=90 to 208.

Single-blind randomized clinical trial of transinguinal preperitoneal repair using self-expanding mesh patch vs. Lichtenstein repair for adult male patients with primary unilateral inguinal hernia.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to compare proportions of chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP) and other surgical outcomes between transinguinal preperitoneal repair with modified Kugel patch (MK) and Lichtenstein repair (LR). METHODS: Two-hundred adult male patients with primary unilateral inguinal hernia were randomized into MK or LR groups. The primary endpoint was CPIP, pain at 6 months after surgery. Secondary outcomes included recurrence rate, incidence of postoperative complications, time until return to activities, inguinal pain and sensory disturbances assessed at 1 week, 1 month, 3, 6, and 12 months after the operation using an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS). The study was an intention-to-treat analysis. RESULTS: In comparison of MK (n = 100) and LR (n = 100) with similar backgrounds, proportions of CPIP were similar (7.2 vs. 11.1%, p = 0.3452). Favorable outcomes for MK were duration of operation (32 vs. 40 min, p < 0.0001), NRS of foreign body sensation at 1 year (0 [0-1] vs. 0 [0-2], p = 0.0067), and NRS of numbness at 1 month (0 [0-1] vs. 0 [0-3], p = 0.0078) after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: In regard to CPIP, the short-term results of MK and LR were similar.

A mammalian scaffold complex that selectively mediates MAP kinase activation.

The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) group of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases is activated by the exposure of cells to multiple forms of stress. A putative scaffold protein was identified that interacts with multiple components of the JNK signaling pathway, including the mixed-lineage group of MAP kinase kinase kinases (MLK), the MAP kinase kinase MKK7, and the MAP kinase JNK. This scaffold protein selectively enhanced JNK activation by the MLK signaling pathway. These data establish that a mammalian scaffold protein can mediate activation of a MAP kinase signaling pathway.

Rapid and simple detection of Clostridium botulinum types A and B by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

AIMS: To develop a convenient and rapid detection method for toxigenic Clostridium botulinum types A and B using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. METHODS AND RESULTS: The LAMP primer sets for the type A or B botulinum neurotoxin gene, BoNT/A or BoNT/B, were designed. To determine the specificity of the LAMP assay, a total of 14 C. botulinum strains and 17 other Clostridium strains were tested. The assays for the BoNT/A or BoNT/B gene detected only type A or B C. botulinum strains, respectively, but not other types of C. botulinum or strains of other Clostridium species. Using purified chromosomal DNA, the sensitivity of LAMP for the BoNT/A or BoNT/B gene was 1 pg or 10 pg of DNA per assay, respectively. The assay times needed to detect 1 ng of DNA were only 23 and 22 min for types A and B, respectively. In food samples, the detection limit per reaction was one cell for type A and 10 cells for type B. CONCLUSIONS: The LAMP is a sensitive, specific and rapid detection method for C. botulinum types A and B. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The LAMP assay would be useful for detection of C. botulinum in environmental samples.

A simple and sensitive method for detection of Bacillus anthracis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

AIMS: To develop a rapid and simple system for detection of Bacillus anthracis using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and determine the suitability of LAMP for rapid identification of B. anthracis infection. METHODS AND RESULTS: A specific LAMP assay targeting unique gene sequences in the bacterial chromosome and two virulence plasmids, pXO1 and pXO2, was designed. With this assay, it was possible to detect more than 10 fg of bacterial DNA per reaction and obtain results within 30-40 min under isothermal conditions at 63 degrees C. No cross-reactivity was observed among Bacillus cereus group and other Bacillus species. Furthermore, in tests using blood specimens from mice inoculated intranasally with B. anthracis spores, the sensitivity of the LAMP assay following DNA extraction methods using a Qiagen DNeasy kit or boiling protocol was examined. Samples prepared by both methods showed almost equivalent sensitivities in LAMP assay. The detection limit was 3.6 CFU per test. CONCLUSIONS: The LAMP assay is a simple, rapid and sensitive method for detecting B. anthracis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The LAMP assay combined with boiling extraction could be used as a simple diagnostic method for identification of B. anthracis infection.

The JIP group of mitogen-activated protein kinase scaffold proteins.

Activation of the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) group of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases is mediated by a protein kinase cascade. This signaling mechanism may be coordinated by the interaction of components of the protein kinase cascade with scaffold proteins. The JNK-interacting protein (JIP) group of scaffold proteins selectively mediates signaling by the mixed-lineage kinase (MLK)-->MAP kinase kinase 7 (MKK7)-->JNK pathway. The scaffold proteins JIP1 and JIP2 interact to form oligomeric complexes that accumulate in peripheral cytoplasmic projections extended at the cell surface. The JIP proteins function by aggregating components of a MAP kinase module (including MLK, MKK7, and JNK) and facilitate signal transmission by the protein kinase cascade.

Loss of heterozygosity at 11p15 in malignant glioma.

Deletions of loci on chromosome 11p have been found frequently in several malignant tumors including gliomas, suggesting the presence of tumor suppressor genes. We analyzed 38 gliomas [26 malignant gliomas (grades III and IV) and 12 less malignant gliomas (grade I and II)] for loss of heterozygosity using microsatellite sequences on 11p as polymorphic markers. Loss of heterozygosity was found in 8 of 26 malignant gliomas (31%) but not in the less malignant gliomas. In the region with loss of heterozygosity, loci on 11p15.5-pter were commonly deleted. Our results suggest that a putative tumor suppressor gene involved in malignant progression of gliomas is located in an approximately 21-cM region on 11p15.5-pter.

Mutational analysis of Cdc19p, a Schizosaccharomyces pombe MCM protein.

The cdc19+ gene encodes an essential member of the MCM family of replication proteins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We have examined the structure and function of the Cdc19p protein using molecular and genetic approaches. We find that overproduction of wild-type Cdc19p in wild-type cells has no effect, but cdc19-P1 mutant cells do not tolerate elevated levels of other MCM proteins or overexpression of mutant forms of Cdc19p. We have found genetic interactions between cdc19+ and genes encoding subunits of DNA polymerase delta and the replication initiator cdc18+. We have constructed a series of point mutations and sequence deletions throughout Cdc19p, which allow us to distinguish essential from nonessential regions of the protein. Not surprisingly, conserved residues in the MCM homology domain are required for protein function, but some residues outside the core homology domain are dispensable.

Latent HIV-1 reactivation in transgenic mice requires cell cycle -dependent demethylation of CREB/ATF sites in the LTR.

OBJECTIVE: We previously produced a line of transgenic mice that carried the HIV-1 genome deficient in the gene. Although the HIV-1 genome in the lymphocytes was dormant under normal physiological conditions, it could be reactivated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration via induction of interleukin-1alpha/beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. In this report, we analysed further the reactivation mechanism of the latent HIV-1 using this transgenic mouse model. DESIGN: and methods: Possible involvement of CpG methylation in HIV-1 latency was examined by treating transgenic lymphocytes with a demethylating agent, 5'-azacytidine. CpG methylation in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) was analysed using the bisulfite genomic sequencing method. As previous studies suggested that CpG demethylation depended on the cell cycle progression, we analysed the relation between cell cycle progression and LPS-induced reactivation of HIV-1 by labelling lymphocytes with an intracellular fluorescein, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. RESULTS: We found that 5'-azacytidine enhanced HIV-1 expression ninefold compared to treatment with LPS alone. Furthermore, HIV-1 p24 induction by LPS was observed only in cells that had undergone cell division, while induction was prevented in cells in which cell cycle progression was blocked either by mimosine, aphidicolin, or nocodazole. LPS-induced HIV-1 reactivation was associated with demethylation of two CpG sites located in the CREB/ATF binding sites in the HIV-1 LTR in a cell cycle-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicate that cell cycle progression-dependent demethylation of the CREB/ATF sites in the LTR is crucial for the reactivation of latent HIV-1 genome in transgenic mice.

Lipopolysaccharide-induced HIV-1 expression in transgenic mice is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1, but not by interferon-gamma nor interleukin-6.

BACKGROUND: As serum HIV-1 load correlates well with the prognosis of the disease, it is suggested that the viral load is one of the major determinants of the disease progression of AIDS. Accordingly, HIV-1 activation mechanisms were extensively studied in vitro, and involvement of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and interferon (IFN)-gamma has been suggested in this process. However, so far the roles of these cytokines in the HIV-1 expression in vivo have not been well elucidated because of the lack of appropriate animal disease models. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the roles of cytokines in HIV-1 activation in vivo. DESIGN AND METHODS: Transgenic mice carrying a defective HIV-1 genome were used as a model for HIV-1 carriers. In order to examine the possible involvement of cytokines in HIV-1 expression, TNF-alpha-, IL-1-, IL-6- and IFN-gamma-deficient HIV-1 transgenic mice, were produced and HIV-1 expression was analyzed after activation with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). RESULTS: HIV-1 expression in the transgenic mouse spleen was activated 10- to 20-fold by LPS, and the serum p24 Gag protein levels reached 400 pg/ml, which is nearly equal to the levels that occur in AIDS patients. However, this augmentation was suppressed by 60% in TNF-alpha-deficient mice and by 40% in IL-1alpha/beta-deficient mice. In contrast, no suppression was observed in either IL-6-, IFN-gamma-, IL-1alpha, or IL-1beta-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that TNF-alpha and IL-1 play important roles in HIV-1 gene activation and selective suppression of these cytokines could improve clinical prognosis and potentially slow progression of the disease.

Cloning and characterization of rat cellular nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP) cDNA.

We cloned and sequenced the cDNAs which code for rat cellular nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP). In-frame insertion/deletion differences were found among the clones at two sites in the open reading frame, suggesting alternative splicing of the message or the presence of multiple genes which code for this protein. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed that one rat CNBP sequence was completely identical to its human counterpart. This striking conservation, together with the fact that homologous genes have been found in various organisms including Schizosaccharomyces pombe, suggests that CNBP plays a basic biological role in eukaryotic cells. The recombinant GST-CNBP fusion protein produced in Escherichia coli bound to a G-rich single-stranded RNA and DNA in a sequence-specific manner.

A novel pharmacokinetic method for analysis of placental transfer of latamoxef in humans.

A novel pharmacokinetic method was developed for analysing the behaviour of a drug in tissues. The absolute transfer ratio of a drug to a tissue was defined using the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained by this method. Composite data of latamoxef (moxalactam) concentration in maternal blood, umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid following a 2g intravenous injection to pregnant women at delivery were analysed by this method to study the drug behaviour in pregnant women, fetuses and amniotic fluid. Latamoxef kinetics in pregnant women at full term were generally similar to that in previously reported healthy subjects. The concentration of latamoxef in umbilical cord blood peaked about 2 hours after dosing then decreased in parallel with the maternal blood concentration. The amniotic fluid concentration peaked about 7 hours after administration, then decreased slowly. The absolute transfer ratios to fetus and amniotic fluid were calculated to be about 2.5 and 0.37% respectively.

Suppressive effects of dominant negative ras mutant N116Y on transformed phenotypes of human bladder cancer cells.

To investigate the suppressive effect of dominant negative H-ras mutant N116Y on transformed phenotypes, we established two N116Y ras mutant stable transfectant clones (C5, C13) of human bladder cancer cell line, UMUC-2. These N116Y ras mutant transfectants, especially the C5 cells, showed a dramatic change of cellular morphology and significantly reduced growth in soft agar compared to their control. Furthermore, phosphorylation of the Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) was significantly decreased in these transfectants compared to the control. These results suggest that the N116Y-induced suppression of transformed phenotypes in UMUC-2 cells is associated with inhibition of JNK phosphorylation.

A new T-lymphocyte cloning assay for detection of in vivo mutations in the human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene.

The X-linked hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) gene is a target of analyses of in vivo mutation frequencies in circulating T-lymphocytes. We established a novel, accessory cell-free cloning method of T-lymphocytes with a hprt mutation by a combined use of recombinant interleukin-2, conditioned medium from activating T-lymphocytes and culture plates coated with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. Using the method, we examined mutation frequencies of the hprt gene in T-lymphocytes from six healthy individuals, nine patients with colon cancer including two patients from different families with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and six cancer-free relatives of the patients. In six healthy individuals, the mean cloning efficiency and mutation frequency (MF) of the hprt gene in T-lymphocytes were 0.51 +/- 0.28 and 9.4 +/- 7.5 x 10(-6), respectively. These data were similar to the reported values. The mean MFs in the nine colon cancer patients (10.6 +/- 7.3 x 10(-6)) were not significantly different from those of the 12 cancer-free individuals (11.6 +/- 9.4 x 10(6)). The correlation between mutation frequencies and age of the individuals was significant regardless of the presence or absence of cancers. The single-strand conformation polymorphism analyses of nested RT-PCR products of hprt mRNA were done in 33 mutant clones from five members of a family of which MF values were high. All the analyzed mutant clones show a genetic aberration in the coding region of the hprt gene. At least 28 of 33 mutants were independent. Our method provides a new versatile tool for in vivo analysis for mutations of the hprt gene.

Localization of interferon regulatory factor-1 in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the expression and localization of IRF-1 in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. DESIGN: A comparative study. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine. PATIENTS: Thirty-eight women aged 33 to 46 years, with regular menstrual cycles and nonpathological endometrium, undergoing hysterectomy. INTERVENTION(S): Endometrial tissues were obtained from operative samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Expression of IRF-1 mRNA throughout the menstrual cycle was investigated using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Localization of IRF-1 protein was determined using immunohistochemistry. RESULT(S): IRF-1 mRNA was expressed in the human endometrium at each phase of the menstrual cycle. The immunoreactivity for IRF-1 was observed in the extranuclear compartment of the surface and glandular epithelial cells, both during the proliferative and secretory phases, as well as in the gland secretion during the secretory phase. In contrast, stromal cells were nearly unstained. CONCLUSION(S): IRF-1 was localized in the human endometrium, implying that this nuclear protein plays some role other than as a transcription factor.

[Tissue culture and estrogen, to clarify the roles of estrone sulfate].

Estrone sulfate (E1-S) has been shown to be quantitatively the most important estrogen in peripheral blood. But, the physiological and/or pathological role of E1-S is not yet clarified. At present, we tried to clarify it using tissue cultures. In tissue cultures of human endometrium, secretory endometrium showed higher activity of estrone sulfatase (E1----E1-S) than proliferative endometrium. Progesterone added in the medium induced an increase of estrone sulfotransferase in the proliferative endometrium. The results suggest a reducing effect of estrogen by progesterone in secretory endometrium in physiological conditions. Estrogen dependent malignant tumors (breast cancer, endometrial cancer) have high estrone sulfatase. It converts E1-S to E1 (----E2) which are abundant in these tumors. Ishikawa cell line increased estrone sulfotransferase activity with progesterone, somewhat like the physiological conditions. From out study in vivo, there is a possibility of some ameliorative effects of E1-S on the central nervous system of patients with senile dementia (Alzheimer's type). Effects of E1-S on central nerves were investigated using tissue cultures.

Prediction of life expectancy in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. A retrospective nationwide survey from 1980-1990.

Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a progressive disease of unknown etiology usually followed by death within 5 years after diagnosis. Although heart-lung or lung transplantation is now offered to patients with advanced PPH, adequate criteria assessing an accurate prediction of life expectancy in PPH has been difficult to establish. The aims of this study were to identify the characteristic features associated with a poor prognosis in patients with PPH, and to attempt to establish an individual prognostic index that predicts with great accuracy survival or death of PPH after one year, thereby helping to define criteria for patient selection for transplantation. In 1991, a retrospective nation-wide survey on PPH was conducted in Japan, and the clinical and cardiorespiratory variables of 223 PPH cases (female; 144, male; 79) in the period from 1980-1990 were obtained. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PPA) was 57.5+/-17.2 mm Hg (mean+/-SD), and the overall median survival time was 32.5 months since the first diagnostic catheterization. The characteristic features of 61 patients who died within one year of catheterization (Nonsurvivors group) were compared to 141 patients who survived one year or more from the time of catheterization (Survivors group). Among several clinical and cardiorespiratory variables, heart rate, PPA, right atrial pressure (PRA), stroke volume index (SI), pulmonary vascular resistance, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) were significantly different between the two groups. As the independent factors, PPA, PRA, SI, and PaCO2 were selected for the multiple logistic analysis. Using a 0.7 probability cut-point to separate Nonsurvivors from Survivors, 84.6% of Nonsurvivors and Survivors could be correctly predicted from this logistic regression equation. Predictive equations like the present preliminary one can be used in the future to better assess life expectancy in patients with PPH in whom transplantation will be considered.

Arterial and mixed venous oxygen desaturation during incremental exercise in patients with chronic pulmonary disease.

We evaluated arterial and mixed venous oxygen desaturation during symptom-limited exercise in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Patients were divided into five groups according to disease: [chronic pulmonary emphysema (CPE), chronic bronchitis (CB), pulmonary tuberculosis sequalae (TB-seq), fibrosing lung disease (FLD), and pulmonary vascular disease (PVD)]. There were no significant difference in the values of arterial (PaO2) and mixed venous (PvO2) oxygen tension before and at the end of exercise among the five groups, whereas absolute decreases in PvO2 were significantly larger in PVD and FLD. The changes in PvO2 were similar to the changes in the coefficient of oxygen delivery (COD) which is equal to oxygen transport divided by oxygen consumption. These results suggest that the relative decrease in oxygen transport during exercise due to the high ratio of oxygen extraction by tissues is an important factor to determine decreases in PvO2 in pulmonary hypertensive disease and fibrosing lung disease.

A morphometric study of foetal and newborn cardiac growth in the horse.

A morphometric study of hearts in 81 equine foetuses, ranging in age from 190 to 330 days of foetal age, and in 26 newborn foals is reported. The mean weight, external dimensions, ventricular wall thickness and circumference of the atrio-ventricular orifice were measured. Features of the main associated vessels of the heart were also recorded. All cardiac measurements of foetuses increased linearly throughout the latter half of pregnancy and were highly correlated with foetal age. This linear growth pattern was also found in the parameters of the associated arterial trunks. The ratio of the right ventricular weight to the total ventricular weight in the equine foetuses increased gradually from 0.27 (Day 190) to 0.34 (full term), but in newborn foals, this ratio began to decrease soon after birth, declining from 0.32 to 0.28 by 11 days of age. The interventricular septum was thickest followed by the right ventricular wall, and the left ventricular wall was thinnest during the period of gestation studied. The right ventricle was 3.2 per cent to 31.5 per cent thicker than the left ventricle.