Protective anti-gB neutralizing antibodies targeting two vulnerable sites for EBV-cell membrane fusion.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 90% of the world's adult population and accounts for a significant cancer burden of epithelial and B cell origins. Glycoprotein B (gB) is the primary fusogen essential for EBV entry into host cells. Here, we isolated two EBV gB-specific neutralizing antibodies, 3A3 and 3A5; both effectively neutralized the dual-tropic EBV infection of B and epithelial cells. In humanized mice, both antibodies showed effective protection from EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disorders. Cryoelectron microscopy analyses identified that 3A3 and 3A5 bind to nonoverlapping sites on domains D-II and D-IV, respectively. Structure-based mutagenesis revealed that 3A3 and 3A5 inhibit membrane fusion through different mechanisms involving the interference with gB-cell interaction and gB activation. Importantly, the 3A3 and 3A5 epitopes are major targets of protective gB-specific neutralizing antibodies elicited by natural EBV infection in humans, providing potential targets for antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Alleviated symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection in chronic hepatitis B patients with immune control.

The impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on the progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease remains controversial. We aimed to investigate whether pre-existing chronic HBV (CHB) infection and therapy with anti-HBV nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) influence the clinical presentation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant infection. In this study, clinical information was collected via a questionnaire from patients with COVID-19, and their clinical symptoms were quantitatively assessed for comparative analyses. Additionally, hepatitis B-related laboratory data were collected for CHB patients. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to minimize confounding biases. A total of 785 patients with COVID-19 were included in the cohort, of which 387 were identified as being infected with CHB infection and they were categorized as being in the immune control or clearance phase. After PSM, the CHB group (n = 222) had a shorter duration of fever and disease course, milder clinical symptoms, and lower incidence of pneumonia than the non-CHB group (n = 222) after Omicron variant infection (p < 0.05). After the adjustment of confounding factors, CHB patients showed a lower risk of prolonged fever, severe clinical symptoms, and pneumonia (p < 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the clinical symptoms and incidence of pneumonia between CHB patients who received and did not receive NAs, or CHB patients who received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and entecavir (p > 0.05). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the crosstalk of anti-HBV immunity may contribute to the alleviated symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants infection in the CHB patients, independent of anti-HBV NA therapy.

Biliary sepsis complication with congenital hepatic fibrosis: an unexpected outcome.

BACKGROUND: CHF (Congenital hepatic fibrosis) is a rare hereditary disease characterized by periportal fibrosis and ductal plate malformation. Little is known about the clinical presentations and outcome in CHF patients with an extraordinary complication with biliary sepsis. Our case described a 23-year-old female diagnosed as CHF combined with biliary sepsis. Her blood culture was positive for KP (Klebsiella pneumoniae), and with a high level of CA19-9 (> 1200.00 U/ml, ref: <37.00 U/ml). Meanwhile, her imaging examinations showed intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, portal hypertension, splenomegaly, and renal cysts. Liver pathology revealed periportal fibrosis and irregularly shaped proliferating bile ducts. Whole-exome sequencing identified two heterozygous missense variants c.3860T > G (p. V1287G) and c.9059T > C (p. L3020P) in PKHD1 gene. After biliary sepsis relieved, her liver function test was normal, and imaging examination results showed no significant difference with the results harvested during her biliary sepsis occurred. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of CHF complicated with biliary sepsis in the patient was made. Severely biliary sepsis due to KP infection may not inevitably aggravate congential liver abnormality in young patients. Our case provides a good reference for timely treatment of CHF patients with biliary sepsis.

A situational analysis of human resource and non-communicable diseases management for community health workers in Chengdu, China: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a major challenge to health economic cost and residents' health status. Community health workers (CHWs) are the gatekeeper of primary health care. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to conduct a situational analysis of current human resource and requirements of NCDs-related training among CHWs in Chengdu with regard to address to understand the suggestions for improvement of challenges and barriers. METHODS: A descriptive online cross-sectional survey was conducted among CHWs (doctors and nurses) from 23 districts and counties in Chengdu. Sociodemographic and NCDs-related variables were collected. Univariate analysis and multiple response analysis were used to describe the characteristics of these variables. RESULTS: 711 doctors and 637 nurses completely responded. There were significant differences among gender, age, educational levels, professional title, working year, type of institution, urban circle and registration in general practice between doctors and nurses (P < 0.001). 60.6% of doctors were female, compared to 98.0% for nurses. 58.2% of doctors held a bachelor's degree compared with 45.4% of nurses, while 48.3% of nurses held a junior college degree compared with 25.7% of doctors. Higher levels of professional title and registration in general practice were found in doctors compared with nurses. The proportions of NCDs' category, NCDs-related roles and tasks, NCDs-related training contents and forms that CHWs have attend and hoped to gain more were significantly different between doctors and nurses (P < 0.001). In general, the proportions in nurses were much lower than those of doctors (P < 0.05). The top five diseases managed by CHWs were hypertension, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases and mental diseases. The five most reported roles performed among doctors included the distribution of health education (91.4%), following up (85.9%), establishing archives (71.3%), medicine adjustment (64.7%) and treatment implementation (52.0%). The top three diseases managed by nurses were same with doctors. The top four and five tasks were contact with patients or health services (39.6%) and referral (16.6%) in nurses. Most CHWs had received primary and common diseases-related trainings, but they had few opportunities to study in a tertiary hospital (40.4% in doctors and 20.9% in nurses, respectively), attend domestic academic conferences (26.9% in doctors vs. 9.7% in nurses), and take part in training courses (44.9% in nurses). CHWs hoped that the above-discussed training contents and forms could be provided more in the future. Besides basic skills related trainings, some specific skills related trainings should be strengthened. CONCLUSION: The qualifications in doctors were much better than those of nurses. The roles performed by CHWs in NCDs management are varied form common and frequent disease management to subsequent follow up and supervision. CHWs hope to receive more desired and oriented trainings. There is a need for building capacity of CHWs, optimizing and defining CHWs' role, facilitating postgraduate medical education support and strengthening multidisciplinary collaboration would be effective in NCDs management.

Upregulation of GBP1 in thyroid primordium is required for developmental thyroid morphogenesis.

PURPOSE: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a common congenital endocrine disorder in humans. CH-related diseases such as athyreosis, thyroid ectopy, and hypoplasia are primarily caused by dysgenic thyroid development. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS: To identify novel CH candidate genes, 192 CH patients were enrolled, and target sequencing of 21 known CH-related genes was performed. The remaining 98 CH patients carrying no known genes were subjected to exome sequencing (ES). The functions of the identified variants were confirmed using thyroid epithelial cells in vitro and in zebrafish model organisms in vivo. RESULTS: Four pathogenic GBP1 variations from three patients were identified. In zebrafish embryos, gbp1 knockdown caused defective thyroid primordium morphogenesis and hypothyroidism. The thyroid cells were stuck together and failed to dissociate from each other to form individual follicles in gbp1-deficient embryos. Furthermore, defects were restored with wild-type human GBP1 (hGBP1) messenger RNA (mRNA) except for mutated hGBP1 (p.H150Y, p.L187P) overexpression. GBP1 promoted ß-catenin translocation into the cytosol and suppressed the formation of cellular adhesion complexes. Suppression of cell-cell adhesion restored the thyroid primordium growth defect observed in gbp1-deficient zebrafish embryos. CONCLUSION: This study provides further understanding regarding thyroid development and shows that defective cellular remodeling could cause congenital hypothyroidism.

Correlation of DUOX2 residual enzymatic activity with phenotype in congenital hypothyroidism caused by biallelic DUOX2 defects.

DUOX2 is the most frequently mutated gene in patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in China. However, no reliable genotype-phenotype relationship has been found in patients with DUOX2 mutations. In this study, DUOX2 mutations were screened in 266 CH patients, and the enzymatic activity of 89 DUOX2 variants was determined in vitro. Furthermore, the DUOX2 residual activity in 76 CH patients caused by DUOX2 biallelic mutations was calculated. The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were found to be higher and lower in patients with DUOX2 residual activity ≤22%, respectively, compared to patients with residual enzymatic activity >22%. Moreover, we interpreted the pathogenicity of DUOX2 variants by applying the ACMG classification criteria with or without PS3/BS3 evidence. The results indicated that residual DUOX2 enzymatic activity was closely related to the clinical phenotypes of CH patients caused by DUOX2 biallelic mutations. These findings suggest that the residual enzymatic activity of 22% may be a cutoff value for estimating the severity of hypothyroidism in CH patients with biallelic DUOX2 mutations. Well-established functional studies are useful and necessary to evaluate the pathogenicity of DUOX2 variants, improving the accuracy and scope of genetic consultations.

Doppler ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in detection of stent stenosis after iliac vein stenting.

BACKGROUND: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasound (DUS) with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for detection of iliac vein stent stenosis using multidetector computed tomography venography (MDCTV) as the reference method. METHODS: Patients with iliac vein obstructive disease treated with nitinol stents (Smart Control, Cordis, USA) between January 2016 and December 2017 were consecutively included in this study. DUS, CEUS, and MDCTV were carried out in all patients within one week of each other at 1 year post stenting to investigate the presence of stent compression and in-stent restenosis (ISR). RESULTS: The study included 139 patients (87 females; mean age 58 ± 15 years). For detecting stent compression, the kappa coefficient between the ultrasound modality of gray-scale imaging and MDCTV was 0.901, indicating very good agreement between these two modalities. ISR was detected in 50, 61, and 65 patients by DUS, CEUS, and MDCTV, respectively. DUS and CEUS (kappa = 0.449) and DUS and MDCTV (kappa = 0.516) had moderate agreement for ISR diagnosis, while for which CEUS and MDCTV (kappa 0.884) had very good agreement. The sensitivity and specificity of DUS and CEUS for diagnosing ISR were 63.1% and 90.8%, 87.8% and 97.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CEUS is probably superior to DUS in terms of diagnostic accuracy for the follow-up of patients with iliac vein stent stenosis.

A novel targeted multifunctional nanoplatform for visual chemo-hyperthermia synergy therapy on metastatic lymph nodes via lymphatic delivery.

BACKGROUND: Distant metastasis to vital organs is the major contributor to breast cancer mortality, and regional lymph node metastasis is an important facilitator of distant metastasis and recurrence in this cancer. The early diagnosis and precise treatment of lymph node metastasis are crucial for staging and prognosis in breast cancer. Herein, we report a visualized precision medicine nanoplatform of metastatic lymph nodes for ultrasonic/photoacoustic (US/PA) dual modal imaging-guided in situ targeted hyperthermia-combined chemotherapy. RESULTS: Carbon nanoparticles (CNs), approved by the China Food and Drug Administration, were loaded with docetaxel and rationally combined with anti-hypoxia-inducible factor 1α antibody-modified poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles to achieve the combination of passive targeting at the lymph nodes and intracellular targeting at HIF 1α factor. The accumulation and retention of nanoparticles in metastatic lymph nodes via lymphatic delivery were enhanced. Docetaxel could be effectively offloaded by CNs that have active carbon nanoparticles, and the PLGA membrane prevented drug leakage. The nanoparticles exhibited excellent photothermal performance with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 28.9%, killing tumor cells in metastatic lymph nodes through hyperthermia. In vitro and in vivo systematic evaluations revealed that hyperpyrexia triggered the rupture of nanoparticles caused by the phase transition of perfluorohexane, resulting in docetaxel release for achieving in situ hyperthermia-combined chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The laser-triggered highly efficient in situ chemotherapy nanosystem achieves targeted synergistic chemo-hyperthermia treatment of metastatic lymph nodes, and lymphatic delivery represents a strategy to avoid additional injury caused by drugs entering the blood circulation.

A five-gene panel refines differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules.

BACKGROUND: Molecular testing for oncogenic mutations in fine-needle aspiration has showed high predictive value in identifying malignant lesions from thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. METHODS: To figure out an efficient and economical gene panel for most medical institutions in China, we designed a five-gene panel including BRAF/NRAS/KRAS/HRAS/TERT genes and conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the role of this five-gene diagnostic panel in differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules. RESULTS: A total of 665 patients with 695 thyroid nodules were investigated in the current study. The fine-needle aspiration biopsy and surgically separated thyroid tissue specimens were harvested to test BRAF, TERT, NRAS, KRAS, and HRAS mutations. We identified 261 mutations in 665 patients, including 177 V600E mutations in BRAF. Three hundred and sixty-nine patients who underwent thyroid surgery after completion of the initial clinical and cytological evaluation were enrolled in the final analysis. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the combination of FNAB cytology and five-gene detection were 74.7%, 93.8%, and 84.8%, respectively. BRAF V600E and five-gene panel could recognize 46.4% and 53.6% of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the patients with cytologically indeterminate nodules. CONCLUSION: The five-gene panel can effectively improve the sensitivity, negative predictive value, and accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology, especially in the patients with cytologically indeterminate nodules.

Loss-of-function mutations in KEAP1 drive lung cancer progression via KEAP1/NRF2 pathway activation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have led to dramatic change in the treatment of lung cancer, however, the overall 5-year survival rate of lung cancer patients is still suboptimal. It is important to exploit new potential of molecularly targeted therapies. High-frequency somatic mutations in KEAP1/NRF2 (27.9%) have been identified in lung squamous cell carcinoma. In this research, we explored the role of KEAP1 somatic mutations in the development of LSCC and whether a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2) inhibitor be potential to target lung cancer carrying KEAP1/NRF2 mutations. METHODS: Lung cancer cell lines A549 and H460 with loss-of-function mutations in KEAP1 stably transfected with wild-type (WT) KEAP1 or somatic mutations in KEAP1 were used to investigate the functions of somatic mutations in KEAP1. Flow cytometry, plate clone formation experiments, and scratch tests were used to examine reactive oxygen species, proliferation, and migration of these cell lines. RESULTS: The expression of NRF2 and its target genes increased, and tumor cell proliferation, migration, and tumor growth were accelerated in A549 and H460 cells stably transfected with KEAP1 mutants compared to control cells with a loss-of-function KEAP1 mutation and stably transfected with WT KEAP1 in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The proliferation of A549 cell line trasfected with the R320Q KEAP1 mutant was inhibited more apparent than that of the A549 cell line trasfected with WT KEAP1 after treatment with NRF2 inhibitor ML385. CONCLUSION: Somatic mutations of KEAP1 identified from patients with LSCC likely promote tumorigenesis mediated by activation of the KEAP1/NRF2 antioxidant stress response pathway. NRF2 inhibition with ML385 could inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells with KEAP1 mutation. Video abstract.

A dense mapping study of six European AITD susceptibility regions in a large Chinese Han Cohort of Graves' disease.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the six susceptibility loci of GD identified from European population in Chinese Han population and further to estimate the genetic heterogeneity of them in stratification of our GD patients. DESIGN: Dense mapping studies based on GWAS. PATIENTS: A total of 1536 GD patients and 1516 controls in GWAS stage and 1994 GD patients and 2085 controls and 5033 GD patients and 5389 controls in two replication stages. MEASUREMENTS: Based on our previous GWAS data, independently GD-associated SNPs in each region were identified by TagSNP analysis and logistic regression analysis. The association of these SNPs was investigated in 1994 GD patients and 2085 controls, and then, the significantly associated SNPs (P < 0.05) were further genotyped in a second cohort including 5033 GD patients and 5389 controls. RESULTS: After the first replication stage, four SNPs from three regions with Pfirst  < 0.05 were further selected and genotyped in another independent cohort. The association of two SNPs with GD was confirmed in combined Chinese cohorts: rs12575636 at 11q21 (Pcombined  = 7.55 × 10-11 , OR = 1.27) and rs1881145 in TRIB2 at 2p25.1 (Pcombined  = 5.59 × 10-8 , OR = 1.14). Further study disclosed no significant difference for these SNPs between GD subsets. However, eQTL data revealed that SESN3 could be a potential susceptibility gene of GD in 11q21 region. CONCLUSIONS: Out of the six susceptibility loci of GD identified from European population, two risk loci were confirmed in a large Chinese Han population. There is variability in GD genetic susceptibility in different ethnic groups. SESN3 is a potential susceptible gene of GD in 11q21.

Genome-wide association study identifies a novel susceptibility gene for serum TSH levels in Chinese populations.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a sensitive indicator of thyroid function. High and low TSH levels reflect hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, respectively. Even within the normal range, small differences in TSH levels, on the order of 0.5-1.0 mU/l, are associated with significant differences in blood pressure, BMI, dyslipidemia, risk of atrial fibrillation and atherosclerosis. Most of the variance in TSH levels is thought to be genetically influenced. We conducted a genome-wide association study of TSH levels in 1346 Chinese Han individuals. In the replication study, we genotyped four candidate SNPs with the top association signals in an independent isolated Chinese She cohort (n = 3235). We identified a novel serum TSH susceptibility locus within XKR4 at 8q12.1 (rs2622590, Pcombined = 2.21 × 10(-10)), and we confirmed two previously reported TSH susceptibility loci near FOXE1 at 9q22.33 and near CAPZB at 1p36.13, respectively. The rs2622590_T allele at XKR4 and the rs925489_C allele near FOXE1 were correlated with low TSH levels and were found to be nominally associated to patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (OR = 1.41, P= 0.014 for rs2622590_T, and OR = 1.61, P= 0.030 for rs925489_C). The rs2622590 and rs925489 genotypes were also correlated with the expression levels of FOXE1 and XKR4, respectively, in PTC tissues (P = 2.41 × 10(-4) and P= 0.02). Our findings suggest that the SNPs in XKR4 and near FOXE1 are involved in the regulation of TSH levels.

Identification of BACH2 as a susceptibility gene for Graves' disease in the Chinese Han population based on a three-stage genome-wide association study.

The BACH2 gene regulates B cell differentiation and function and has been reported to be a shared susceptibility gene for several autoimmune diseases. Our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) indicated that several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BACH2 gene are associated with Graves' disease (GD) in the Chinese Han population; however, the association did not achieve genome-wide significance levels. Recently, this association of BACH2 with GD was confirmed in Caucasians in the UK population, but fine mapping in this region has not yet been reported. Here, we provide a refined analysis of a 331-kb region in the BACH2 gene, which harbors 359 SNPs, using GWAS data from 1,442 GD patients and 1,468 controls. The SNPs rs2474619 and rs9344996 were implied as the independent variants associated with GD by forward and two-locus logistic regression analysis. We genotyped eight out of 10 tagSNPs with P < 1 × 10(-3) in 3,508 GD patients and 3,209 controls, the results also showed that rs2474619 was independently associated with GD in the combined population from GWAS and the second stage (P = 1.81 × 10(-5)). The rs2474619 and rs9344996 were further genotyped in the third stage cohorts, and rs2474619 showed evidence of association with GD at genome-wide significance levels in the combined population (P = 3.28 × 10(-8), odds ratio = 1.13). The association of rs9344996 with GD can be explained by its linkage to rs2474619 in the combined population. Our study clearly demonstrated that BACH2 is a susceptibility gene for GD in the Chinese Han population and further supported rs2474619, in intron 2 of BACH2, is the best association signal with GD. However, the mechanism by which BACH2 confers increased risk of GD requires further study.

Alpha-ketoglutarate ameliorates age-related and surgery induced temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis via regulating IKK/NF-κB signaling.

Recent studies have shed light on the important role of aging in the pathogenesis of joint degenerative diseases and the anti-aging effect of alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG). However, whether αKG has any effect on temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that αKG administration improves condylar cartilage health of middle-aged/aged mice, and ameliorates pathological changes in a rat model of partial discectomy (PDE) induced TMJOA. In vitro, αKG reverses IL-1ß-induced/H2O2-induced decrease of chondrogenic markers (Col2, Acan and Sox9), and inhibited IL-1ß-induced/ H2O2-induced elevation of cartilage catabolic markers (ADAMTS5 and MMP13) in condylar chondrocytes. In addition, αKG downregulates senescence-associated (SA) hallmarks of aged chondrocytes, including the mRNA/protein level of SA genes (p16 and p53), markers of nuclear disorders (Lamin A/C) and SA-ß-gal activities. Mechanically, αKG decreases the expressions of p-IKK and p-NF-κB, protecting TMJ from inflammation and senescence-related damage by regulating the NF-κB signaling. Collectively, our findings illuminate that αKG can ameliorate age-related TMJOA and PDE-induced TMJOA, maintain the homeostasis of cartilage matrix, and exert anti-aging effects in chondrocytes, with a promising therapeutic potential in TMJOA, especially age-related TMJOA.

A novel LD-targeting cysteine-activated fluorescent probe for diagnosis of APAP-induced liver injury and its application in food analysis.

Cysteine (Cys) not only plays an indispensable role in maintaining the redox balance in organisms, but is also an important nutrient in the food industry. Fluorescence-based detection systems have emerged as an effective method to track the locations and concentrations of different species. To achieve efficient monitoring of Cys in both food samples and biological systems, a novel lipid droplet (LD) targeted fluorescent probe (namely NIT-Cys) was constructed for the turn-on detection of Cys, characterized by a large Stokes shift (142 nm), a short response time (<8 min), and a low Cys detection limit (39 nM). Furthermore, the NIT-Cys probe has been successfully used not only to quantify the amounts of Cys in selected food samples, but also to enable the visualization of endogenous Cys in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced drug-induced liver injury cells, zebrafish larvae and mice models. Consequently, the work presented here provides an efficient tool for monitoring Cys.

Natural harmaline acts as novel fluorescent probe for hypochlorous acid and promising therapeutic candidate for rheumatoid arthritis.

Endogenous hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is one of the most important reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acts as a distinct biomarker that is involved in various inflammatory responses including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, it's crucial to develop an efficient method for the tracking and analysis of HOCl levels in vivo. Natural products continue to be compounds of interest, because they not only offer diverse and specific molecular scaffolds but also provide invaluable sources for new drug discovery. Herein, we firstly demonstrated harmaline (HML), a natural alkaloid mainly found in Peganum harmala L, could be acted as a novel fluorescent probe for HOCl with exceptional precision and responsiveness. Remarkably, this probe not only specifically tracked HOCl levels in cells and inflammatory RA mouse models, but also exhibited effective anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 cells and anti-proliferative effects on fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Furthermore, HML has the potential to alleviate LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. This study represents the first example of a natural product that can simultaneously act as a fluorescent probe for specific ROS and a promising therapeutic candidate for a specific disease, which will undoubtedly extend the application of fluorophore-rich natural products.

Identification of HLA-A*11:01 and A*02:01-Restricted EBV Peptides Using HLA Peptidomics.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is closely linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), notably prevalent in southern China. Although type II latency of EBV plays a crucial role in the development of NPC, some lytic genes and intermittent reactivation are also critical for viral propagation and tumor progression. Since T cell-mediated immunity is effective in targeted killing of EBV-positive cells, it is important to identify EBV-derived peptides presented by highly prevalent human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules throughout the EBV life cycle. Here, we constructed an EBV-positive NPC cell model to evaluate the presentation of EBV lytic phase peptides on streptavidin-tagged specific HLA-I molecules. Utilizing a mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based immunopeptidomic approach, we characterized eleven novel EBV peptides as well as two previously identified peptides. Furthermore, we determined these peptides were immunogenic and could stimulate PBMCs from EBV VCA/NA-IgA positive donors in an NPC endemic southern Chinese population. Overall, this work demonstrates that highly prevalent HLA-I-specific EBV peptides can be captured and functionally presented to elicit immune responses in an in vitro model, which provides insight into the epitopes presented during EBV lytic cycle and reactivation. It expands the range of viral targets for potential NPC early diagnosis and treatment.

TianTan vaccinia virus-based EBV vaccines targeting both latent and lytic antigens elicits potent immunity against lethal EBV challenge in humanized mice.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been related to multiple epithelial cancers and lymphomas. Current efforts in developing a prophylactic EBV vaccine have focused on inducing neutralizing antibodies. However, given the lifelong and persistent nature of EBV infection following primary infection, it is rationalized that an ideal vaccine should elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses targeting multiple stages of the EBV lifecycle. This study used a DNA vector and a TianTan vaccinia virus to express key EBV antigens, including BZLF1, EBNA1, EBNA3B, and gH/gL, to generate multi-antigen vaccines. The multi-antigen vaccine expressing all four antigens and the multi-antigen vaccine expressing BZLF1, EBNA1, and EBNA3B showed comparable protection effects and prevented 100% and 80% of humanized mice, respectively, from EBV-induced fatal B cell lymphoma by activating BZLF1, EBNA1, and EBNA3B specific T cell. The vaccine expressing lytic protein BZLF1 elicited stronger T cell responses and conferred superior protection compared to vaccines targeting single latent EBNA1 or EBNA3B. The vaccine solely expressing gH/gL exhibited no T cell protective effects in our humanized mice model. Our study implicates the potential of EBV vaccines that induce potent cellular responses targeting both latent and lytic phases of the EBV life cycle in the prevention of EBV-induced B cell lymphoma.

Hyperglycemia magnifies bupivacaine-induced cell apoptosis triggered by mitochondria dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Nerve cell injury associated with apoptosis plays an important role in the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). However, it remains unclear whether preexisting or potential neurocyte damage induced by hyperglycemia increases sensitivity to local anesthetics. SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with a high concentration of glucose in vitro, to imitate DPN prior to administration of bupivacaine or placebo. Cell viability and apoptosis were investigated with a CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrially generated ROS, and activity of mitochondrial complexes I and III were studied to explore the molecular mechanism of bupivacaine-induced mitochondrial injury. Grp78 and caspase-12 expression were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot, representing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Cell structure was also assessed via transmission electron microscopy. Incubation with bupivacaine decreased the activity of mitochondrial complexes I and III; increased ROS production at cell and mitochondrial levels, mitochondrial potential depolarization, and Grp78 and caspase-12 expression at both transcription and translation levels; and affected cell structure, which could be enhanced by glucose pretreatment. These findings indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress related to ROS are involved in bupivacaine-induced apoptosis and may be enhanced by glucose administration.

Spleen stiffness and splenoportal venous flow: assessment before and after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement.

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively assess changes in spleen stiffness and splenoportal venous flow before and after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated spleen stiffness measured by the mean shear wave velocity with acoustic radiation force impulse imaging and the splenoportal venous velocity with color Doppler sonography in 12 patients (mean age ± SD, 42.6 ± 11.0 years; range, 29-65 years) who underwent TIPS placement for portal hypertension and gastroesophageal bleeding. The mean shear wave velocity and angle-corrected splenoportal venous velocity at the main portal and splenic veins were measured 1 day before and 3 to 9 days after TIPS placement (mean interval, 6.0 ± 1.95 days; range, 4-10 days) and were compared with portal vein pressure measured during the procedure. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in portal vein pressure before and after TIPS (25.34 ± 6.21 versus 15.66 ± 6.07 mm Hg; P = .0005). After TIPS, the mean shear wave velocity decreased significantly in all 12 cases (3.50 ± 0.46 versus 3.15 ± 0.39 m/s before and after TIPS; P = .00015). The flow velocity at the main portal vein increased significantly after TIPS (22.21 ± 4.13 versus 47.25 ± 12.37 cm/s; P = .0000051). The splenic vein velocity and spleen index measured 25.57 ± 6.98 cm/s and 55.99 ± 21.27 cm(2), respectively, before TIPS and 35.72 ± 11.10 cm/s and 50.11 ± 21.12 cm(2) after TIPS (P = .0004 and .003). CONCLUSIONS: A significant decrease in the mean shear wave velocity and increase in the splenoportal venous velocity occurred with reduced portal vein pressure after TIPS placement. Hence, both parameters can be used as noninvasive quantitative markers for monitoring TIPS function after placement.