Higher matrix stiffness promotes VSMC senescence by affecting mitochondria-ER contact sites and mitochondria/ER dysfunction.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a prevalent condition characterized by the weakening and bulging of the abdominal aorta. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a stiff matrix on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in AAA development. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in VSMCs of an AAA mouse model were enriched in cellular senescence and related pathways. To simulate aging-related changes, VSMCs were cultured on stiff matrices, and compared to those on soft matrices, the VSMCs cultured on stiff matrices exhibited cellular senescence. Furthermore, the mutual distance between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in VSMCs was increased, indicating altered mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs). The observed upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, antioxidant gene expression, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential suggested the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction in VSMCs cultured on a stiff matrix. Additionally, the induction of ER stress-related genes indicated ER dysfunction. These findings collectively indicated impaired functionality of both mitochondria and ER in VSMCs cultured on a stiff matrix. Moreover, our data revealed that high lipid levels exacerbated the effects of high matrix stiffness on VSMCs senescence, MERC sites, and mitochondria/ER dysfunction. Importantly, treatment with the antilipemic agent CI-981 effectively reversed these detrimental effects. These findings provide insights into the role of matrix stiffness, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, and lipid metabolism in AAA development, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for intervention.

Outcomes Following Different Management of Mycotic Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to present our experience on managing mycotic infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (MIAAA) through a retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Data of patients with MIAAA managed in our center from July 2016 to October 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The diagnosis of MIAAA was made based on: (1) preoperative clinical signs of infection; (2) elevated serologic infection parameters; (3) para-aneurysmal infection features on enhanced computed tomography; and (4) positive blood or tissue cultures. All the patients received standard antibiotic therapy. Surgical management including endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), initial EVAR followed by open re-operation, and initial open surgical repair (OSR) were conducted according to disease seriosity, physical condition, and patient's will. Infection index and clinical outcome were evaluated during the follow-up time. RESULTS: A total of 23 patients (21 men; averaged=66.3 years, range=49-79 years) were included, with a mean follow-up time of 19.9 months (range=1-75 months). Bacteria culture from blood or tissue specimen was positive in 15 patients (Salmonella, n=8; Escherichia coli, n=3; methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus [MSSA], n=1; Klebsiella pneumoniae, n=1; Staphylococcus epidermidis, n=1; Mycobacterium tuberculosis, n=1). Seven patients received OSR as the initial surgical intervention, whereas 14 patients chose EVAR instead. The 2 conservatively managed patients (refused surgery) died within 30 days. The 7 patients who received initial OSR survived till now. Among the 14 patients who underwent initial EVAR, infection deteriorated without exception (14/14, 100%). Three of these patients refused re-operation and died within 6 months. Eleven patients received secondary surgical intervention (10 cases of aneurysm and endograft resection, thorough debridement, subclavian to bi-femoral artery bypass, or in situ aorta reconstruction; 1 case of laparoscopic debridement) and 7 survived the follow-up time. The overall mortality rate was 39.1% (9/23). The mortality rates differed greatly following different intervention methods (merely antibiotic management, 100%; initial open operation, 0%; initial EVAR without secondary operation, 100%; initial EVAR plus secondary operation, 36.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Open surgical repair is still the first choice for hemodynamically stable and low-risk patients. Merely EVAR is related with disastrous results, which should be reserved as a temporary alternative for patients with ruptured aneurysms, hemodynamic instability or high surgical risk, and followed by timely secondary OSR. CLINICAL IMPACT: The management of mycotic or primary-infected aortic aneurysm is challenging; treatment remains controversial. Our center has reviewed our experience over the past 6 years and found that open surgical repair is still the first choice for hemodynamically stable and low-risk patients. Merely endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is related with disastrous results, which should be reserved as a temporary alternative for patients with ruptured aneurysms, hemodynamic instability or high surgical risk, and followed by timely secondary open surgical repair.

Prognosis and Remodeling after Endovascular Repair for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Type B Aortic Dissection.

PURPOSE: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for type B aortic dissection (TBAD) is already well introduced, but the best time point to perform TEVAR has not been defined. This study was to report mid- to long-term outcomes and aortic remodeling of TEVAR in patients with TBAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 318 TBAD patients from June 2001 to May 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into 3 groups depending on interval between dissection onset to TEVAR: acute (0-7 days), subacute (8-30 days), and chronic (>30 days). Clinical and morphological data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The follow-up aorta-related mortality rates in the 3 groups were 17.6%, 2.6%, 4.2%, and the proximal stent-induced new entry rates were 11.8%, 1.6%, 2.8%, respectively. Aortic remodeling was satisfied in both the acute and subacute group, but the false lumen diameter did not decrease (p>0.05) in the chronic group. Compared with the VIRTUE classification (acute, 0-14 days; subacute, 15-92 days; chronic, >92 days), mid- to long-term outcomes of patients within the first overlapped interval between the 2 classifications (8-14 days) were similar to that of subacute patients (15-30 days), while aortic remodeling of patients in the second overlapped interval (31-92 days) was similar to that of chronic patients (>92 days). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that TEVAR for subacute TBAD is associated with a low long-term rate of aorta-related death. Aortic remodeling of chronic dissections is not satisfactory. Additional results suggest that the subacute phase (8-30 days) may be the optimal time to perform TEVAR for uncomplicated TBAD.

Managing Emergent Surgery for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic which may compromise the management of vascular emergencies. An uncompromised treatment for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) during such a health crisis represents a challenge. This study aimed to demonstrate the treatment outcomes of rAAA and the perioperative prevention of cross-infection under the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: In cases of rAAA during the pandemic, a perioperative workflow was applied to expedite coronavirus testing and avoid pre-operative delay, combined with a strategy for preventing cross-infection. Data of rAAA treated in 11 vascular centers between January-March 2020 collected retrospectively were compared to the corresponding period in 2018 and 2019. RESULTS: Eight, 12, and 14 rAAA patients were treated in 11 centers in January-March 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. An increased portion were treated at local hospitals with a comparable outcome compared with large centers in Guangzhou. With EVAR-first strategy, 85.7% patients with rAAA in 2020 underwent endovascular repair, similar to that in 2018 and 2019. The surgical outcomes during the pandemic were not inferior to that in 2018 and 2019. The average length of ICU stay was 1.8 ± 3.4 days in 2020, tending to be shorter than that in 2018 and 2019, whereas the length of hospital stay was similar among 3 years. The in-hospital mortality of 2018, 2019, and 2020 was 37.5%, 25.0%, and 14.3%, respectively. Three patients undergoing emergent surgeries were suspected of COVID-19, though turned out to be negative after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience for emergency management of rAAA and infection prevention for healthcare providers is effective in optimizing emergent surgical outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Treatment of High Surgical Risk Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Stent Graft and Multilayer Bare Stents Joint Technique: Mid-Long-Term Clinical Results.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to present the performance data on stent-graft and multilayer bare stents (MBS) joint technique in the treatment of high-risk thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA). METHODS: From May 2012 to December 2015, 8 selective TAAA cases (ages 46-75 years) ineligible for surgical repair underwent the stent-graft and MBS joint procedure, and were closely followed up for a median of 32 months (range 14-58). Using computed tomography images, the aneurysm size, luminal blood flow diameter, and the covered visceral branches were analyzed. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in all patients (100%, 8/8). Twenty-four visceral branches were covered by MBS in total. There was no complication or death during hospital stay. During follow-up period, no death or complication occurred. Aneurysm shrinkage (maximum diameter decrease ≥5 mm) was observed in 7 patients. No aneurysm expansion was observed. Total aneurysm sac thrombosis was observed in all patients. The majority of covered side branches (23/24) were successfully preserved. No visceral ischemia or bleeding complications was observed during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Total endovascular repair of TAAA using stent-graft and MBS joint technique may be a safe and effective alternative in high surgical risk patients. More approving clinical evidences about the safety and efficacy of this procedure are anticipated.

Critical Factors for In Vivo Measurements of Human Skin by Terahertz Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy.

Attenuated total reflection (ATR) geometry is a suitable choice for in vivo measurements of human skin due to the deep penetration of the field into the sample and since it makes it easy to measure the reference spectrum. On the other hand, there are several critical factors that may affect the terahertz (THz) response in these kinds of experiments. Here, we analyse in detail the influence of the following factors: the contact positions between the thumb and the prism, the contact pressure, the contact duration, and the materials of the prism. Furthermore, we use the THz-ATR technology to evaluate different types of handcream and also establish the theoretical model to investigate the reflectivity after interacting with the skin. The results agree well with experimental ones. Our analysis makes it clear the importance of controlling the above factors during measurements to enable reliable THz response and results which, in turn, may be used to monitor water motion in human skin and to predict possible diseases.

Impact of Plaque Calcification and Stent Oversizing on Clinical Outcomes of Atherosclerotic Femoropopliteal Arterial Occlusive Disease Following Stent Angioplasty.

OBJECTIVE: Plaque calcification and stent oversizing are two key factors contributing to in stent restenosis (ISR) following femoropopliteal stent angioplasty. This study aimed to explore a pre-operative quantitative assessment method of plaque calcification and rational parameters of stent oversizing in the femoropopliteal artery. METHODS: A total of 115 patients with atherosclerotic femoropopliteal arterial occlusive disease treated from January 2013 to January 2016 were included retrospectively. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) imaging was performed to analyse calcified plaque parameters (calcified plaque volume [CV], standard CV [SCV], burden of calcified plaque) and stent oversizing parameters at different vessel segments (distal oversizing, maximum oversizing, plaque oversizing). Optimal cut offs for the six parameters were determined by the maximum Youden's index. The relationship between calcified plaque, stent oversizing, and clinical outcomes were assessed by correlation analysis and multivariable Cox regression models. RESULTS: The one year primary patency rate was 77.4%; the rates of ISR, major amputation, target lesion revascularisation, and mortality were 40.9%, 8.7%, 17.4%, and 12.2%, respectively. For all six parameters, patients with values greater than the cut offs had a significantly higher incidence of ISR than those with values below the cut offs. ISR was positively correlated with all six calcification and oversizing parameters. Amputation and mortality were positively correlated with calcification parameters. Multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated that all six parameters were independent risk factors for ISR. All calcification parameters were identified as independent risk factors for amputation, while only CV and SCV were independent risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSION: Calcified plaque in the femoropopliteal artery can be quantitatively analysed on pre-operative CTA images. High calcified plaque burden and excessive stent oversizing were associated with unfavourable outcomes following stent angioplasty.

Restrictive bare stent prevents distal stent graft-induced new entry in endovascular repair of type B aortic dissection.

OBJECTIVE: Distal stent graft-induced new entry (SINE) can occur after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) of type B aortic dissection. This study investigated the mechanism of distal SINE and its prevention using a restrictive bare stent (RBS) technique. METHODS: From January 2013 to December 2014, 68 consecutive type B aortic dissection patients received endovascular repair at our center. The RBS technique was used with distal oversizing (between the diameter of the thoracic stent graft and the descending aorta true lumen diameter at the level of the intended distal edge of the thoracic stent graft) >20%. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients received TEVAR with a single thoracic stent graft (TEVAR group, n = 23); the rest received TEVAR combined with the RBS technique (TEVAR + RBS group, n = 45). Four distal SINEs occurred in the TEVAR group. Distal oversizing (69.7% ± 35.5% vs 31.2% ± 24.5%; P = .005) and expansion mismatch ratio (132.2% ± 16.9% vs 106.5% ± 11.6%; P < .05) were significantly higher in the SINE patients. Compared with standard TEVAR, TEVAR + RBS was associated with significantly lower distal oversizing (TEVAR vs TEVAR + RBS group, 59.8% ± 24.7% vs 16.7% ± 7.6%; P < .05), lower expansion mismatch ratio (113.8% ± 14.6% vs 103.8% ± 11.7%; P = .012), and lower distal SINE rate (4/23 [17.4%] vs 0/45 [0%]; P = .011). Compared with the TEVAR group, the false lumen was reduced significantly at the level of the RBS distal edge (P = .029). CONCLUSIONS: Excessive distal oversizing and distal expansion mismatch ratio may contribute to the occurrence of distal SINE. The RBS technique reduced the incidence of distal SINE. Based on our midterm and long-term observations, implantation of an RBS may improve aortic remodeling.

Octopus Endograft Technique to Treat a Ruptured Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

PURPOSE: To report the use of the octopus endograft technique to treat a patient with a ruptured thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA). CASE REPORT: A 46-year-old man was diagnosed with a contained rupture of a 9-cm type V TAAA. The presence of an occluded superior mesenteric artery (SMA), a stenotic celiac trunk, an enlarged inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), and rich collaterals with the SMA and celiac trunk made endovascular repair with the octopus endograft technique appear feasible. Two stent-grafts were overlapped in the thoracic aorta with the short limb of the distal bifurcated stent-graft about 3 cm above the celiac trunk and the long limb at the level of the renal arteries. A limb graft was introduced into the long limb of the bifurcated stent-graft and deployed with the lower end just above the orifice of the IMA. The celiac trunk was embolized. Viabahn stent-grafts were deployed through the bifurcated stent-graft limbs to revascularize the renal arteries. Completion angiography suggested free flow in the renal arteries, though the gutters around the Viabahn stent-grafts generated a moderate endoleak that persisted at 4-month follow-up. The gutters were then sealed with coil embolization, which eliminated the endoleak and induced complete thrombosis in the aneurysm sac at the 6-month follow-up. One-year computed tomography revealed significant sac shrinkage. CONCLUSION: The octopus endograft technique may serve as a feasible, effective, and safe treatment alternative for highly selected patients with ruptured TAAA.

The value of endografts in the surgical management of arterial lesions secondary to Behçet disease.

BACKGROUND: This study summarizes our experience in the surgical management of arterial lesions secondary to Behçet disease (BD) and assesses the value of endografts. METHODS: Data from BD patients with arterial lesions managed surgically in our center from January 1998 to December 2015 were studied retrospectively. Surgical procedures, graft selection, graft-related complications, and retreatments were analyzed. RESULTS: We recruited 33 patients (29 men and 4 women; male-to-female ratio, 7.25:1) with an average age of 36.7 years (range, 25-51 years). The arterial lesions included 27 aneurysms in 24 patients and nine stenotic or occlusive lesions in nine patients. Immunosuppressive therapy was administered routinely preoperatively and postoperatively as recommended. Altogether, 15 great saphenous veins (GSVs), 8 synthetic grafts, and 13 endografts were used in 36 primary procedures. The mean follow-up duration was 3.8 ± 2.9 years. Graft-related pseudoaneurysm was seen in three GSVs (20%) and in three synthetic grafts (38%) at the anastomosis, but not in endograft implantations (log-rank, P = .171). Graft occlusions were observed in 1 GSV (7%), 2 synthetic (25%), and 2 endografts (15%; log-rank, P = .881). Graft infection occurred in one synthetic graft (13%) and in one endograft (8%) but not in the GSVs (log-rank, P = .689). Graft-related artery rupture occurred in only one endograft (8%). Two patients died, giving a mortality rate of 6.1%. CONCLUSIONS: In the surgical management of arterial lesions secondary to BD, endografts were superior to GSV and synthetic grafts in decreasing anastomotic pseudoaneurysm. However, improvements are needed to enhance the long-term patency and reduce infections.

Prospective Randomized Study of Ultrasound-Guided Foam Sclerotherapy Combined with Great Saphenous Vein High Ligation in the Treatment of Severe Lower Extremity Varicosis.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) in a single session combined with great saphenous vein (GSV) high ligation for severe lower extremity varicosis classified as C4-C6, compared with GSV stripping plus multistab avulsion or transilluminated powered phlebectomy (TIPP). METHODS: From January 2012 to December 2014, 177 patients with primary GSV insufficiency, classified as C4-C6, were randomized into the UGFS group or the control group. The UGFS group was managed by GSV high ligation and foam sclerotherapy in one session under the surveillance of ultrasonography, whereas the control group received GSV high ligation and stripping combined with multistab avulsion or TIPP. The patients were followed up at 1, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Outcome assessments included reflux recurrence rate, procedure-related adverse events, hemodynamic parameters, revised Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), and Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ) score. The medical cost and operating time of the 2 groups were also compared. RESULTS: In total, 73 patients received UGFS, whereas 90 patients underwent traditional surgery. Sixty-five patients in the UGFS group (89.0%) and 74 patients in the control group (82.2%) completed the follow-up. At the end of 12 months, the cumulative reflux recurrence rate was 13.8% in the UGFS group and 13.5% in the control group (P = 0.955). In the UGFS and control groups, minor complications (27.7% vs. 21.6%, P = 0.406) and major complications (3.1% vs. 2.7%, P = 0.895) were not significantly different. Compared with baseline values, obvious improvements of the venous filling index, VCSS, and AVVQ scores after treatment were confirmed in both groups (P < 0.001). The average operating and recovery times were much shorter (38.3 vs. 81.2 min, 5.4 vs. 9.6 days, P < 0.001, respectively), and the average hospital cost was much lower ($853 vs. $1,575, P < 0.001) in the UGFS group than in the control group. The patient satisfaction rate reached 92.3% in the UGFS group and 89.2% in the control group 12 months after operation (P = 0.270). CONCLUSIONS: Our outcomes indicated that UGFS combined with GSV high ligation was safe and effective for severe lower extremity varicosis.

Endovascular versus Open Surgery Repair of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Hemodynamically Unstable Patients: Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The better outcome achieved by endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) in ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) patients might derive from the fact that patients with hemodynamic instability preferentially underwent open repair. To further evaluate the effect of EVAR for rAAAs, a meta-analysis of studies in which hemodynamic instability was similar between the 2 treatment groups was conducted. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 2004 to May 2014 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that compared EVAR with open surgery repair in rAAA patients. RESULTS: Three RCTs and 10 observational studies covering 1,784 patients were included. Perioperative mortality occurred in 27.3% of the patients treated with EVAR and in 38.1% of the patients who underwent open repair. Subgroup analysis revealed consistent results in favor of EVAR in single-center, observational studies. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis indicated that the superior effect of EVAR might be associated with more anatomically suitable patients in EVAR group. CONCLUSION: The findings from our meta-analysis support EVAR in properly selective rAAA patients.

[Outcomes of endovascular repairing aortic arch disease hybrid with supra-arch debranching procedures].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the experience of endovascular repairing aortic arch disease hybrid with supra-arch debranching procedures. METHODS: It was a retrospective study. From January 2002 to December 2014, 42 high risk patients with aortic arch disease were treated by supra-arch debranching hybrid with subsequent endovascular repair in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. There were 39 male and 3 female patients with a mean age of (53±13) years (ranging from 34 to 80 years). Of the 42 patients, 7 were thoracic aortic aneurysm, 20 were Stanford type B aortic dissection and 15 were Stanford type A aortic dissection. After the supra-aortic debranching technique, simultaneous (n=16) or staged (n=26, mean interval (7±3) days) endovascular repair were performed. Fisher exact test was used to compare the in-hospital mortality of ascending aorta based debranching and non-ascending aorta based debranching. RESULTS: Technical success rate was 81.0% (34/42). The overall 30-day complication rate was 31.0% (13/42), including 3 cerebral stroke (7.1%), 8 endoleak (19.0%, including 6 type I endoleak and 2 type II endoleak), 1 circulatory failure, 1 aorto-tracheal fistula. The 30-day mortality was 9.5% (4/42), 2 died of cerebral stroke, 1 died of circulatory failure, 1 died of aorto-tracheal fistula. The in-hospital mortality of ascending aorta based debranching group was obviously higher than that of the non-ascending aorta based debranching group (4/16 vs. 0, P=0.02). The median time of follow-up was 64.8 (2 to 156.9) months. CT scanning was performed at 1, 3 months after surgery and annually thereafter. The overall survival rate was 76.6%. During the follow-up period, there was 4 deaths, and 2 of them were aortic artery related (5.3%). There were 4 de novo complications during the follow-up period, 1 stroke attributed to bypass occlusion was cured by medical treatment, 2 pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with open surgery, 1 stent-graft induced new distal entry tear was successfully treated with a tapered stent-graft, there was no new endoleak during follow up period, 3 type I endoleak disappeared spontaneously, and 1 type II endoleak disappeared after secondary intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular repair of aortic arch disease hybrid with supra-arch debranching procedure is low invasive with favorable long-term outcomes. It is suitable for high risk patients of poor general condition with little tolerance to aortic arch replacement. The in-hospital mortality is higher in the ascending aorta based debranching group than in the non-ascending aorta based debranching group. Stroke is a critical fatal complication and should be attached attention.

[Hybrid treatment of aortic arch disease with ascending aorta to carotid artery revascularization and subsequent endovascular repair].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the experience of treating aortic arch disease with ascending aorta to carotid artery revascularization and subsequent endovascular repair. METHODS: From January 2002 to June 2013, 10 high risk patients with aortic arch disease were treated with ascending aorta to carotid artery revascularization with subsequent endovascular repair in the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University. There were 9 male and 1 female patients with a mean age of (54 ± 14) years (ranging from 34 to 71 years). Of the 10 patients, 8 were aortic dissection and 2 were thoracic aortic aneurysm. All aortic arch debranching was performed with mid-sternotomy, including 7 ascending aorta to innominate artery and left common carotid artery bypass, and 3 ascending aorta to left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery bypass.Subsequently, simultaneous (n = 5) and staged (n = 5, mean interval (7 ± 4) days) endovascular repair were performed via femoral artery. RESULTS: Technical success rate was 10/10. The 30 day-mortality was 3/10, including 1 brain stem infarction, 1 circulatory failure and 1 aorto-tracheal fistula. Complication included 1 type II endoleak. The median time of follow-up was 24 (14) months. CT scanning was performed at 1, 3 months and annually thereafter. There was no death and no occlusion of bypass during follow-up.No complication occurred except 1 existing type II endoleak. CONCLUSION: Ascending aorta to carotid artery revascularization with subsequent endovascular repair is suitable for high risk aortic arch pathology patients in poor general condition with little tolerance to aortic arch replacement.

Endovascular repair of an aortic arch pseudoaneurysm by an atrial septal defect occluder combined with a chimney stent.

An aortic arch pseudoaneurysm distal to the left common carotid artery (LCCA) was repaired endovascularly with an atrial septal defect occluder. Aortography showed complete closure of the pseudoaneurysm but delayed blood flow in the LCCA. A chimney stent was then placed into the LCCA to salvage it. Completion angiography suggested free flow in the LCCA and a minor perioccluder leak, which disappeared at 1-month follow-up. The patient was free from any symptoms related to the pseudoaneurysm at 1-year follow-up, with the atrial septal defect occluder in a satisfactory position, absence of leaking, and complete thrombosis in the pseudoaneurysm cavity.

[Ultrasonic monitoring foam sclerotherapy for serious varicosis of lower extremity].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of foam sclerotherapy for lower extremity varicosis in C4 to C6 patients. METHODS: A total of 32 patients (32 limbs) with serious lower extremity varicosis classified as C4 to C6 were enrolled. Ultrasonic monitoring of foam sclerotherapy was performed after subfascial endoscopic perforator suture and saphenous vein ligation. They were followed up monthly at outpatient department. Duplex Doppler scan was performed during each interview. RESULTS: All patients were treated successfully. An average of 3.2 perforators were ligated per leg (1-5 perforators). The average volume of foam sclerosing agent was 27.5 ml per leg. Mild chest tightness was observed in one patient but computed tomography (CT) scan excluded pulmonary embolism. Obvious local inflammatory reaction was observed in 4 patients. Residual vein mass without blood signal was seen in 3 patients. No such serious complication as cerebral ischemia was observed. The average follow-up period was 4.8 (1-10) months. Obvious varicose veins and clinical symptoms disappeared at 1 month. And venous ulcers in patients classified as C5 healed within 3 months. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonic monitoring of foam sclerotherapy, incorporation with saphenous vein ligation and subfascial endoscopic perforator suture, is both safe and effective in the treatment of serious lower extremity varicosis classified as C4 to C6.

Correlation between preoperative Doppler ultrasonography-assessed specific accessory cephalic vein diameter-cephalic vein diameter ratio (r) and early dysfunction of Radial artery-Cephalic vein arteriovenous fistula: a single-center cross-sectional study.

Background: Accessory cephalic vein (ACV) ligation can circumvent immature arteriovenous fistula (AVF). However, no consensus has been reached on the definite timing of ACV ligation. This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the correlation between preoperative Doppler ultrasonography (DUS)-assessed specific ACV diameter-cephalic vein diameter ratio (r) and early dysfunction of Radial artery-Cephalic vein (RC)-AVF in order to improve the early maturity rate of RC-AVF. Methods: A total of 258 patients who underwent RC-AVF at The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University from 1 June 2018 to 31 March 2022 were included in this study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (I) cephalic vein ≥2.0 mm and radial artery ≥1.5 mm, suitable for RC-AVF establishment; (II) presence of an ACV. As per the specific r determined using preoperative DUS assessment, all patients were classified into two groups: Group A (r<0.8) and Group B (r≥0.8). Furthermore, patients in each group were divided into intervention and non-intervention subgroups based on the presence or absence of intraoperative ACV ligation, respectively. Patient data including age, sex, underlying disease, AVF side, and radial diameter were compared. The difference of maturity rate between participants in the intervention group and non-intervention group with different r values was analyzed, so as to obtain the relationship between different r values and maturity rate. Results: No statistical differences were observed between the intervention and non-intervention subgroups in the two groups in terms of sex, age, comorbidities, complications, AVF side, radial artery, cephalic vein, and ACV diameters (P>0.05). When r<0.8, the maturity rates of the intervention group and the non-intervention group were 80% and 92.98%, respectively, χ2=4.561. The difference in maturation rate between the intervention and non-intervention subgroups was insignificant (P=0.075) when r<0.8. When r≥0.8, the maturity rates of the intervention group and the non-intervention group were 89.83% and 45.45%, respectively, χ2=25.943. The difference in maturation rates between the intervention and non-intervention subgroups was significant when r≥0.8 (P<0.001). Conclusions: Preoperative DUS suggested a correlation between r≥0.8 and early immaturity of RC-AVF. Therefore, concurrent intraoperative ACV ligation should be carried out when preoperative r is ≥0.8, as it may reduce the early power dysfunction of RC-AVF.

[Fabrication of tissue engineered vein containing valve scaffolds].

OBJECTIVE: To fabricate porous biodegradable tissue engineered vein containing valve scaffolds. METHODS: Based on the self-made cast, the tissue engineered vein containing valve scaffolds was fabricated by injection molding plus thermally induced phase separation. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA, LA/GA mole ratio 75:25) was used as matrices. Morphological structures and biocompatibility of scaffolds were tested. Cell seeding on scaffold was performed and the mechanic characteristics of cellular constructs evaluated. RESULTS: The scaffold had an inner diameter of 9 mm with a wall thickness of 0.9 mm and the thickness of valves was (0.32 ± 0.04) mm. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) micrographs showed regular ladder-like porous structures and the average pore size and porosity of scaffolds were 10 - 20 µm and 90%. The PLGA scaffolds were biocompatible. The cellular constructs were tested in vitro, and the valve leaflets were functionally capable of opening and closing when stimulated. CONCLUSION: Based on the self-made cast, the tissue engineered vein containing valve scaffolds can be fabricated by injection molding plus thermally induced phase separation. Further researches are warranted.

[Potential causes and optimal treatment strategy of recurrent venous ulceration in lower limb].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential causes and the optimal treatments of recurrent venous ulceration of lower limbs after initial operation. METHODS: Data of patients admitted between January 2000 and June 2010 for recurrent ulceration in lower limbs after previous operation were retrospectively analyzed. Altogether 81 limbs in 73 patients were recruited. There were 55 male patients (60 limbs) and 18 female patients (21 limbs). The average age was 52.6 years (ranging from 31 to 73 years). All the patients had received at least one surgery procedures before recurrence. The average time between ulceration recurrence and the last operation was 10.6 months (ranging from 5 to 37 months). Average diameter of ulcers was 3.7 cm (ranging from 1.3 to 6.5 cm). Color duplex sonography before re-treatment revealed incompetent calf perforators in 57 limbs (70.4%), primary deep vein insufficiency in 38 limbs (46.9%), post-DVT syndrome in 16 limbs (19.8%), reflux of accessory saphenous veins in 11 limbs (13.6%) and residual/re-opened great saphenous vein in 8 limbs (9.9%). Managements including stripping of great saphenous vein, ligation around the ulcer, percutanous ligation of varicose veins, valvoplasty, and adjuvant compressive therapy were adopted according to different venous abnormality. RESULTS: All the patients were followed. All the ulcers healed and hemodynamic indexes were greatly improved 6 months after re-operation. Only 3 limbs (3.7%) suffered again from recurrence 1 year after re-operation. CONCLUSIONS: Incompetent perforators in calf, primary or secondary deep vein insufficiency and incorrectly treated saphenous veins are main causes for recurrent venous ulceration in our series. Management of residual vein abnormalities can still achieve satisfying clinical outcome.