A case of extensive biatrial clot straddling the patent foramen ovale.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common abnormality that occurs in about 25% of the adult population. In most cases is a benign finding, but sometimes the communication between the right and the left atria can be a conduit for thrombi.

Management of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Cardioversion.

Atrial fibrillation the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Its incidence rises steadily with each decade, becoming a real "epidemic phenomenon". Cardioversion is defined as a rhythm control strategy which, if successful, restores normal sinus rhythm. This, whether obtained with synchronized shock or with drugs, involves a periprocedural risk of stroke and systemic embolism which is reduced by adequate anticoagulant therapy in the weeks before or by the exclusion of left atrial thrombi. Direct oral anticoagulants are safe, manageable, and provide rapid onset of oral anticoagulation; they are an important alternative to heparin/warfarin from all points of view, with a considerable reduction in bleedings and increase in the safety and quality of life of patients.

Effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan on Exercise Capacity in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction and the Role of Percentage of Delayed Enhancement Measured by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Predicting Therapeutic Response: A Multicentre Study.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of sacubitril/valsartan therapy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), investigating a possible correlation with the degree of myocardial fibrosis, as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance. Methods: A total of 134 outpatients with HFrEF were enrolled. Results: After a mean follow-up of 13.3 ± 6.6 months, an improvement in ejection fraction and a reduction in E/A ratio, inferior vena cava size and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels were observed. At follow-up, we observed an increase in VO2 peak of 16% (p<0.0001) and in O2 pulse of 13% (p=0.0002) as well as an improvement in ventilatory response associated with a 7% reduction in the VE/VCO2 slope (p=0.0001). An 8% increase in the ΔVO2/Δ work ratio and an 18% increase in exercise tolerance were also observed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the main predictors of events during follow-up were VE/VCO2 slope >34 (OR 3.98; 95% CI [1.59-10.54]; p=0.0028); ventilatory oscillatory pattern (OR 4.65; 95% CI [1.55-16.13]; p=0.0052); and haemoglobin level (OR 0.35; 95% CI [0.21-0.55]; p<0.0001). In patients who had cardiac magnetic resonance, when delayed enhancement >4.6% was detected, a lower response after sacubitril/valsartan therapy was observed as expressed by improvement in ΔVO2 peak, O2 pulse, LVEF and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. No significant differences were observed in ΔVO2/Δ work and VE/VCO2 slope. Conclusion:Sacubitril/valsartan improves cardiopulmonary functional capacity in HFrEF patients. The presence of myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance is a predictor of response to therapy.