[Investigate of the etiology and prevention status of liver cirrhosis].

Objective: To investigate the etiology, prevention and treatment status, and their corresponding regional differences of the patients with liver cirrhosis in China, in order to provide scientific basis for the development of diagnosis and control strategies in China. Methods: Clinical data of patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis for the first time through January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020 from 50 hospitals in seven different regions of China were collected and analyzed retrospectively, and the difference of etiology, treatment, and their differences in various regions were analyzed. Results: A total of 11 861 cases with liver cirrhosis were included in the study. Thereinto, 5 093 cases (42.94%) were diagnosed as compensated cirrhosis, and 6 768 cases (57.06%) had decompensated cirrhosis. Notably, 8 439 cases (71.15%) were determined as chronic hepatitis B-caused cirrhosis, 1 337 cases (11.27%) were alcoholic liver disease, 963 cases (8.12%) were chronic hepatitis C, 698 cases (5.88%) were autoimmune liver disease, 367 cases (3.09%) were schistosomiasis, 177 cases (1.49%) were nonalcoholic fatty liver, and 743 cases (6.26%) of other types of liver disease. There were significant differences in the incidence of chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver, schistosomiasis liver disease, and autoimmune liver disease among the seven regions (P<0.001). Only 1 139 cases (9.60%) underwent endoscopic therapy, thereinto, 718 cases (6.05%) underwent surgical therapy, and 456 cases (3.84%) underwent interventional therapy treatment. In patients with compensated liver cirrhosis, 60 cases (0.51%) underwent non-selective ß receptor blockers(NSBB), including 59 cases (0.50%) underwent propranolol and 1 case (0.01%) underwent carvedilol treatment. In patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, 310 cases (2.61%) underwent NSBB treatment, including 303 cases (2.55%) underwent propranolol treatment and 7 cases (0.06%) underwent carvedilol treatment. Interestingly, there were significant differences in receiving endoscopic therapy, interventional therapy, NSBB therapy, splenectomy and other surgical treatments among the seven regions (P<0.001). Conclusion: Currently, chronic hepatitis B is the main cause (71.15%) of liver cirrhosis in several regions of China, and alcoholic liver disease has become the second cause (11.27%) of liver cirrhosis in China. The three-level prevention and control of cirrhosis in China should be further strengthened.

[Research progress on the relationship between liver cirrhosis and thyroid hormones].

There exists a complex relationship between liver and thyroid hormones. Liver plays an important role in the activation, inactivation, transportation, and metabolism of thyroid hormones. At the same time, thyroid hormones also affect hepatocytes activity and liver metabolism, such as lipid and bilirubin metabolism. Importantly, thyroid hormone levels often change abnormally in patients with liver cirrhosis. Therefore, studying the change of thyroid hormone levels in patients with liver cirrhosis has a certain clinical value for assessing the severity, prognosis, diagnosis and treatment. This paper reviews the research progress on the relationship between liver cirrhosis and thyroid hormone.

[Establishment and validation of a new predictive equation with multiple risk factors for the development of cardiorenal syndrome type 1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction].

Objective: To investigate the independent risk factors of cardiorenal syndrome type 1 (CRS1) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to build a predictive equation for the development of CRS1 in these patients. Method: Consecutive inpatients with AMI, who hospitalized from January 2017 to December 2018 in the Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, were enrolled in this case-control study. Patients were divided into CRS1 group and non-CRS1 group according to the presence or absence of CRS1.The clinical data were collected through the electronic medical record system of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital. The matching process was conducted with a minimum-distance scoring method and a 1∶1 match between the CRS1 group and the no-CRS1 group, the propensity score was calculated through the logistic regression model. Factors with statistically significant differences in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression model to analyze the risk factors of AMI patients with CRS1, then the independent risk factors were used to establish a predicting equation for CRS1 by logistic regression function for model building. Area under the curve (AUC) value and the best cut-off value of the combined predictors was determined according to the ROC curve. Python 3.8 software was used to perform 10-fold cross-validation on modeling samples. Results: A total of 942 patients were included, there were 113 cases in CRS1 group and 829 cases in non-CRS1 group. Ultimately, 99 CRS1 patients were successfully matched to 99 non-CRS1 patient using 1∶1 matching. After propensity score matching, the baseline age and sex along with heart rate, mean arterial pressure, percentage of people with a history of diabetes, hypertension, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia time, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blockers use, and ß receptor blocker use were similar between the two groups(all P>0.05). The contrast agent dosage was also similar between the two groups (P=0.266). The peak cardiac troponin I (cTnI), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP), white blood cell count, base estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albumin and hemoglobin levels were statistically significant between the two groups (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that decreased baseline eGFR, increased NT-proBNP, peak cTnI concentrations and white blood cell count were independent risk factors of CRS1 in AMI patients (all P<0.01).The predicting equation of the combined predictor was established by transforming the logistic model equation, L=0.031×cTnI+0.000 2×NT-proBNP-0.024×eGFR+0.254×white blood cell count, where L represented the combined predictor. ROC curve analysis indicated that the AUC of the peak cTnI, NT-proBNP, baseline eGFR, white blood cell count, and combined predictor were 0.76, 0.85, 0.79, 0.81, and 0.92 respectively (all P<0.05), and the cutoff value of combined predictor was 2.6. The AUC of ROC curve after the model's ten-fold cross validation was 0.89. Conclusions: Decreased baseline eGFR, increased NT-proBNP, peak cTnI concentrations and white blood cell count are the independent risk factors for CRS1 in AMI patients. The combined predictor equation based on the above 4 biomarkers presents a good predictive value for CRS1 in AMI patients.

[Research of artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support system for primary hepatocellular carcinoma].

Objective: To apply artificial intelligence technology in clinical real-world data of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma, explore the precise treatment of disease and build up artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support system. Methods: A total of 5 642 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma admitted to West China Hospital from July 2004 to June 2016 with complete follow-up records were included in the study. A merged model composed of multiple sub-classifiers was adopted to calculate therapy recommendation coefficient, and receiver operator characteristic curve was analyzed. Survival risk and recurrence risk were predicted by DeepSurv algorithm, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were further compared among low, middle and high risk groups. Siamese-Net was applied to find similar patients. Results: The Top-1 and Top-2 accuracy of therapy recommendation coefficient reached 82.36% and 94.13% respectively. In internal verification of West China Hospital, the above-mentioned value reached 95.10% in accordance with multi-disciplinary team results. The C-index derived from survival risk model was 0.735 (95%CI:0.70-0.77), and the difference of Kaplan-Meier in pairwise comparison was of statistical significance under log-rank test (P<0.001). Meanwhile, the C-index derived from recurrence risk model was 0.705 (95%CI:0.68-0.73), and the difference of Kaplan-Meier in pairwise comparison was of statistical significance under log-rank test (P<0.001). Conclusions: The artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support system for primary hepatocellular carcinoma has can accurately make therapy recommendation and prognosis prediction for primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

Osteoprotegerin mediate RANK/RANKL signaling inhibition eases asthma inflammatory reaction by affecting the survival and function of dendritic cells.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory, heterogeneous airway disease affecting millions of people around the world. Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the most important antigen-presenting cell in asthma airway inflammatory reaction. But whether osteoprotegerin (OPG) mediate RANK/RANKL signaling inhibition influences asthma development by affecting the survival and function of DCs remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the effects of OPG on DCs and asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: BALB/c mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) were challenged thrice with an aerosol of OVA every second day for eight days. Dexamethasone (1.0mg/kg) or OPG (50µg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to OVA-immunized BALB/c mice on day 24 once a day for nine days. Mice were analyzed for effects of OPG on asthma, inflammatory cell infiltration and cytokine levels in lung tissue. The expression of RANK and ß-actin was detected by Western Blot. DCs were isolated from mouse bone morrow. Cell survival was assessed by cell counting. The content of IL-12 was detected by ELISA. RESULTS: Results showed that OVA increased the number of inflammatory factors in BALF, elevated lung inflammation scores in mice. OPG reversed the alterations induced by OVA in the asthmatic mice. OPG inhibited the survival and function of DC via inhibition of RANK/RANKL signaling. CONCLUSIONS: This research proved inhibition of RANK/RANKL signaling by OPG could ease the inflammatory reaction in asthma, providing new evidence for the application of OPG on asthma.

[Diffusion tensor imaging and visual evoked potentials in pediatric patients with sellar region lesions].

Objiective: To evaluate the prognosis of visual function and the impact of surgery in pediatric patients with sellar mass lesions, as evidenced by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and visual evoked potentials. Methods: Twenty patients with sellar mass lesions were included in the study. DTI and visual evoked potentials were obtained before and after surgery. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated for both optic nerves. DTI parameters and visual evoked potential amplitudes were compared for all patients to assess the correlation between DTI parameters and visual function. Results: The 20 patients were divided into two groups according the relationship between the lesions and the optic chiasm. The FA values increased significantly after operation, while the ADC values decreased (P<0.05). And the average amplitude of visual evoked potentials after operation was significantly higher than before operation (P<0.05). Conclusions: DTI assessments of the affected sides, with the resulting FA and ADC values, may help to estimate the visual improvement produced by surgical therapy in the early postoperative period. Surgical removal can improve visual function dramatically.

[Three-year clinical effects of a modified semi-fixed bridge on restoring a missing posterior tooth].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of a modified semi-fixed bridge to restore a missing posterior tooth for three years. METHODS: In the study, 38 cases with a posterior tooth missed were chosen as experiment group. The inclusion criteria for these cases required that one abutment tooth be defected, and another abutment intact. The missed posterior tooth was restored with a modified semi-fixed bridge in which a metal wing retainer was applied to the intact abutment tooth and a full crown retainer was applied to the defected abutment tooth, and the non-rigid connector linked to the metal wing retainer and the pontic, while the rigid connector linked to the full crown retainer and the pontic. And 42 cases with same abutment conditions were chosen as control group. These control patients were treated with classical rigidly-fixed partial dentures. The clinical effects regarding the bridge survival, abutment conditions, and etc. were observed by examination. RESULTS: The average observation time for experiment group was 40.3 months (from 9 to 60 months). One case failed with loose crown retainer after 7 months' usage. Another failed case was the same performance after 20 months' wearing. The restorations were rebounded after the inner face of crowns was treated, and they were used normally. No loose abutment and retainer, no decayed abutment teeth were found, and the marginal adaptations between retainers and abutment teeth were good. The average observation time of control group was 44.7 months(from 22 to 50 months). No secondary decays and loose abutment teeth were detected and the marginal adaptation of the retainers was good. CONCLUSION: This modified semi-fixed bridge has similar survival rate and clinical effects to restore a missing posterior tooth when compared with the traditional rigidly-fixed partial dentures. But the long-term observation is required.

[Effects of Temperature on FTIR Spectral Characteristics of Renal Tissue in Rats after Death].

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectral data of renal tissue at different temperatures in rats after death, and to explore the effects of temperature on the FTIR spectral characteristics of renal tissue. METHODS: The rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and placed at 4 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃. The FTIR spectral data of renal tissue were collected at different time points and analysed by data mining method. RESULTS: The principal component analysis （PCA） results showed that there were significant trends of clustering in the samples of partial time point at 4 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃. Partial least square （PLS） regression models were established with the spectral data at three temperature groups. The performance of PLS regression models in 20 ℃ and 30 ℃ groups were more superior than that in 4 ℃ group, and the stability of the model in 20 ℃ group was better than that in 30 ℃ group. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in the FTIR spectral characteristics of renal tissue of rats after death at different temperatures. Temperature has a major impact on the performance of FTIR spectral PLS regression model. Therefore, in order to improve the accuracy of postmortem interval estimation, the effects of temperature on the model should be considered in the related study by spectral method.

Expression of inflammatory cytokines in ovarian epithelial cancer and their correlation.

This study investigates the expression of interleukin (IL)-17 (IL-17A and IL-17D) and its role in ovarian epithelial tumor and its correlation with the clinical characteristics. Fifty malignant ovarian epithelial tumor specimens were collected after surgery and set as group A. Ten benign epithelioma specimens and ten normal epithelial specimens were set as group B and C, respectively. The expression of IL-17A and IL-17D in the three groups was detected using the EnVision method, and the correlation of positive expression rate with pathological type, clinical stage, presence of ascites and differentiation degree was analyzed. Group A had higher expression of IL-17A and IL-17D compared to group B and C (p less than 0.05). The expression rate was in correlation to clinical stage and differentiation degree, but in no correlation to pathological type and presence of ascites. The expression rate of malignant epithelioma in the early stage was lower than that in the late stage (p less than 0.05). Lower differentiation degree indicated higher expression rate (p less than 0.05). Pathological type and presence of ascites had no remarkable influence on the expression rate (p>0.05). Study of the expression of IL-17 provides theoretical support for the clinical treatment and prognosis prediction of ovarian epithelial tumor.

Establishment of a hepatocyte line for studying biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from a marine teleost, the white-spotted spinefoot Siganus canaliculatus.

A hepatocyte line was established from the liver of white-spotted spinefoot Siganus canaliculatus to study the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). The cells from the line, designated S. canaliculatus hepatocyte line (SCHL), grew and multiplied well in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)-F12 medium supplemented with 20 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES), 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0·5% rainbow trout Oncorhychus mykiss serum at 28° C, showing an epithelial-like morphology and the normal chromosome number of 48 (2n) and have been subcultured for over 60 passages. The identity of the hepatocytes was confirmed by periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. The mRNA expression of all genes encoding the key enzymes for LC-PUFA biosynthesis including two desaturases (Δ4 Fad and Δ6-Δ5 Fad) and two elongases (Elovl4 and Elovl5), were detected in all cells from passages 5 to 60 and their expression levels became stable after passage 35 and showed responses to various PUFA incubation. This is similar to the situation determined in the liver of S. canaliculatus that were fed diets containing different fatty acids. These results indicated that SCHL was successfully established and can provide an in vitro tool to investigate lipid metabolism and regulatory mechanisms of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in teleosts, especially marine species.

[Intracranial mixed germ cell tumor].

Objective: To study intracranial mixed germ cell tumor diagnosis and reasonable treatment strategy. Methods: Clinical data of 17 patients with intracranial mixed germ cell tumor in Tsinghua university Yuquan hospital from October 2012 to October 2016 were retrospective analysed, including the characteristics of the general, the serum tumor markers of AFP, ß-HCG, and CEA, imaging findings, pathological results, treatment methods and prognosis. Results: There were 10 cases of male, 7 cases of female. The average age was (11.1±5.2) years old. Nine cases were gross total resection of lesions and 8 cases were subtotal resection of lesions. Eight cases (47.1%) were without recurrence and had more than four courses of chemotherapy after surgery, of which, 7 cases belonged to the gross total resection, and 1 case belonged to the subtotal resection. Nine (52.9%) patients relapsed, including 2 cases of the gross total resection and 7 cases of the subtotal resection. Among them, 4 cases were given second operations and 6 cases obtained satisfactory therapeutic effect by chemotherapy combined radiotherapy. There were 12 of 17 patients with pathological types contain teratoma (including mature, immature or malignant teratoma) ingredients, accounting for 70.6%. The average follow-up time was (17.5±12.1) months, 4 cases (23.5%) patients died. Conclusion: The diagnosis of intracranial mixed germ cell tumors needs comprehensive consideration of tumor markers in serum or cerebrospinal fluid, chemotherapy and radiotherapy before operation and pathological results. The gross total resection helps to reduce the chances of tumor recurrence. Rational chemotherapy and radiotherapy is helpful to prognosis.

A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the neuronal specificity of an acupoint: acupuncture at Rangu (KI 2) and its sham point.

The neuronal specificity of acupoints has not been entirely supported by the results of previous functional magnetic resource imaging studies. This study tested the specificity of an acupoint using right Rangu (KI 2) and its sham acupoint. The results showed specific cerebral response patterns and thus provided the evidence of the existence of acupoint neuronal specificity.

Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor expression levels in cervical cancer and their effects on tumor cell proliferation.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play important roles in angiogenesis, wound healing, embryonic development, and endocrine signaling pathways. Increasingly, recent studies have reported aberrant FGF expression in various malignancies. However, the involvement of FGFs in cervical carcinoma pathogenesis remains unclear. We aimed to investigate expression of acidic (aFGF) and basic FGF (bFGF) in patients with this disease, and assess their effects on cervical cancer cell proliferation. Twenty cervical cancer patients and 10 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) patients were recruited, and 10 cancer-free individuals were included as controls. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were employed to detect FGF mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Furthermore, HeLa cells were treated with FGFs and subjected to thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assays to quantify proliferation. Compared with CIN and normal cervical tissues, aFGF and bFGF mRNA and protein levels were significantly elevated in cervical carcinomas (P < 0.05). CIN tissues exhibited higher expression of these FGFs than normal tissues (P < 0.05). Moreover, their mRNA levels were increased in advanced cancer stages (P < 0.05), although no significant difference was detected between tumors of different differentiation grades in this regard (P > 0.05). HeLa cell proliferation increased in an aFGF- and bFGF-dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), the latter exerting a more potent proliferative influence, with its effect peaking at 75 ng/mL. aFGF and bFGF were highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues and their levels positively correlated with clinical stage. Both facilitate proliferation of cervical carcinoma cells and are implicated in cancer pathogenesis and progression.

Genome-scale meta-analysis of DNA methylation during progression of lung adenocarcinoma.

Identification of epigenetic alterations in tumors has become a common method for identifying genes critical to cancer development and progression. Thus, we identified DNA methylation alterations on the genome scale during lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) progression to understand the carcinogenic process and identify clinically relevant biomarkers. We found that epigenetic alterations in LADC mainly occur during the early stage of LADC progression, and there are no significant methylation differences between early-stage and late-stage LADCs. This suggests that DNA methylation alterations characterize a turning point of early events in LADC progression. By comparing DNA methylation between early-stage LADCs and normal lung tissues, we further identified 940 genes with significant alterations in DNA methylation. Sixty-seven genes were found to exhibit strong correlation between methylation alterations and expression changes, based on associated gene expression data. According to gene ontology analysis, these genes are involved in lung development, respiratory system development, cell cycle, histidine metabolism, the Wnt signaling pathway, and the p53 signaling pathway. We also found that genes on chromosome 18 most frequently showed promoter hypermethylation. Moreover, we found that LADC-associated DNA hypomethylation occurred preferentially at neither histone H3 lysine 4 nor histone H3 lysine 27 mark domains in human embryonic stem cells (NMDs) and that hypomethylation of NMDs was associated with a poor prognostic signature in LADC. Our findings have important implications for LADC progression because of the identification of novel epigenetic biomarkers potentially involved in early-stage LADC and for establishing the importance of NMD DNA hypomethylation for predicting prognosis in LADC.

Gene expression profiling of somatic and pluripotent cells reveals novel pathways involved in reprogramming.

We investigated gene expression in embryonic stem (ES) cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and fibroblasts. Microarray expression data sets obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus were analyzed using the Partek software. Human genes from ES cells, iPS cells, and fibroblasts were ranked from low to high according to their expression levels. The gene expression mode in iPS cells was much more like the mode in ES cells, and the expression levels of fibroblast genes fluctuated more dramatically than those of iPS and ES cells. The number of genes with significantly different expression was lower in the iPS and ES cells. Several genes with the expression levels that were significantly different between ES and iPS cells were found, including LEFTY2, DLK1, and NLRP2. Four genes belonged to the low expression category in fibroblasts with the high expression category occurring in ES cells, i.e., HESRG, PROM1, NTS, and LRRN1. Analyzing the expression of these genes is helpful to elucidate the mechanisms of cell fate regulation and efficiently obtain iPS cells.

Clinical three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy research using repeated computed tomography scans for field reduction in older non-small-cell lung cancer patients.

This study investigated the curative and toxic effects of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), using repeated CT scans for field reduction in older non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. 3D-CRT was administered to 36 older patients with NSCLC, and irradiation fields included the primary lesion and metastatic lymph nodes. After CT localization scanning, images were fed into a treatment planning system to delineate the gross tumor volume (GTV)1 and prepare Plan 1. After the DT50 (dose of the tumor is 50 Gy) increased from 50 Gy in 25 fractions to 54 Gy in 27 fractions, secondary CT localization scanning was performed to delineate GTV2 and prepare Plan 2; radiotherapy was administered continuously. When the DT increased to 60-65 Gy, tertiary CT scanning was performed to prepare another plan. The field was reduced to boost irradiation to the residual target volume until the total DT increased to 68-74 Gy. Compared with GTV1, the median absolute volume regression and median relative regression amounts for GTV2 were 68.85 cm(3) and 31.17%, respectively (Z = -2.673, P = 0.021). There were 8 cases of complete remission (22.2%), 20 of partial remission (55.6%), 7 of stable disease (19.4%), and 1 of progressive disease (2.8%). The total effectiveness rate was 77.8% and the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 63.9 and 27.8%, respectively. Radiation esophagitis and radiation pneumonia, the main toxic side effects, were tolerable. 3D-CRT, using repeated CT scans for field reduction in older NSCLC patients, could increase the local control and survival rates and relieve the toxic radiotherapy side effects.

A new paradigm of sewage collection in rural areas.

Rural sewage collection networks play extremely important roles in rural sewage treatment, and the lack of a suitable collection model makes this task difficult. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop a new method to collect and deal with rural sewage. This paper establishes a rural sewage optimal collection model (RSOCM) with critical distance (d) and sewage quota per unit area (qs) as the constraint factors. The implementation of critical distance for rural sewage collection pipeline networks was demonstrated for 38 rural areas in the Huicheng District, Huizhou City, Guangdong Province of China. The average critical distances of 22 m, 38 m, 29 m, 29 m, 41 m, and 55 m were demonstrated for Sandong Town, Ma'an Town, Luzhou Town, Ruhu Town, Hengli Town, and Shuikou Subdistrict, respectively. The qs is used to create the best possible pipe network layout, determine the appropriate treatment method, and reduce construction costs. This model can be widely applied to sewage collection in rural areas of China, where the overall sewage collection system can implement different regional strategies to maximize rural pollution control and protect the environment.

Chitosan derivatives as promising green corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in acidic environment: Inhibition performance and interfacial adsorption mechanism.

Among the biodegradable polysaccharide, chitosan is widely present in the cell membranes of bacteria and algae and in the cell walls of higher plants. As a promising biopolymer, chitosan has great potential as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor. Herein, two synthetic chitosan derivatives (N-phenylthiourea chitosan (CS-PT), N-phenyl-O-benzylthiourea chitosan (CS-PT-Bn)) were investigated as high-efficient acidic corrosion inhibitors to deal with the corrosion issue of carbon steel. The anti-corrosion property of the chitosan derivatives was explored by electrochemical tests, surface characterization and theoretical calculations. The experimental results indicate that both CS-PT and CS-PT-Bn present high-efficient inhibition performance with the inhibition efficiency of 98.4% and 98.5% at the concentration of 100 mg/L, respectively. Their adsorption mechanism at steel/solution interface is revealed by quantum chemical calculations, molecular dynamics (MD) and GFN-xTB calculations. It is found that CS-PT and CS-PT-Bn adsorb at the steel/solution interface by forming Fe-N and Fe-S bonds. Compared to CS-PT molecule, the introduction of benzyl group endows CS-PT-Bn molecule with stronger electrostatic effect and hydrophobicity, which favors the interfacial adsorption of CS-PT-Bn molecule on carbon steel surface.

[Analysis of the efficacy of endoscopic transnasal surgery for sinonasal and skull base adenoid cystic carcinoma].

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic transnasal surgery for sinonasal and skull base adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), and to analyze the prognostic factors. Methods: Data of 82 patients (43 females and 39 males, at a median age of 49 years old) with sinonasal and skull base ACC who were admitted to XuanWu Hospital, Capital Medical University between June 2007 and June 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were staged according to American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition. The disease overall survival(OS) and disease-free survival(DFS) rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis. Results: There were 4 patients with stage Ⅱ, 14 patients with stage Ⅲ, and 64 patients with stage Ⅳ. The treatment strategies included purely endoscopic surgery (n=42), endoscopic surgery plus radiotherapy (n=32) and endoscopic surgery plus radiochemotherapy (n=8). Followed up for 8 to 177 months, the 5-year OS and DFS rates was 63.0% and 51.6%, respectively. The 10-year OS and DFS rates was 51.2% and 31.8%, respectively. The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that late T stage and internal carotid artery (ICA) involvement were the independent prognostic factors for survival in sinonasal and skull base ACC (all P<0.05). The OS of patients who received surgery or surgery plus radiotherapy was significantly higher than that of patients who received surgery plus radiochemotherapy (all P<0.05). Conclusions: Endoscopic transonasal surgery or combing with radiotherapy is an effective procedure for the treatment of sinonasal and skull base ACC. Late T stage and ICA involvement indicate poor prognosis.