Mass and number concentration distribution of marine aerosol in the Western Pacific and the influence of continental transport.

We quantify for the first time marine aerosol properties and their differences in the offshore and remote ocean in the mid-latitude South Asian waters, low-latitude South Asian waters, and equatorial waters of the Western Pacific Ocean, based on shipboard cruise observations conducted by the Western Pacific Ocean Scientific Observation Network in winter 2018, and further investigate the effects of long-range transport of continental aerosols on the marine environment. During the overall observation period, the average number concentration of particle matter which aerodynamic diameters<2.5 µm (PM2.5N) was 35.1 ± 87.4 cm-3 and the mass concentration (PM2.5M) was 12.3 ± 9.1 µg/m3. The PM2.5N and PM2.5M during the continental air mass transport period were 7.2 and 1.3 times higher than those during the non-transport period (109.2 ± 169.3 cm-3, 15.9 ± 14.9 µg/m3), respectively. Excluding transport period, the average PM2.5N and PM2.5M are reduced by 120% and 7%. Coarse mode particle number concentration (PM2.5-10N) and mass concentration (PM2.5-10M) are not significantly influenced by continental air masses (only a reduction of 7% and 2%). The variation of marine aerosol concentrations in different latitudes zones is greatly influenced by continental aerosol transport. The offshore PM2.5M/PM10M was 30%, 21%, and 22% in the mid-latitude sea of South Asia, a low-latitude sea of South Asia, and the equatorial sea, respectively. In comparison, in the remote ocean, the distribution ratio of PM2.5M/PM10M tended to be steady (22%-23%), and the background characteristics of marine aerosols were clearly represented. The aerosol concentration decreases with the increase of wind speed during the transport period, and the wind speed reflects the scavenging effect on aerosol. In the non-transport period, the wind speed at the sea surface promotes the generation of marine aerosols, and the impact in wind speed is strongest in the PM2.5-PM5 particle size range.

Chinese college students' SCL-90 scores and their relations to the college performance.

Since the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) was introduced in China about 30 years ago, most studies with the instrument were conducted among clinical samples. This study tried to explore factor structure in a non-clinical and college student sample. We also planned to find if the SCL-90 scores are correlated with any school performance of the college students, such as grades and extra curriculum activities. The instrument together with a full-length questionnaire was administered to 1125 undergraduate students in a four-year university in China. Principal component factor analyses yielded a factor structure with some differences from those previously reported for other populations. We only derived four distinct factors: depression, somatization, obsessive-compulsive, and phobic anxiety. interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, hostility, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism all failed to yield. Reliability and validity tests proved that SCL-90 could be used on the sample of Chinese college students. Results showed that Rural/urban location, the only child status, attending sports competition, and winning an award in publishing articles are significantly associated with the SCL-90 scores. Students who attended sports competition had lower SCL-90 scores while students who won an award from publishing articles had higher SCL-90 scores than students who did not.