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In the realm of metasurface-based polarimetry, well-known for its remarkable compactness and integration capabilities, previous attempts have been hindered by limitations such as the restricted choices of target polarization states and the inefficient focusing of light. To address these problems, this study introduces and harnesses a novel, to our knowledge, forward-solving model, grounded in the equivalence principle and dyadic Green's function, to inversely optimize the vectorial focusing patterns of metalenses. Leveraging this methodology, we develop and experimentally validate a single multi-foci metalens-based polarimeter, capable of simultaneously separating and concentrating four distinct elliptical polarization states at a wavelength of 10.6â µm. Rigorous experimental evaluations, involving the assessment of 18 scalar polarized beams, reveal an average error of 5.92% and a high contrast ratio of 0.92, which demonstrates the efficacy of the polarimeter. The results underscore the potential of our system in diverse sectors, including military defense, healthcare, and autonomous vehicle technology.
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Achromatic metalenses formed using previous design methods face a compromise between diameter, numerical aperture, and working wave band. To address this problem, the authors coat the refractive lens with a dispersive metasurface and numerically demonstrate a centimeter-scale hybrid metalens for the visible band of 440-700â nm. By revisiting the generalized Snell law, a universal design of a chromatic aberration correction metasurface is proposed for a plano-convex lens with arbitrary surface curvatures. A highly precise semi-vector method is also presented for large-scale metasurface simulation. Benefiting from this, the reported hybrid metalens is carefully evaluated and exhibits 81% chromatic aberration suppression, polarization insensitivity, and broadband imaging capacity.
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By applying an optimized chelate gas phase deposition technique, a Yb/Ce codoped aluminosilicate fiber with ultra-low loss of 1.55 dB/km was successfully fabricated and reported. The fiber showed homogenous distribution of the refractive index and dopant concentration devoid of central dip and clustering. Using the fiber as the amplifier stage, it delivered 1023 W near-single-mode laser output (M2=1.35) with a high slope efficiency of 85.1%, and the fiber temperature was less than 24.2°C, primarily benefiting from the ultra-low background loss. The fiber also exhibited low photodarkening-induced loss, illustrating its outstanding photodarkening resistance. These results indicate that the ultra-low-loss Yb/Ce codoped aluminosilicate fiber is a prospective candidate for stable and reliable fiber laser applications.
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This paper introduces a novel digital triangular-trapezoidal double-channel shaping algorithm to enhance the counting rate of resistive anode detectors. The algorithm is based on the trapezoidal shaping algorithm and improves it. At the extreme counting rate, the trapezoidal shaping algorithm cannot alleviate the pulse pileup, so the counting rate cannot meet the requirements of a high performance detector. The triangular-trapezoidal double-channel shaping algorithm is introduced in the resistance anode detector, which can replace the trapezoidal shaping filtering algorithm to process the output signal of the resistance anode detector and obtain the single photon position information. This improvement improves the counting rate of the resistor anode detector and reduces the resolution degradation caused by pulse pileup. The algorithm is simulated by System Generator software and implemented on FPGA (field programmable gate array). The triangular-trapezoidal double-channel shaping algorithm presented in this paper plays an important role in reducing electronic noise and pulse pileup. The algorithm is subjected to simulation testing, and it can recognize signals with a minimum pulse interval of 1 µs and counting rate up to 1000 kcps.
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OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant threat to the global healthcare system, presenting a major challenge to antimicrobial stewardship worldwide. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review to determine the prevalence of AMR and antibiotic usage among COVID-19 patients receiving treatment in healthcare facilities. Our search encompassed the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases, spanning studies published from December 2019 to May 2023. We utilized random-effects meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients, aligning with both the WHO's priority list of MDROs and the AWaRe list of antibiotic products. Estimates were stratified by region, country, and country income. Meta-regression models were established to identify predictors of MDRO prevalence and antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42023449396). RESULTS: Among the 11,050 studies screened, 173 were included in the review, encompassing a total of 892,312 COVID-19 patients. MDROs were observed in 42.9% (95% CI 31.1-54.5%, I2 = 99.90%) of COVID-19 patients: 41.0% (95% CI 35.5-46.6%) for carbapenem-resistant organisms (CRO), 19.9% (95% CI 13.4-27.2%) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 24.9% (95% CI 16.7-34.1%) for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms (ESBL), and 22.9% (95% CI 13.0-34.5%) for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus species (VRE), respectively. Overall, 76.2% (95% CI 69.5-82.9%, I2 = 99.99%) of COVID-19 patients were treated with antibiotics: 29.6% (95% CI 26.0-33.4%) with "Watch" antibiotics, 22.4% (95% CI 18.0-26.7%) with "Reserve" antibiotics, and 16.5% (95% CI 13.3-19.7%) with "Access" antibiotics. The MDRO prevalence and antibiotic use were significantly higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries, with the lowest proportion of antibiotic use (60.1% (95% CI 52.1-68.0%)) and MDRO prevalence (29.1% (95% CI 21.8-36.4%)) in North America, the highest MDRO prevalence in the Middle East and North Africa (63.9% (95% CI 46.6-81.2%)), and the highest proportion of antibiotic use in South Asia (92.7% (95% CI 90.4-95.0%)). The meta-regression identified antibiotic use and ICU admission as a significant predictor of higher prevalence of MDROs in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review offers a comprehensive and current assessment of MDRO prevalence and antibiotic use among COVID-19 patients in healthcare facilities. It underscores the formidable challenge facing global efforts to prevent and control AMR amidst the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings serve as a crucial warning to policymakers, highlighting the urgent need to enhance antimicrobial stewardship strategies to mitigate the risks associated with future pandemics.
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Antibacterianos , Programas de Optimización del Uso de los Antimicrobianos , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , COVID-19/epidemiología , Instituciones de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Salud Global , Prevalencia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the ideas and methods of clinical pharmacists regarding drug therapy for children with Kawasaki disease. METHODS: By participating in a whole drug treatment process for a child with Kawasaki disease, the rationality of the drug treatment plan was analyzed, pharmaceutical care was provided for the child, and a pharmaceutical care model suited to this child was developed. RESULTS: After treatment, the child was discharged from the hospital, and all signs and major inflammatory indicators returned to normal. The child's parents were instructed to bring medication, visit regularly, and adjust medication. CONCLUSION: Through the entire process of pharmaceutical care, clinical pharmacists are able to identify and resolve drug treatment-related issues in a timely manner, and also make suggestions on rational drug use, which can improve the safety and compliance of drug use in children and the quality of clinical drug treatment.
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Síndrome Mucocutáneo Linfonodular , Servicios Farmacéuticos , Humanos , Niño , Síndrome Mucocutáneo Linfonodular/complicaciones , Síndrome Mucocutáneo Linfonodular/tratamiento farmacológico , Farmacéuticos , Alta del Paciente , PadresRESUMEN
This study proposes a comprehensive model of the circular arc terminated (CAT) resistive anode based on the finite element method to explore the dynamic process of charge diffusion on this anode and its position linearity performance. The waveforms of charges of the electrodes on the anode are calculated for different electrical parameters and their influence on positional linearity is investigated. The influence of the signal development time and the non-uniformity of the resistance per square of the anode on positional linearity is also analyzed. The results of simulations show that the non-linearity of the image varies monotonically with the termination resistance and the non-uniformity of the resistance per square of the anode, but has a non-linear relationship with the signal development time and the ratio of the resistance per square. A CAT resistive anode with capacitance c and a resistance per square of the sensitive area of Râ± can be used to recover an image with a root mean-squared non-linearity of 2%, when the charge signals of the electrode are collected for at least 0.6Râ±c s. The reliability of the results of the simulations was verified with experimental measurements.
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Objective: To establish the quality standard of Zhiqingshu lotion by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods: HPLC was used to determine emodin, chrysophanol, caffeic acid, and berberine hydrochloride content, key water-soluble components of rhubarb, dandelion, and Phellodendron amurense in Zhiqingshu lotion. The macrophage inflammation model was used to analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of Zhiqingshu lotion. Results: HPLC results showed that the contents of emodin, chrysophanol, caffeic acid, and berberine hydrochloride in Zhiqingshu lotion were 7.93 ± 2.25, 20.85 ± 4.27, 48.9 ± 6.79, and 58.4 ± 10.3 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, RT-qPCR results showed that different concentrations of Zhiqingshu lotion significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and interleukin- (IL-) 1ß in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. Conclusion: HPLC could quantitatively and qualitatively analyze and identify the main components of Zhiqingshu lotion as rhodopsin, rhodopsin, caffeic acid, and berberine hydrochloride. And Zhiqingshu lotion has an excellent anti-inflammatory effect. This method was simple and reliable and could be used for the identification of the ingredients and content of Zhiqingshu lotion, thus improving the quality control of the drug.
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Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Rheum , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Humanos , Control de Calidad , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfaRESUMEN
At present, several studies have assessed the association between ERCC6 rs2228526 polymorphism and the risk of cancer. However, the association remained controversial. To provide a more accurate estimate on the association, we performed a meta-analysis search of case-control studies on the associations of ERCC6 rs2228526 with susceptibility to cancer. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Wanfang database, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases (CNKI) China Biological Medicine Database (CBM) (up to August 2021) were searched to identify eligible studies. The effect summary odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was applied to assay the association between the ERCC6 rs2228526 polymorphism and the risk of cancer. 14 studies included 15 case-control studies which contained 5,856 cases, and 6,387 controls were finally determined as qualified studies for this meta-analysis. Overall, based on current studies, we found significant association between ERCC6 rs2228526 polymorphism and the risk of cancer in four genetic models [the allele model G vs. A: 1.10, (1.03-1.17); the homozygous model GG vs. AA: 1.27, (1.07-1.51); heterozygote model GA vs. AA: 1.08, (1.00-1.17); the dominant model GG + GA vs. AA: 1.10, (1.02-1.19); the recessive model GG vs. GA + AA: 1.22, (1.03-1.45)]. In the stratified analysis based on ethnicity, we found significant association in two genetic models in Asians. Further, significant genetic cancer susceptibility was found under PB control on subgroup analysis by source of control. In addition, no significant association was found in lung cancer and bladder cancer patients in subgroup analyses based on cancer style. This study suggests that the ERCC6 rs2228526 polymorphism may be associated with increased cancer risk.
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Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Neoplasias , Alelos , ADN Helicasas/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras del ADN/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas de Unión a Poli-ADP-Ribosa/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
With the wide application of artificial intelligence and big data technology in the medical field, the problems of high cost and low efficiency of traditional pharmacy management were becoming more and more obvious. Therefore, this paper proposed to use data mining technology to design and develop the dispensing process and equipment of intelligent pharmacy. Firstly, it summarized the existing data mining technology and association rule methods and expounded its application value in the related fields. Secondly, the data standard and integration platform of dispensing in intelligent pharmacy were established. Web service technology was used to design the interactive interface and call it to the intelligent device of pharmacy. Finally, an intelligent pharmacy management system based on association rule mining was constructed through the data mining of intelligent pharmacy equipment, in order to improve the intelligence and informatization of modern pharmacy management. For the emergency dispensing process of intelligent equipment failure, data mining was used to optimize the intelligent pharmacy equipment and dispensing process and change the pharmacy management from traditional prescription to patient drug treatment, so as to improve the dispensing efficiency of intelligent pharmacy equipment. Through the systematic test and analysis, the results showed that through the real-time risk prevention and control, the formula accuracy and operation speed of the intelligent dispensing machine were improved and the dispensing time was shortened. Through intelligent drug delivery, the unreasonable drug use of patients was reduced, the safety and effectiveness of clinical drug use were ensured, and the contradiction between doctors and patients was reduced. This study can not only optimize the medical experience of patients and provide patients with more high-quality and humanized pharmaceutical technical services but also provide some support for the intelligent management of modern hospitals.
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Servicio de Farmacia en Hospital , Farmacia , Inteligencia Artificial , Minería de Datos , Humanos , InteligenciaRESUMEN
Based on the spectral characteristic of the detonation temperature, the present paper presents a measurement system of transient multi-wavelength pyrometry with the theory of multi-wavelength thermometry. The FPGA was applied as the hardware developing platform and the high-speed linear CCD was utilized. Each module was controlled by FPGA to achieve the process of real-time data acquisition, storage and transmission. Using the multiple regression analysis method, the dynamic spectral waveforms were calculated. The two laser spectral lines, 630 and 532 nm, were used to calibrate the corresponding pixel sequence numbers and the No. 175 and No. 270 were confirmed. In this paper, the halide tungsten light was measured. The results show that the system can sample continuous spectrum signal at several different times; the CCD can stably work with 40 MHz clock and the frame scanning frequency can achieve 73 kHz.
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BACKGROUND: Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics for acute respiratory infections at the primary care level represents the major source of antibiotic misuse in healthcare, and is a major driver for antimicrobial resistance worldwide. In this study we will develop, pilot and evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive antibiotic stewardship programme in China's primary care hospitals to reduce inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics for acute respiratory infections among all ages. METHODS: We will use a parallel-group, cluster-randomised, controlled, superiority trial with blinded outcome evaluation but unblinded treatment (providers and patients). We will randomise 34 primary care hospitals from two counties within Guangdong province into the intervention and control arm (1:1 overall ratio) stratified by county (8:9 within-county ratio). In the control arm, antibiotic prescribing and management will continue through usual care. In the intervention arm, we will implement an antibiotic stewardship programme targeting family physicians and patients/caregivers. The family physician components include: (1) training using new operational guidelines, (2) improved management and peer-review of antibiotic prescribing, (3) improved electronic medical records and smart phone app facilitation. The patient/caregiver component involves patient education via family physicians, leaflets and videos. The primary outcome is the proportion of prescriptions for acute respiratory infections (excluding pneumonia) that contain any antibiotic(s). Secondary outcomes will address how frequently specific classes of antibiotics are prescribed, how frequently key non-antibiotic alternatives are prescribed and the costs of consultations. We will conduct a qualitative process evaluation to explore operational questions regarding acceptability, cultural appropriateness and burden of technology use, as well as a cost-effectiveness analysis and a long-term benefit evaluation. The duration of the intervention will be 12 months, with another 24 months' post-trial long-term follow-up. DISCUSSION: Our study is one of the first trials to evaluate the effect of an antibiotic stewardship programme in primary care settings in a low- or middle-income country (LMIC). All interventional activities will be designed to be embedded into routine primary care with strong local ownership. Through the trial we intend to impact on clinical practice and national policy in antibiotic prescription for primary care facilities in rural China and other LMICs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN, ID: ISRCTN96892547. Registered on 18 August 2019.