Early detection and stratification of colorectal cancer using plasma cell-free DNA fragmentomic profiling.

Timely accurate and cost-efficient detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is of great clinical importance. This study aims to establish prediction models for detecting CRC using plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentomic features. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on cfDNA from 620 participants, including healthy individuals, patients with benign colorectal diseases and CRC patients. Using WGS data, three machine learning methods were compared to build prediction models for the stratification of CRC patients. The optimal model to discriminate CRC patients of all stages from healthy individuals achieved a sensitivity of 92.31% and a specificity of 91.14%, while the model to separate early-stage CRC patients (stage 0-II) from healthy individuals achieved a sensitivity of 88.8% and a specificity of 96.2%. Additionally, the cfDNA fragmentation profiles reflected disease-specific genomic alterations in CRC. Overall, this study suggests that cfDNA fragmentation profiles may potentially become a noninvasive approach for the detection and stratification of CRC.

Enantioselective Synthesis of 2,3,3a,8a-Tetrahydrofuro[2,3-b]benzofuran Scaffolds Enabled by Cu(II)/SPDO-Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of 2,3-Dihydrofuran and Quinone Esters.

An asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of quinone esters with 2,3-dihydrofuran has been realized via a newly developed Cu(II)/SPDO complex. It provides straightforward access to 2,3,3a,8a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-b]benzofurans (TFB) with high enantioselectivity (up to 97.5:2.5 er) and diastereoselectivity (all >20:1 dr). The resulting adducts contain two adjacent stereocenters and a continuously functionalized benzene ring. Additionally, this transformation could be easily performed on a gram scale, allowing for expedient synthesis of natural dihydroaflatoxin D2 and aflatoxin B2.

Detection and monitoring of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma from plasma cfDNA fragmentation profiles.

Most hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are associated with hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) in China. Early detection of HCC can significantly improve prognosis but is not yet fully clinically feasible. This study aims to develop methods for detecting HCC and studying the carcinogenesis of HBV using plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. Low coverage WGS was performed for 452 participants, including healthy individuals, hepatitis B patients, cirrhosis patients, and HCC patients. Then the sequencing data were processed using various machine learning models based on cfDNA fragmentation profiles for cancer detection. Our best model achieved a sensitivity of 87.10% and a specificity of 88.37%, and it showed an increased sensitivity with higher BCLC stages of HCC. Overall, this study proves the potential of a non-invasive assay based on cfDNA fragmentation profiles for the detection and prognosis of HCC and provides preliminary data on the carcinogenic mechanism of HBV.

Effect of water chemistry on nitrogen transformation, dissolved organic matter composition and microbial community structure in hyporheic zone sediment columns.

Controlled surface water systems, including those with dams lead to dynamic stage changes that alter the fluctuation directions of flow exchange in the hyporheic zones (HZ). However, the nitrogen transformation, dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition, and microbial community responding to variable scenarios of water source and hyporheic exchange are poorly studied. The present work investigated nitrogen transformation in HZ sediments, focusing on how microbial community structure and biological functions related to nitrogen transformation and sediment-attached DOM compositions. Upwelling of synthesized groundwater, downwelling of synthesized river water and exchangeable elution of both feed water created distinct microbial zonation and N-transformation processes. Mixing of river water and groundwater enhanced microbial diversity, microbial co-occurrence network complexity and N-transformation functions. In terms of the sediment-attached DOM properties after hyporheic exchanges, humic fractions occupied the predominant chromophoric DOM. Correlation analysis implied that there were more DOM properties, e.g., tryptophan-like proteins, humic-like fractions, and the source of humic fractions, involved in affecting the microbial community under downwelling flow. Co-occurrence network analysis verified that fluorescent components, protein-like and lignin-like fractions in sediment-detached DOM were clustered with microbial communities in one module in downwelling column, implying closer interactions among microbial communities and DOM fractions. The strains of Nitrospinae, Dinghuibacter, and Lentimicrobium etc. were key species collaborating to metabolize both nitrogen and DOM in HZ sediments. The work provides insights into how the nitrogen transformation, DOM compositional changes, as well as the linkages between community structure and DOM factions, response to the changes in water chemistry, leading to valuable insights into hyporheic zone functions.

Bacterial and fungal assemblages and functions associated with biofilms differ between diverse types of plastic debris in a freshwater system.

Once in aquatic ecosystems, plastics can be easily colonized by diverse microbes, and these microbial communities on plastics-the 'plastisphere'-often differ from the communities in the surrounding water and other substrates. However, our knowledge of plastic-associated bacterial and fungal communities on diverse plastics in freshwater is poor, especially for fungal communities. Furthermore, intraspecies interactions among bacterial and fungal communities colonized on diverse plastics are poorly known. Here, we characterized the taxonomic composition and diversity of bacteria and fungi on three types of plastics in a lab-scale incubator with freshwater from an urban river. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the alpha diversity of bacterial communities was higher on polyethylene microplastics (MPs) than on polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) sheets. The structure of bacterial communities on MPs differed from those on plastic sheets. In contrast, no striking differences in alpha diversity and taxonomic composition were observed for fungal communities on different types of plastics. Members of Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota and Mucoromycota dominated fungal assemblages on plastics. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the biotic interactions between bacteria and fungi on MPs were less complex than those on PE and PP sheets. The three types of plastics shared no keystone taxa. The functional profiles (KEGG) predicted by Tax4Fun showed that the pathways of alanine, aspartate, glutamate and biotin metabolism were enriched in biofilms on MPs. Nonetheless, the higher complexity of plastic sheet-associated biofilms might make them more resistant to environmental perturbation and facilitate the maintenance of microbial activities.

Copper-Nitrene-Catalyzed Desymmetric Oxaziridination/1,2-Alkyl Rearrangement of 1,3-Diketones toward Bicyclic Lactams.

Although copper-nitrene has been extensively studied as a versatile active species in various transformations, asymmetric reactions involving copper-nitrene have been limited to the aziridination of olefins. Herein, we report the novel copper-nitrene-catalyzed desymmetric oxaziridination reaction of cyclic diketones with alkyl azides and the subsequent rearrangement of the resulting highly active intermediate, which produces a synthetically challenging chiral bicyclic lactam containing a quaternary carbon center. This procedure not only enriches the copper-nitrene-catalyzed asymmetric reactions, but also provides an alternative strategy to address the inherent challenges of catalytic asymmetric Schmidt reactions. This unique reaction could inspire the investigation of novel copper-nitrene-catalyzed asymmetric transformations and their reaction mechanisms.

Controlling N2O formation during regeneration of NOx storage and reduction catalysts: from impact of platinum-group metal type to rational utilization.

Herein, we report an effective strategy for minimization of N2O emissions based on elucidating the impact of the type of platinum-group metals (PGMs = Pt, Pd, or Rh) on by-product formation during regeneration of PGM-BaO/Al2O3 catalysts. The significant differences in N2O or NH3 formation were thoroughly investigated from the perspective of an in situ reaction. Kinetic analysis of NO reduction by CO shows different turnover frequency and apparent activation energy values over these catalysts. The results reveal that the apparent kinetics is dependent on the type of platinum-group metal chosen. In situ DRIFTS data indicate that the unique adsorption behaviors of reactants via which they access each PGM essentially determine their individual reaction kinetics. The preferential adsorption of NO or CO molecules on the PGM surface controls the dominant intermediate (NOad/Nad, COad, or NCOad) species, which is a major factor responsible for various yields of N2O and NH3 during the rich period. Finally, a feasible strategy has been proposed via optimizing catalyst formulation to effectively control the N2O emissions.

Elucidating N2O Formation during the Cyclic NOx Storage and Reduction Process Using CO as a Reductant.

The N2O formation pathway and effect of H2O on N2O formation during the NOx storage and reduction (NSR) process using CO as a reductant were investigated over a Pt-BaO/Al2O3 catalyst. The NSR activity measurements and transient in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) experiments were performed to evaluate N2O evolution and elucidate the N2O formation mechanism. N2O is formed in the lean, rich, and delay2 phases. In the lean phase, N2O formation is related to the reactions between surface isocyanate and gaseous NO/O2 and NO is more responsible for N2O formation than O2. Moreover, N2O production decreases with H2O because of the hydrolysis of isocyanate species. In the rich phase, the amount of N2O formation also decreases in the presence of H2O at a higher temperature because of the high reduction ability of H2 generated from the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. During the delay2 phase, N2O is mainly formed by nitrite species reacting with Pt(0)-CO. Furthermore, the presence of H2O decreases the stability of nitrites and results in more N2O production at a low temperature.

New Insights into the N2O formation mechanism over Pt-BaO/Al2O3 model catalysts using H2 as a reductant.

The N2O formation mechanism was investigated over a Pt-BaO/Al2O3 catalyst applied on light-duty diesel vehicles using H2 as a reductant in the absence and presence of H2O. In the absence of H2O, N2O forms mainly at the initial phase of lean NOx trapping; while in the presence of H2O, N2O appears mainly at the beginning of the rich reduction phase. In the lean period, N2O is formed via the gaseous NO/O2 reacting with the adsorbed H and NH3 that are formed during the previous rich period. The N2O formation in the rich period is insignificant in the absence of H2O but is greatly enhanced by the presence of H2O. The amount of N2O formed is proportional to the H2O level in the feed, and its formation is favored at low temperatures. Our FTIR data show that H2O enhances the rate of nitrite/nitrate reduction during the rich regeneration, which increases the amount of released NOx, an oxygen source for N2O formation. Our temperature-programmed experiments indicate that H2O competes with NH3 for adsorption sites on Pt surface. This competitive adsorption may increase the NH3 desorption rate at low temperatures in the rich phase and make Pt surface more accessible to NO.

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on fermentation performance and quality of fermented hawthorn pulp by lactic acid bacteria.

In order to explore the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on the fermentation performance and quality characteristics of fermented hawthorn pulp. Five types of fermented hawthorn pulp were obtained using 0 W for 5 min, 300 W for 5 min, 360 W for 5 min, 420 W for 5 min, 540 W for 5 min. The fermentation performance and quality of fermented hawthorn pulp were characterized. The results indicated Low power ultrasound (360 W) could improve the fermentation performance and quality of FHP, and high power ultrasound (540 W) could reduce the fermentation performance and quality. Under the ultrasonic condition of 360 W for 5 min; the cell membrane of lactic acid bacteria produced repairable damage and the morphology did not change significantly, the consumption of reducing sugar, total acid, soluble solids, amino nitrogen, conductivity, and sensory quality of the fermented hawthorn pulp reached the highest. The fermentation performance and quality of fermented hawthorn pulp were improved by the optimum ultrasonic treatment, which could be used as an effective and alternative method for producing FHP with good flavor, high bioactivity and good quality.

Relationship between oxidative balance score and kidney stone prevalence in US adults.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between prevalence of kidney stones (KS) and the oxidative balance score (OBS). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Participants who participated in the KS questionnaire was extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2018. A series of covariates were also obtained. Weighted adjusted logistic regression was performed to investigate the association of KS with OBS. Dose-response relationship between KS and OBS was assessed by restricted cubic spline. RESULTS: In the fully adjusted model, we discovered that the risk of KS decreased by 3% with each OBS unit raised (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99, P = 0.01). In the OBS subgroups, in contrast to the lowest quartile OBS, the higher quartile OBS was correlated to the decreased risk of KS prevalence (Q3 vs Q1: OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.49-0.99, P = 0.04; Q4 vs Q1: OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.44-0.99, P = 0.04), and the results maintained relative stability across three models. We also found that the risk of population with KS was negatively linked with each unit increase in dietary OBS (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99, P = 0.005). Finally, we detected that there was a linear association between OBS and the risk of KS prevalence (P non-linear > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study discovered that OBS that comprehensively reflects an individual's overall burden of oxidative stress was negatively related to the risk of KS, and can be utilized as an important indicator for assessing the risk of KS.

Clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma in HIV-infected patients.

Background: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy, with an increasing incidence over the last decades. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced immune deficiency was one of risk factors for cancer tumorigenesis and development. The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathological features of PTC in HIV-infected patients and discuss possible connections between PTC and HIV infection. Methods: A total of 17670 patients from September 2009 to April 2022 who underwent PTC surgery for the first time were analyzed retrospectively. At last, 10 patients of PTC with HIV infection (HIV-positive group) and 40 patients without HIV infection (HIV-negative group) were included. The differences in general data and clinicopathological characteristics between the HIV-positive group and the HIV-negative group were analyzed. Results: There were statistically significant differences in age and gender between the HIV-positive group and the HIV-negative group (P<0.05), and males and <55 years old accounted for a higher proportion in the HIV-positive group. The differences in tumor diameter and capsular invasion between the HIV-positive group and HIV-negative group were statistically significant (P<0.05). Meanwhile, in terms of extrathyroid extension (ETE), lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis, the HIV-positive group were significantly higher than the HIV-negative group (P<0.001). Conclusion: HIV infection was a risk factor for larger tumors, more severe ETE, more lymph node metastasis, and more distant metastasis. HIV infection could promote PTC proliferation and make PTC more aggressive. Many factors such as tumor immune escape, secondary infection, etc. may are responsible for these effects. More attention and more thorough treatment should be paid to these patients.

The psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the attitude survey inclusive education-parents.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Attitude Survey Inclusive Education-Parents (ASIE-P) in mainland China. METHODS: A sample of 1,656 parents (70.59% female) from 27 provinces in mainland China completed the online survey. The data set was randomly split into two equal parts for exploratory factor analyses (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), respectively. RESULTS: The result of EFA showed two factors (emotion and cognition) underlining the Chinese parents' attitude towards inclusive education. Results of CFA confirmed the two-factor structure and good psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the ASIE-P. CONCLUSIONS: The two-factor structure of the Chinese version of the ASIE-P is different from that in Western societies. Despite this, the Chinese version of the ASIE-P is reliable and valid for Chinese parents, and can be used as a measurement tool for studies of Chinese parents' attitude toward inclusive education.

Clinical Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Calcitriol Combined with Bisphosphonates in the Therapy of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Based on a Retrospective Cohort Study.

A retrospective cohort study to explore the clinical efficacy and safety evaluation of calcitriol combined with bisphosphonates in the therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis is conducted. The postmenopausal osteoporosis sufferers admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to June 2021 are retrospectively collected and divided into a contrast set and a study set, with 60 cases in each set. For the contrast set, all sufferers are treated with bisphosphonates. For the study set, on the basis of the therapy drugs in the contrast set, they are treated with calcitriol capsules. Firstly, the curative effects, bone mineral density standards, and bone metabolism standards of the two sets are contrasted; then, the lumbar spine bone mineral density, VAS score, and quality of life between the two sets of sufferers before therapy and 1 year after therapy are contrasted, and the correlation between bone mineral density and VAS and quality of life of the sufferers is analyzed. Lastly, the readmission situation between the two sets at one year is contrasted. The experimental results show that for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, calcitriol combined with bisphosphonate therapy can notoriously enhance the clinical therapy effect of sufferers, with low adverse reactions, and can effectively enhance the bone mineral density and bone density of sufferers.

Value of Defecography in the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of the Modified Wells Procedure for Rectal Prolapse.

The main aim of this study was to explore the role of defecography in the preoperative diagnosis and postoperative evaluation of rectal prolapse surgery (modified Wells procedure). We collected and summarized the X-ray performance and then analyzed the results of 107 patients with defecatory dysfunction who underwent defecography from January 2020 to March 2021. Furthermore, the preoperative and 6-month postoperative defecography results and clinical symptoms of 25 patients who underwent rectal prolapse surgery (modified Wells procedure) were compared. Results showed that among the 107 patients with defecation dysfunction, women had worse defecography results than men (P < 0.01). A total of 25 patients successfully completed the surgery without complications such as infection and intestinal fistula and there was no recurrence at 12 months of follow-up. Compared with the preoperative results, anorectal angle during defecation, the depth of rectocele, and perineal descent were significantly improved after the surgery (P < 0.01). Moreover, the patient's feeling of obstructed defecation and incomplete defecation was significantly relieved compared to that before the procedure (P < 0.01). In conclusion, defecography can be used to diagnose rectal prolapse preoperatively and evaluate the surgical effect combined with clinical symptoms postoperatively, which provides a clinical reference.

Clinical diagnosis and treatment of primary thyroid tuberculosis: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Primary thyroid tuberculosis (PTT) is an uncommon type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It does not have specific clinical manifestations, and most cases are diagnosed through postoperative histopathological examination. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic pattern and management strategy among patients with primary thyroid tuberculosis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study on patients with primary thyroid tuberculosis in the First Hospital of Jilin University (Changchun, China). METHODS: Between March 2015 and June 2020, nine cases of PTT were diagnosed and treated in the Department of Thyroid Surgery of the First Hospital of Jilin University. Age at diagnosis, primary symptoms, preoperative biopsy, operation method, pathological classification, acid-fast staining test, anti-TB therapy and prognosis were registered in order to explore the appropriate protocol for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. RESULTS: None of the patients was diagnosed with thyroid tuberculosis before surgery. All the patients underwent surgery. Granulomatous changes or caseous necrosis in thyroid tissue were found through postoperative histopathological evaluation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were positive in all patients. Most patients had a good prognosis after surgery and anti-tuberculosis drug therapy. CONCLUSION: PTT is a rare disease. It is important to improve the preoperative diagnosis. Preoperative diagnostic accuracy relies on increased awareness of the disease and appropriate use of preoperative diagnostic methods, such as PCR detection, fine-needle aspiration cytology, acid-fast bacillus culture, ultrasound and blood sedimentation. PCR detection of M. tuberculosis is recommended as the gold standard for diagnosis.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 combined with thyroid neoplasm: A case report and review of literatures.

BACKGROUND: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare hereditary tumor syndrome inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and presents mostly as parathyroid, endocrine pancreas (such as gastrinoma) and anterior pituitary tumors. At present, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and nodular goiter are not regarded as components of MEN1. CASE SUMMARY: A 35-year-old woman presented with MEN1 accompanied by coinstantaneous PTC and nodular goiter. The pathological diagnosis was PTC with cervical lymph node metastasis, nodular goiter, parathyroid cyst and adenomatoid hyperplasia. Genetic testing was performed and a MEN1 gene mutation was detected. The patient underwent unilateral lobectomy of the thyroid gland and surgical removal of the parathyroid tumors. At 18 mo of follow-up, ultrasonic examination of the neck showed no abnormality. Serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were normal. No new MEN1-associated tumors were detected. CONCLUSION: The role of inactivating mutations of MEN1 gene in tumorigenesis of PTC and/or nodular goiter remains to be determined by more case reports and further research.

Adapting to Changing Labor Productivity as a Result of Intensified Heat Stress in a Changing Climate.

The intensification of heat stress reduces the labor capacity and hence poses a threat to socio-economic development. The reliable projection of the changing climate and the development of sound adaptation strategies are thus desired for adapting to the decreasing labor productivity under climate change. In this study, an optimization modeling approach coupled with dynamical downscaling is proposed to design the optimal adaptation strategies for improving labor productivity under heat stress in China. The future changes in heat stress represented by the wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) are projected with a spatial resolution of 25 × 25 km by a regional climate model (RCM) through the dynamical downscaling of its driving global climate model (GCM). Uncertain information such as system costs, environmental costs, and subsidies are also incorporated into the optimization process to provide reliable decision alternatives for improving labor productivity. Results indicate that the intensification of WBGT is overestimated by the GCM compared to the RCM. Such an overestimation can lead to more losses in working hours derived from the GCM than those from the RCM regardless of climate scenarios. Nevertheless, the overestimated heat stress does not alter the regional measures taken to adapt to decreasing labor productivity. Compared to inland regions, the monsoon-affected regions tend to improve labor productivity by applying air conditioning rather than working overtime due to the cost differences. Consequently, decision-makers need to optimally make a balance between working overtime and air conditioning measures to meet sustainable development goals.

Clinical Efficacy of Tacrolimus Ointment + 3% Boric Acid Lotion Joint Chinese Angelica Decoction in Chronic Perianal Eczema.

OBJECTIVE: To unearth the clinical efficacy of tacrolimus ointment + 3% boric acid lotion joint Chinese angelica decoction in chronic perianal eczema. METHODS: Patients with chronic perianal eczema admitted to hospital from June 2018 and June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients in the control group (n = 38) underwent basic therapy with tacrolimus ointment + 3% boric acid lotion, whereas those in the observation group (n = 38) were given oral Chinese angelica decoction on the basis of the above therapy. Patient's baseline information before therapy and clinical symptoms after therapy were observed and compared, including pruritus ani score, anus drainage and damp score, skin lesion score, skin lesion area score, life quality index score, and IL-2, IL-4, and IgE levels in serum. Overall efficacy in the two groups was also evaluated. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the baseline information between the observation group and control group before therapy. After therapy, pruritus ani score (P = 0.023), anus drainage and damp score (P = 0.041), skin lesion score (P = 0.025), and skin lesion area score (P = 0.035) of patients in the observation group were remarkably lower than those in the control group. Significantly higher release levels of clinical symptoms of patients in the observation group were indicated. With respect to the control group, the life quality score (P = 0.020) and IgE level in serum (P = 0.003) of patients in the observation group were significantly lower, while IL-4 level in serum was significantly higher (P = 0.129). The therapy in the observation group achieved better clinical efficacy. Overall efficacy in the observation group was markedly favorable with respect to the control group. CONCLUSION: With respect to tacrolimus ointment + 3% boric acid lotion, patients with chronic perianal eczema displayed better clinical efficacy after jointly being treated by Chinese angelica decoction.

Identification of Policies Based on Assessment-Optimization Model to Confront Vulnerable Resources System with Large Population Scale in a Big City.

The conflict between excessive population development and vulnerable resource (including water, food, and energy resources) capacity influenced by multiple uncertainties can increase the difficulty of decision making in a big city with large population scale. In this study, an adaptive population and water-food-energy (WFE) management framework (APRF) incorporating vulnerability assessment, uncertainty analysis, and systemic optimization methods is developed for optimizing the relationship between population development and WFE management (P-WFE) under combined policies. In the APRF, the vulnerability of WFE was calculated by an entropy-based driver-pressure-state-response (E-DPSR) model to reflect the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability caused by population growth, economic development, and resource governance. Meanwhile, a scenario-based dynamic fuzzy model with Hurwicz criterion (SDFH) is proposed for not only optimizing the relationship of P-WFE with uncertain information expressed as possibility and probability distributions, but also reflecting the risk preference of policymakers with an elected manner. The developed APRF is applied to a real case study of Beijing city, which has characteristics of a large population scale and resource deficit. The results of WFE shortages and population adjustments were obtained to identify an optimized P-WEF plan under various policies, to support the adjustment of the current policy in Beijing city. Meanwhile, the results associated with resource vulnerability and benefit analysis were analyzed for improving the robustness of policy generation.