Mapping Local and Global Liquid Phase Behavior in Living Cells Using Photo-Oligomerizable Seeds.

Liquid-liquid phase separation plays a key role in the assembly of diverse intracellular structures. However, the biophysical principles by which phase separation can be precisely localized within subregions of the cell are still largely unclear, particularly for low-abundance proteins. Here, we introduce an oligomerizing biomimetic system, "Corelets," and utilize its rapid and quantitative light-controlled tunability to map full intracellular phase diagrams, which dictate the concentrations at which phase separation occurs and the transition mechanism, in a protein sequence dependent manner. Surprisingly, both experiments and simulations show that while intracellular concentrations may be insufficient for global phase separation, sequestering protein ligands to slowly diffusing nucleation centers can move the cell into a different region of the phase diagram, resulting in localized phase separation. This diffusive capture mechanism liberates the cell from the constraints of global protein abundance and is likely exploited to pattern condensates associated with diverse biological processes. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

Coexisting Liquid Phases Underlie Nucleolar Subcompartments.

The nucleolus and other ribonucleoprotein (RNP) bodies are membrane-less organelles that appear to assemble through phase separation of their molecular components. However, many such RNP bodies contain internal subcompartments, and the mechanism of their formation remains unclear. Here, we combine in vivo and in vitro studies, together with computational modeling, to show that subcompartments within the nucleolus represent distinct, coexisting liquid phases. Consistent with their in vivo immiscibility, purified nucleolar proteins phase separate into droplets containing distinct non-coalescing phases that are remarkably similar to nucleoli in vivo. This layered droplet organization is caused by differences in the biophysical properties of the phases-particularly droplet surface tension-which arises from sequence-encoded features of their macromolecular components. These results suggest that phase separation can give rise to multilayered liquids that may facilitate sequential RNA processing reactions in a variety of RNP bodies. PAPERCLIP.

Composition-dependent thermodynamics of intracellular phase separation.

Intracellular bodies such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies and various signalling assemblies represent membraneless organelles, or condensates, that form via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS)1,2. Biomolecular interactions-particularly homotypic interactions mediated by self-associating intrinsically disordered protein regions-are thought to underlie the thermodynamic driving forces for LLPS, forming condensates that can facilitate the assembly and processing of biochemically active complexes, such as ribosomal subunits within the nucleolus. Simplified model systems3-6 have led to the concept that a single fixed saturation concentration is a defining feature of endogenous LLPS7-9, and has been suggested as a mechanism for intracellular concentration buffering2,7,8,10. However, the assumption of a fixed saturation concentration remains largely untested within living cells, in which the richly multicomponent nature of condensates could complicate this simple picture. Here we show that heterotypic multicomponent interactions dominate endogenous LLPS, and give rise to nucleoli and other condensates that do not exhibit a fixed saturation concentration. As the concentration of individual components is varied, their partition coefficients change in a manner that can be used to determine the thermodynamic free energies that underlie LLPS. We find that heterotypic interactions among protein and RNA components stabilize various archetypal intracellular condensates-including the nucleolus, Cajal bodies, stress granules and P-bodies-implying that the composition of condensates is finely tuned by the thermodynamics of the underlying biomolecular interaction network. In the context of RNA-processing condensates such as the nucleolus, this manifests in the selective exclusion of fully assembled ribonucleoprotein complexes, providing a thermodynamic basis for vectorial ribosomal RNA flux out of the nucleolus. This methodology is conceptually straightforward and readily implemented, and can be broadly used to extract thermodynamic parameters from microscopy images. These approaches pave the way for a deeper understanding of the thermodynamics of multicomponent intracellular phase behaviour and its interplay with the nonequilibrium activity that is characteristic of endogenous condensates.

Tripartite motif-containing protein 31 confers protection against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by deactivating mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7.

BACKGROUND AIMS: As a global health threat, NASH has been confirmed to be a chronic progressive liver disease that is strongly associated with obesity. However, no approved drugs or efficient therapeutic strategies are valid, mainly because its complicated pathological processes is underestimated. APPROACH RESULTS: We identified the RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase-tripartite motif-containing protein 31 (TRIM31), a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligases family, as an efficient endogenous inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; MAP3K7), and we further confirmed that TRIM31 is an MAP3K7-interacting protein and promotes MAP3K7 degradation by enhancing ubiquitination of K48 linkage in hepatocytes. Hepatocyte-specific Trim31 deletion blocks hepatic metabolism homeostasis, concomitant with glucose metabolic syndrome, lipid accumulation, up-regulated inflammation, and dramatically facilitates NASH progression. Inversely, transgenic overexpression, lentivirus, or adeno-associated virus-mediated Trim31 gene therapy restrain NASH in three dietary mice models. Mechanistically, in response to metabolic insults, TRIM31 interacts with MAP3K7 and conjugates K48-linked ubiquitination chains to promote MAP3K7 degradation, thus blocking MAP3K7 abundance and its downstream signaling cascade activation in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS: TRIM31 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for NASH treatment and associated metabolic disorders.

STOP1 regulates CCX1-mediated Ca2+ homeostasis for plant adaptation to Ca2+ deprivation.

Calcium (Ca) is essential for plant growth and stress adaptation, yet its availability is often limited in acidic soils, posing a major threat to crop production. Understanding the intricate mechanisms orchestrating plant adaptation to Ca deficiency remains elusive. Here, we show that the Ca deficiency-enhanced nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor SENSITIVE TO PROTON RHIZOTOXICITY 1 (STOP1) in Arabidopsis thaliana confers tolerance to Ca deprivation, with the global transcriptional responses triggered by Ca deprivation largely impaired in the stop1 mutant. Notably, STOP1 activates the Ca deprivation-induced expression of CATION/Ca2+ EXCHANGER 1 (CCX1) by directly binding to its promoter region, which facilitates Ca2+ efflux from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol to maintain Ca homeostasis. Consequently, the constitutive expression of CCX1 in the stop1 mutant partially rescues the Ca deficiency phenotype by increasing Ca content in the shoots. These findings uncover the pivotal role of the STOP1-CCX1 axis in plant adaptation to low Ca, offering alternative manipulating strategies to improve plant Ca nutrition in acidic soils and extending our understanding of the multifaceted role of STOP1.

Stem cell-derived exosomes for chronic wound repair.

Stem cells possess the capability of self-renewal and multipotency, which endows them with great application potential in wound repair fields. Yet, several problems including immune concerns, ethical debates, and oncogenicity impede the broad and deep advance of stem cell-based products. Recently, owing to their abundant resources, excellent biocompatibility, and ease of being engineered, stem cell-derived exosomes were proved to be promising nanomedicine for curing chronic wounds. What is more, stem cell-derived exosomes are almost the mini record of their maternal cells, which even equipped them with the unique characteristics of stem cells. Chronic wound healing efficacy is dominated by several complicated factors, especially the excessive inflammation conditions and impaired vessels. Therefore, this review tries to concentrate on the current advances of stem cell-derived exosomes for reducing inflammation and promoting angiogenesis in chronic wound healing processes. Last but not least, the existing limitations and future perspectives of stem cell-derived exosomes for chronic wound treatment are also outlined.

Characterization of immune landscape and development of a novel N7-methylguanine-related gene signature to aid therapy in recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

OBJECTIVES: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa resulting in an impaired life quality and even leading to tumors in susceptible populations. N7-Methylguanine (m7G) plays a vital role in various cellular activities but has not yet been investigated in RAS. We aimed at picturing the immune landscape and constructing an m7G-related gene signature, and investigating candidate drugs and gene-disease association to aid therapy for RAS. METHODS: For our study, m7G-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. We outlined the immune microenvironment and studied the correlations between the m7G-related DEGs and immune cells/pathways. We performed functional enrichment analyses and constructed the protein-protein interaction (PPI) and multifactor regulatory network in RAS. The m7G-related hub genes were extracted to formulate the corresponding m7G predictive signature. RESULTS: We obtained 11 m7G-related DEGs and studied a comprehensive immune infiltration landscape, which indicated several immune markers as possible immunotherapeutic targets. The PPI and multifactor regulatory network was constructed and 4 hub genes (DDX58, IFI27, IFIT5, and PML) were identified, followed by validation of the corresponding m7G predictive signature for RAS. GO and KEGG analyses revealed the participation of JAK-STAT and several immune-related pathways. Finally, we suggested candidate drugs and gene-disease associations for potential RAS medical interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The present study pictured a comprehensive immune infiltration landscape and suggested that m7G played a vital role in RAS through immune-related pathways. This study provided new insight for the future investigation of the mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for RAS.

Self-Reconstructed Two-Dimensional Cluster-Based Co-Organic Layer Heterojunctions for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reactions.

When it comes to an efficient catalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the production of renewable energy and chemicals, the construction of heterogeneous structures is crucial to break the linear scalar relationship of a single catalyst. This heterogeneous structure construction helps creatively achieve high activity and stability. However, the synthesis process of heterogeneous crystalline materials is often complex and challenging to capture and reproduce, which limits their application. Here, the dynamic process of structural changes in Co-MOFs in alkali was captured by in situ powder X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, and several self-reconfigured MOF heterogeneous materials with different structures were stably isolated. The created ß-Co(OH)2/Co-MOF heterojunction structure facilitates rapid mass-charge transfer and exposure of active sites, which significantly enhanced OER activity. Experimental results show that this heterogeneous structure achieves a low overpotential of 333 mV at 10 mA cm-2. The findings provide new insights and directions for the search for highly reactive cobalt-based MOFs for sustainable energy technologies.

Efficacy of Femoral Neck System Fixation vs KHS Femoral Neck Dynamic Compression Locking Plate System in Femoral Neck Fracture.

Background: Femoral neck fracture is acknowledged as one of the common injuries in clinical orthopedics. Our study was aimed at investigating the efficacy of femoral neck fixation vs the KHS dynamic compression locking plate system in the treatment of femoral neck fracture. Methods: This was a prospective study. A toteal of 90 patients with femoral neck fracture who were admitted to The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University in Shijiazhuang, China from August 2017 to March 2020 were enrolled in our study. The patients were randomly divided into the control group (45 patients allocated to intervention with the novel femoral neck dynamic compression locking plate system) and the study group (45 patients who underwent femoral neck system fixation). Intraoperative blood loss, surgery duration, fracture healing time and related complications in the 2 groups were monitored and evaluated. The recovery of hip joint function at different times in the 2 groups were closely monitored. Results: The 2 groups completed the surgery process, and the incision healed. All patients were followed up for 6 to 8 months, with an average follow-up time of 7.01 ± 0.21 months. Surgery duration, length of hospital stay and fracture healing time in the study group were significantly lower than in the control group (P < .05), while no significant difference was found in intraoperative blood loss between the 2 groups (P > .05). At 1 and 3 months after surgery, hip joint function in the study group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < .05), but 6 months after surgery, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P > .05). There were no complications in the study group, whereas 1 patient had a complication in the control group. The total incidence of complications in the study group was lower than in the control group, but the difference was not significant (P > .05). Conclusion: Femoral neck system fixation demonstrated superior efficacy to the KHS femoral neck dynamic compression locking plate system in femoral neck fracture, and is considered as a valid method for wide application.

Electrospun Nanofibrous Conduit Filled with a Collagen-Based Matrix (ColM) for Nerve Regeneration.

Traumatic nerve defects result in dysfunctions of sensory and motor nerves and are usually accompanied by pain. Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) are widely applied to bridge large-gap nerve defects. However, few NGCs can truly replace autologous nerve grafts to achieve comprehensive neural regeneration and function recovery. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) sponge-filled nanofibrous NGC (sf@NGC) resembling the structure of native peripheral nerves was developed. The conduit was fabricated by electrospinning a poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) membrane, whereas the intraluminal filler was obtained by freeze-drying a collagen-based matrix (ColM) resembling the extracellular matrix. The effects of the electrospinning process and of the composition of ColM on the physicochemical performance of sf@NGC were investigated in detail. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of the PLGA sheath and ColM were evaluated. The continuous and homogeneous PLGA nanofiber membrane had high porosity and tensile strength. ColM was shown to exhibit an ECM-like architecture characterized by a multistage pore structure and a high porosity level of over 70%. The PLGA sheath and ColM were shown to possess stagewise degradability and good biocompatibility. In conclusion, sf@NGC may have a favorable potential for the treatment of nerve reconstruction.

You are excusable! Neural correlates of economic neediness on empathic concern and fairness perception.

There is ample experimental evidence showing that the proposers' social role is related to individuals' fairness perception in the Ultimatum Game (UG). However, various social roles, e.g., degree of economic neediness, have different influences on fairness perception, yet it has not been well studied. In this study, we adapted the UG paradigm and recorded electroencephalography (EEG) to probe the neural signatures of whether and how the degree of neediness influences fairness perception. Behavioral results showed that responders are prone to accept unfair offers from proposers in need more than those who are not in need. At the brain level, MFN (medial frontal negativity) was more negative-going in response to unfair than fair offers for not-in-need proposers. In contrast, we found a reversed MFN difference response to unfair and fair offers for in-need proposers, showing a strongly pure altruistic phenomenon. Moreover, we found smaller P300 amplitude was induced in the proposer-in-need condition, compared with its counterpart, while a negative correlation between empathy rating and P300 amplitude in the proposer-in-need condition regardless of the offers' fairness. The current results indicate that the degree of neediness might reduce fairness perception by promoting the empathic concern toward the in-need proposers rather than decreasing the empathic concern for the not-in-need proposers.

A rare case of bladder cancer that metastasized to brain, heart, and lung lymph nodes benefited from immunotherapy.

Bladder cancer is a common malignant tumor of the genitourinary system, with the primary cause of death being metastasis. The most common metastatic sites are the lymph nodes, liver, lung, bone, peritoneum, pleura, kidney, adrenal gland, and the intestine. Brain and heart metastases are rare. In this report, we describe a patient who had pulmonary lymph node metastases more than a year after being diagnosed with bladder cancer, followed by brain and cardiac metastases more than two years later. Following the failure of standard first-line chemotherapy, the patient accepted 6 cycles of tislelizumab immunotherapy. The re-examination revealed that the bilateral frontal brain metastases had vanished, the right temporal lobe metastases had been greatly decreased, the neurological symptoms had been alleviated, and the cardiac metastases had disappeared. This is a rare clinical case with encouraging effects of tislelizumab and can serve as a model for the treatment of similar patients.

Controlling the material properties and rRNA processing function of the nucleolus using light.

The nucleolus is a prominent nuclear condensate that plays a central role in ribosome biogenesis by facilitating the transcription and processing of nascent ribosomal RNA (rRNA). A number of studies have highlighted the active viscoelastic nature of the nucleolus, whose material properties and phase behavior are a consequence of underlying molecular interactions. However, the ways in which the material properties of the nucleolus impact its function in rRNA biogenesis are not understood. Here we utilize the Cry2olig optogenetic system to modulate the viscoelastic properties of the nucleolus. We show that above a threshold concentration of Cry2olig protein, the nucleolus can be gelled into a tightly linked, low mobility meshwork. Gelled nucleoli no longer coalesce and relax into spheres but nonetheless permit continued internal molecular mobility of small proteins. These changes in nucleolar material properties manifest in specific alterations in rRNA processing steps, including a buildup of larger rRNA precursors and a depletion of smaller rRNA precursors. We propose that the flux of processed rRNA may be actively tuned by the cell through modulating nucleolar material properties, which suggests the potential of materials-based approaches for therapeutic intervention in ribosomopathies.

Systematic Screening of Chemical Constituents in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Arnebiae Radix by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry.

Arnebiae Radix (dried root of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst.) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat macular eruptions, measles, sore throat, carbuncles, burns, skin ulcers, and inflammation. Previous studies have shown that shikonins and shikonofurans are two of their main bioactive ingredients. However, systematic investigations of their constituents have rarely been conducted. It is necessary to establish a rapid and effective method to identify the chemical constituents of Arnebiae Radix. This will help to further improve the effective resource utilization rate of this plant. In this study, a rapid and effective UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry method was established to simultaneously analyze chemical ingredients in Arnebiae Radix within a short period of time. Based on the results of a full scan MS, the MS2 database (mzVault and mzCloud), the diagnostic fragment ions, the retention time, and the bibliography, a total of 188 compounds were identified, with 114 of those being reported from Arnebiae Radix for the first time. The results of this study lay the foundation for obtaining a thorough understanding of the active ingredients in Arnebiae Radix and its quality control. This method may be widely used for the chemical characterization of different samples.

The influence of the steep medial posterior tibial slope on medial meniscus tears in adolescent patients: a retrospective case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated a relationship between the posterior tibial slope (PTS) and meniscal tears in adults. However, little is known about the association between the PTS of the adolescents and medial meniscal tears (MMT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the PTS and MMT in adolescents, and to determine the optimal cut-off values of PTS for discriminating between the MMT and the control groups. METHODS: Between January 2018 and January 2020, a retrospective case-control study was performed. In this study, isolated MMT adolescent patients with no ligamentous injuries were matched by age and sex to a control group of radiologically normal images. The PTS was defined as the angle between the perpendicular line to proximal tibial cortex (PTC) and the tangent line along the tibial plateau. Then, both the medial posterior tibial slope (MPTS) and lateral posterior tibial slope (LPTS) were measured by plain radiographs on the lateral views. In addition, the optimal cut-off values of PTS were determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: A total of seventy-two patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the final analysis (36 patients with isolated MMT, 36 controls). The MPTS was greater in the knees with isolated MMT (10.7° ± 2.1°) than that of the control group (8.8° ± 1.7°), showing significant difference (P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference regarding the LPTS between the isolated MMT and controls (11.5 ± 3.4 vs 10.9 ± 2.6, p>0.05). In the ROC curve analysis, the calculated cutoff value of the MPTS discriminating between the groups was 10.3°, with a sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 78.9%. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that steep MPTS is associated with MMT, and MPTS≥10.3° was identified to be a risk factor for MMT in adolescents.

Ultrasound-guided single popliteal sciatic nerve block is an effective postoperative analgesia strategy for calcaneal fracture: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative analgesia effect of ultrasound-guided single popliteal sciatic nerve block for calcaneal fracture. METHODS: A total of 120 patients scheduled for unilateral open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fracture were enrolled in this prospective randomized study. Patients in group B received ultrasound-guided single popliteal sciatic nerve block after operation, but Patients in group A did not. All patients received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after operation. The time to initiation of PCIA, the time of first pressing the analgesia pump, duration of analgesia pump use and the total number of times the patient pressed the analgesia pump were recorded. The time of rescue analgesia and the adverse reactions were recorded. Pain magnitude of the patients immediately after discharge from operating room (T1), and at 4th (T2), 8th (T3), 12th (T4), 16th (T5), 24th (T6) and 48th (T7) h after the operation were assessed with visual analog scale (VAS). In addition, patient, surgeon and nurse satisfaction were recorded. RESULTS: The VAS scores at T2 ~ T5, the time of rescue analgesia and the adverse reactions, the total number of times the patient pressed the analgesia pump were significantly declined in group B (p < 0.001). The time to initiation of PCIA, the time of first pressing the analgesia pump, duration of analgesia pump use were prolonged and patient surgeon and nurse satisfaction were improved in group B (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided single popliteal sciatic nerve block is an effective postoperative analgesia strategy for calcaneal fracture. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR, ChiCTR2100042340. Registered 19 January 2021, URL of trial registry record: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=66526 .

Long-term outcomes after partial patellectomy in comminuted fractures - a clinical study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of partial patellectomy (PP) in patients with patella comminuted distal pole fractures. METHODS: Seventeen patients who were diagnosed with patella comminuted distal pole fractures and underwent PP procedures were retrospectively included between January 1995 and January 2005. We collected patient demographics and data on the mechanism of injury, time to surgery, fracture type, follow-up time, and post-operative complications (infection, patellofemoral arthritis, and stiffness). At the final follow-up, functional outcome was evaluated by the range of motion (ROM) and the Bostman Scoring System. Quadriceps strength was evaluated by using an isokinetic dynamometer to measure peak torque, and patellar height was evaluated by the Insall-Salvati (IS) ratio in lateral knee radiographs. The average follow-up period was 14.6 years (range, 11-19 years). RESULTS: We analyzed 17 patients (AO/OTA 34-A1), with an average age of 59.8 years (range, 43-76 years). According to the Bostman grading scales, final functional outcomes were excellent in 11 (64.7%) and good in six (35.3%) patients. All patients had full knee extension, and the average ROM was 125.1° (range, 121.4-129.3°). The average peak torque of the injured knee was 103.2 ± 9.7 Nm, and that of the uninjured opposite side was 108.3 ± 7.6 Nm, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Furthermore, no postoperative complications, such as infection, posttraumatic osteoarthritis, or stiffness, were observed. Compared to the uninjured knee, the IS ratio of the injured knee was 0.76 ± 0.13, indicating that the patellar height was decreased, which meant patella baja. CONCLUSIONS: The PP procedure for patella comminuted distal pole fractures is a safe, simple, and reliable technique that can provide good long-term clinical outcomes even with decreased patellar height and could be a satisfactory alternative treatment option when anatomical reduction is difficult.

Effect of Ti on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of TixZr2.5-xTa Alloys.

To determine the effects of Ti and mixing entropy (ΔSmix) on the structure and mechanical proper-ties of Zr-Ta alloys and then find a new potential energetic structural material with good me-chanical properties and more reactive elements, TixZr2.5-xTa (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) alloys were investigated. The XRD experimental results showed that the phase transformation of TixZr2.5-xTa nonequal-ratio ternary alloys depended not on the value of ΔSmix, but on the amount of Ti atoms. With the addition of Ti, the content of the HCP phase decreased gradually. SEM analyses revealed that dendrite morphology and component segregation increasingly developed and then weakened gradually. When x increases to 2.0, TixZr2.5-xTa with the best mechanical properties can be ob-tained. The yield strength, compressive strength and fracture strain of Ti2.0Zr0.5Ta reached 883 MPa, 1568 MPa and 34.58%, respectively. The dependence of the phase transformation and me-chanical properties confirms that improving the properties of Zr-Ta alloys by doping Ti is feasible.

[Value of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound in Differential Diagnosis between Cholesterol Polyp and Gallbladder Adenoma].

Objective To compare the performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)and ultrasound(US)in the differential diagnosis between cholesterol polyps and gallbladder adenomas. Methods A total of 136 patients with gallbladder polyp lesions(GPLs)and undergoing cholecystectomy in the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2019 to October 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.All the patients underwent US and CEUS examinations before cholecystectomy.US and CEUS images of cholesterol polyps and gallbladder adenomas were compared for the evaluation of the performance of CEUS in the diagnosis of gallbladder adenomas. Results The 136 cases of GPLs included 95 cases of cholesterol polyps and 41 cases of gallbladder adenomas.Cholesterol polyps and gallbladder adenomas showed significant differences in the maximum size of GPLs( Z=-5.189, P<0.001), polyp blood flow signal(χ 2=33.630, P<0.001), vascular stalk width(Z=-7.366, P<0.001), polyp enhancement time(χ 2=22.487, P<0.001), enhancement intensity in arterial phase(χ 2=44.371, P<0.001), polyp vascular morphology(χ 2=53.814, P<0.001)and gallbladder wall integrity(χ 2=13.277, P=0.001).The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CEUS in distinguishing gallbladder adenomas from cholesterol polyps were 85.37%, 89.47% and 88.24%, respectively, and the area under the curve was 0.874. Conclusion CEUS can effectively distinguish gallbladder adenomas from cholesterol polyps and help patients with GPLs to select the appropriate treatment.