RESUMEN
Bioactive peptides (BPs) are protein fragments with beneficial effects on metabolism, physiology, and diseases. This review focuses on proteolytic BPs, which are produced by the action of gut microbiota on proteins in food and have demonstrated to influence the composition of gut microbes. And gut microbiota are candidate targets of BPs to alleviate oxidative stress, enhance immunity, and control diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cancer, and immune and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite promising results, further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the interactions between BPs and gut microbes, and to identify and screen more BPs for industrial applications. Overall, BPs offer potential as therapeutic agents for various diseases through their interactions with gut microbes, highlighting the importance of continued research in this area.
RESUMEN
A well-known milk-derived bioactive tripeptide, VPP (Val-Pro-Pro) has good anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertension, and anti-hydrolysis properties. However, whether VPP can alleviate calf intestinal inflammation is unclear. In this experiment, the effects of VPP on growth, diarrhea incidence, serum biochemical indices, short-chain fatty acids, and fecal microorganisms were examined in pre-weaning Holstein calves. Eighteen calves with similar birth date, body weight, and genetic background were randomly assigned equally to two groups (n = 9). The control group was given 50 mL of phosphate buffer saline before morning feeding, whereas the VPP group received 50 mL of VPP solution (100 mg/kg body weight/d). The study lasted for 17 days, with the first 3 days used for adaptation. Initial and final body weights were determined, and daily dry matter intake and fecal score were recorded throughout the study. Serum hormone levels and antioxidant and immune indices were measured on day 14. Fecal microorganisms were collected on days 0, 7, and 14, and 16S rDNA sequencing was performed. Oral administration of VPP did not significantly affect calf average daily feed intake and body weight, but the growth rate in body weight was significantly higher in the VPP group than in the control group on day 7 (P < 0.05). Compared with the control, VPP significantly decreased serum TNF-α and IL-6 contents (P < 0.05), and concentrations of nitric oxide and IL-1ß also decreased but not significantly (0.05 < P < 0.1). After seven days of VPP, relative abundances of g_Lachnoclostridium, uncultured_bacterium_, and g_Streptococcus in fecal samples increased significantly (P < 0.05). Compared with the control, VPP significantly increased concentrations of the fecal short-chain fatty acids n-butyric acid and isovaleric acid (P < 0.05). In conclusion, VPP can relieve intestinal inflammation and alleviate the degree of diarrhea in pre-weaning calves.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Due to the still sparse literature in China, the investigation of hyperoxemia management is required. Thus, we aim to conduct a retrospective study to provide more information about hyperoxemia management in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. METHODS: We retrospectively screened the medical records of adult patients (age ≥18 years) who required mechanical ventilation (MV) ≥24 hours from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018. All arterial blood gas (ABG) tested during MV was retrieved, and MV settings were recorded. The median arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) >120 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) was defined as mild to moderate hyperoxemia, and PaO2 >300 mmHg as extreme hyperoxemia. Intensivists' response to hyperoxemia was assessed based on the reduction of fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) within one hour after hyperoxemia was recorded. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent factors associated with the intensivists' response to hyperoxemia. RESULTS: A total of 592 patients were finally analyzed. The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 21 (15-26). The PaO2, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), FiO2, and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) were 96.4 (74.0-126.0) mmHg, 97.8% (95.2%-99.1%), 0.4 (0.4-0.5), and 5 (3-6) cmH2O, respectively. Totally 174 (29.39%) patients had PaO2 >120 mmHg, and 19 (3.21%) patients had extreme hyperoxemia at PaO2 >300 mmHg. In cases of mild to moderate hyperoxemia with FiO2 ≤0.4, only 13 (2.20%) patients had a decrease in FiO2 within one hour. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that a positive response was independently associated with FiO2 (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.12, P<0.001), PaO2 (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.01, P=0.002), and working shifts (OR 5.09, 95% CI 1.87-13.80, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperoxemia occurs frequently and is neglected in most cases, particularly when mild to moderate hyperoxemia, hyperoxemia with lower FiO2, hyperoxemia during night and middle-night shifts, or FiO2 less likely to be decreased. Patients may be at a risk of oxygen toxicity because of the liberal oxygen strategy. Therefore, further research is needed to improve oxygen management for patients with MV in the ICUs.