Chromatin accessibility analysis identifies the transcription factor ETV5 as a suppressor of adipose tissue macrophage activation in obesity.

Activation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) contributes to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. However, the transcriptional regulatory machinery involved in ATM activation during the development of obesity is not fully understood. Here, we profiled the chromatin accessibility of blood monocytes and ATMs from obese and lean mice using assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq). We found that monocytes and ATMs from obese and lean mice exhibited distinct chromatin accessibility status. There are distinct regulatory elements that are specifically associated with monocyte or ATM activation in obesity. We also discovered several transcription factors that may regulate monocyte and ATM activation in obese mice, specifically a predicted transcription factor named ETS translocation variant 5 (ETV5). The expression of ETV5 was significantly decreased in ATMs from obese mice and its downregulation was mediated by palmitate stimulation. The decrease in ETV5 expression resulted in macrophage activation. Our results also indicate that ETV5 suppresses endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and Il6 expression in macrophages. Our work delineates the changes in chromatin accessibility in monocytes and ATMs during obesity, and identifies ETV5 as a critical transcription factor suppressing ATM activation, suggesting its potential use as a therapeutic target in obesity-related chronic inflammation.

Nanoparticle-delivered siRNA targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase for rheumatoid arthritis therapy.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that can cause irreversible joint deformity. There is still no cure for RA, and current therapeutics, including methotrexate and adalimumab, cause serious off-target effects and systemic immunosuppression, which in turn increases the risk of infection. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) in macrophages and B cells has been demonstrated to be a promising therapeutic target for RA. However, high doses of BTK inhibitors are required for efficient BTK suppression, which limits their clinical use. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is promising for the silencing of specific genes and has been used for the treatment of multiple diseases. To deliver siRNA into macrophages and B cells for BTK gene silencing, we employed cationic lipid-assisted PEG-b-PLGA nanoparticles (CLANs) to encapsulate siRNA. We demonstrated that macrophages and B cells were able to efficiently ingest the CLANs both in vitro and in vivo. Thereafter, we encapsulated siRNA targeting BTK (siBTK) into the CLANs, denoted as CLANsiBTK, and demonstrated that CLANsiBTK significantly inhibited BTK expression in macrophages and B cells. In a collagen-induced mouse arthritis model, CLANsiBTK treatment dramatically reduced joint inflammation and other RA symptoms but showed no toxicity, proving that using CLANsiBTK is a promising approach for RA therapy.

Promoting tumor penetration of nanoparticles for cancer stem cell therapy by TGF-ß signaling pathway inhibition.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which hold a high capacity for self-renewal, play a central role in the development, metastasis, and recurrence of various malignancies. CSCs must be eradicated to cure instances of cancer; however, because they can reside far from tumor vessels, they are not easily targeted by drug agents carried by nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. We herein demonstrate that promoting tumor penetration of nanoparticles by transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) signaling pathway inhibition facilitates CSC therapy. In our study, we observed that although nanoparticles carrying siRNA targeting the oncogene polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) efficiently killed breast CSCs derived from MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro, this intervention enriched CSCs in the residual tumor tissue following systemic treatment. However, inhibition of the TGF-ß signaling pathway with LY364947, an inhibitor of TGF-ß type I receptor, promoted the penetration of nanoparticles in tumor tissue, significantly ameliorating the intratumoral distribution of nanoparticles in MDA-MB-231 xenografts and further leading to enhanced internalization of nanoparticles by CSCs. As a result, synergistic treatment with a nanoparticle drug delivery system and LY364947 inhibited tumor growth and reduced the proportion of CSCs in vivo. This study suggests that enhanced tumor penetration of drug-carrying nanoparticles can enhance CSCs clearance in vivo and consequently provide superior anti-tumor effects.

Overcoming tumor resistance to cisplatin by cationic lipid-assisted prodrug nanoparticles.

Chemotherapy resistance has become a major challenge in the clinical treatment of lung cancer which is the leading cancer type for the estimated deaths. Recent studies have shown that nanoparticles as drug carriers can raise intracellular drug concentration by achieving effectively cellular uptake and rapid drug release, and therefore reverse the acquired chemoresistance of tumors. In this context, nanoparticles-based chemotherapy represents a promising strategy for treating malignancies with chemoresistance. In the present study, we developed cationic lipid assisted nanoparticles (CLAN) to deliver polylactide-cisplatin prodrugs to drug resistant lung cancer cells. The nanoparticles were formulated through self-assembly of a biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactide) (PEG-PLA), a hydrophobic polylactide-cisplatin prodrug, and a cationic lipid. The cationic nanoparticles were proven to significantly improve cell uptake of cisplatin, leading to an increased DNA-Pt adduct and significantly promoted DNA damage in vitro. Moreover, our study reveals that cationic nanoparticles, although are slightly inferior in blood circulation and tumor accumulation, are more effective in blood vessel extravasation. The CLANs ultimately enhances the cellular drug availability and leads to the reversal of cisplatin resistance.