RESUMEN
The presence of fluoride in drinking water can cause various diseases, such as dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. The present study aims to intensify the fluoride removal using a rotating anode electro-coagulation (EC) reactor with providing the proper hydrodynamics conditions. This fluoride removal is modeled and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) with varying operational parameters (rotation speed: 20-80 RPM, current: 0.2-1.0 A, initial fluoride concentration: 8-40 mg/L and time: 15-75 min). The maximum fluoride removal is obtained as 96.87% (predicted) and 95.40% (experimental) for the optimized process parameters, initial concentration of 32 mg/L, 0.8 A current, 60 min, and 60 RPM of rotating speed. Kinetic analysis reveals that the removal process adheres to a second-order kinetic model, suggesting that the rate of fluoride removal is dependent on the concentration of fluoride ions present. Isothermal studies indicate that the effective sorption of fluoride onto the generated flocs follows a sips isotherm. The optimal cost analysis is carried out to determine the operational cost as 0.256 USD/m3 for F removal of 93.49% at initial concentration 24 mg/L, time 50 min, current 0.7 A, and rotation 70 rpm and presenting a cost-effective solution for fluoride mitigation. Further, characterizations of the resultant sludge through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) confirmed the safe disposal potential of the sludge. The findings show a promising approach for fluoride removal, combining high efficiency, economic viability, and environmental safety.
RESUMEN
Raw printing ink wastewater (PIW) was treated with various inorganic coagulants and organic flocculants (anionic and cationic polyacrylamides). These processes were also examined as post treatment step following hydrodynamic cavitation. Treatment effectiveness was assessed through color, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal. The addition of 4500 mg L-1 polyaluminum chloride coagulant in undiluted PIW (COD: 17000 mg L-1) resulted in 99% color removal, 96% COD and TSS removal, after settling for 2 h. The addition of 10 mg L-1 of anionic polyacrylamides in the sample reduced settling time to only 5 min, with concomitant 96-98% removal efficiency. The addition of a 4 min hydrodynamic cavitation pretreatment step reduced coagulant addition by 33%, for the treatment of undiluted PIW (with 10 mg L-1 anionic polyacrylamide), while removals were ranged between 96 and 98%. Economic analysis for the undiluted PIW showed that costs were reduced by ca. 20% with the hydrodynamic cavitation pretreatment step. Moreover, sludge characterization showed the presence of maghemite, aluminum chloride and potassium aluminum silicate. Finally, toxicity tests revealed a significant attenuation of the toxic potential of undiluted PIW, thus indicating the enhanced efficiency of the proposed combined process (hydrodynamic cavitation and coagulation/flocculation).
Asunto(s)
Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos , Purificación del Agua , Aniones , Floculación , Hidrodinámica , Tinta , Impresión Tridimensional , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Aguas Residuales/químicaRESUMEN
Improving the sanitation situation in a community that relies on on-site sanitation requires information about the quantity and quality of faecal sludge (FS) produced. Existing tools for data collection about FS characteristics are either imprecise or very costly. As information and communication technologies are becoming more available in low-income countries, Citizen Science is becoming an option for the collection of sanitation data. This study used an online survey distributed via social media to predict FS characteristics (Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Sludge Volume Index (SVI)) at 40 households in Blantyre, Malawi. Furthermore, the study investigated whether and how an online survey could yield cost-effective and representative information about the sanitation situation at the household level. Facebook and WhatsApp both introduced a bias towards higher income households as low-income households still lack access to smartphones and internet. WhatsApp (1.01/reply) was significantly cheaper than Facebook (3.00/reply) and conventional data generation with household interviewers (1.47-2.20/reply). Monetary incentives generated more replies than pure social messaging. TSS, VSS and COD were significantly correlated to TS. The slope of the regression line of COD to TS (0.97) was similar to one reported for Uganda (0.88), suggesting that the ratio of COD to TS might be independent of the location. Statistically significant median differences of TS concentrations were found for the survey parameters "system type" and "solid waste", making these parameters candidates for predictors of FS characteristics. The sample size was too small for the other survey parameters to detect any differences statistically. Overall, using social media in a Citizen Science approach appears to be a promising new tool for FS characterization. In the current form, it can probably not replace other data collection tools, but rather complement them as a cost-efficient method to gain an initial assessment. Besides sanitation planning, social media and the Citizen Science approach could be employed for data collection in various fields of development cooperation.
Asunto(s)
Saneamiento , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Ciencia Ciudadana , Malaui , Aguas del Alcantarillado , UgandaRESUMEN
The present study was conducted to investigate the electrochemical treatment of carwash wastewater using electrocoagulation (EC) process with Fe and Al electrodes. The effects of operating conditions such as initial pH (2-10), current density (0.1-5 mA/cm2) and operating time (5-50 min) on chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil-grease, chloride removal efficiencies as well as total operating costs were studied. The optimum conditions that achieve higher removal efficiencies were found as pH: 8, current density: 3 mA/cm2, operating time: 30 min for Fe electrode and pH: 6, current density: 1 mA/cm2, operating time: 30 min for Al electrode. The removal efficiencies for COD, oil-grease and chloride were obtained as 88%, 90% and 50% for Fe and 88%, 68% and 33% for Al electrodes under the optimum conditions. The total operating costs at the optimum conditions were calculated as 0.6 $/m3 and 0.3 $/m3 for Fe and Al electrodes, respectively. The sludge samples generated after EC process were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements for both electrodes. The analyses showed the presence of hydroxides and oxyhydroxides in the sludge samples and the surface of the sludge samples was negatively charged in the wide range of pH. As a conclusion, this study revealed that EC process using Fe electrode should be a feasible technology for higher COD and oil-grease removals from carwash wastewaters.
Asunto(s)
Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos , Aguas Residuales , Electrodos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Residuos Industriales , Aguas del AlcantarilladoRESUMEN
Dewatered sludge (DS) is a sewage sludge with a unique property due to extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and polymer flocculants. These components form a stable 3D polymer network to increase dewatering efficiency, leaving behind valuable materials such as lipids. This article explored the influences of DS particle size on lipid yield and the effects of extraction on the chemical, morphological, and thermal properties of the residual dewatered sludge (RDS). Lipid yields with unimodal distribution were observed across the particle size ranges (<0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.0, 2.0-4.0, and 4.0 mm). The highest lipid yield of 1.95% was extracted from 1.0-2.0 mm after 4 h at 70 °C and 0.1 g/mL sludge-to-solvent ratio. Efficiency was influenced by the DS's morphology, facilitating solvent infiltration and pore diffusion. The extraction process reduced water and organic fractions, resulting in higher thermal stability. Bibliometric analysis of "extraction*" and "sewage sludge" shows increasing research interest from 1973 to 2024. Five research clusters were observed: heavy metal speciation and stabilization, sludge and its bioavailability, extraction techniques and resource recovery, contaminants remediation, as well as phosphorus recovery and agricultural applications. These clusters highlight the diverse approaches to researching DS and RDS while promoting sustainable waste management.
RESUMEN
Biocomposite films from renewable sources are seen to be viable candidates as sustainable, zero-waste packaging materials. In this study, biocomposites films using chitosan and alginate as matrices, and pristine or acetylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as reinforcement agents, were fabricated, thoroughly characterized in terms of structure (with ATR-FTIR and XRD), morphology (SEM), thermal stability (TGA coupled with FTIR), water content and solubility and mechanical properties and subjected to controlled biological degradation in aqueous environment with added activated sludge. Biodegradation activity was followed through respirometry by measurement of change in partial O2 pressure using OxiTop® system. While the initial rate of biodegradation is higher in chitosan-based films with incorporated CNCs (both pristine and modified) compared to any other tested biocomposites, it was observed that chitosan-based films are not completely degradable in activated sludge medium, whereas alginate-based films reached complete biodegradation in 107 h to 112 h. Additional study of the aqueous medium with in situ FTIR during biodegradation offered an insight into biodegradation mechanisms. Use of advanced statistical methods indicated that selection of material (ALG vs CH) has the highest influence on biodegradability, followed by solubility of the material and its thermal stability.
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Quitosano , Nanopartículas , Celulosa/química , Quitosano/química , Alginatos , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Agua , Nanopartículas/químicaRESUMEN
Denitrifying Sulfur conversion-associated Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (DS-EBPR) bioprocess has been recently developed for saline sewage treatment. This study investigated the applicability of granulation technology in DS-EBPR by long-term operation (272â¯days) of a lab-scale reactor to cultivate sludge granules, then analyzed important physicochemical and biological properties. The findings of this research showed that the net P removal and denitrification efficiencies in DS-EBPR were 80% and 98%, respectively. The average particle size was about 100⯵m, and the ratio of SVI5 and SVI30 was <1.3, indicating the activated sludge was well aggregated as micro-granules. The dry density was between 32 and 56â¯mg/mL, and the specific surface area was 28â¯m2/g, demonstrating good microporous structure. FISH reveals absence of PAOs, but enriched with SRB (predominant) and denitrifying bacteria in the DS-EBPR granular sludge. Overall, this study provided essential characterization information of DS-EBPR granular sludge which can be used for future development.
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Fósforo/metabolismo , Aguas del Alcantarillado/microbiología , Azufre/metabolismo , DesnitrificaciónRESUMEN
In the operation of biological wastewater treatment processes, fast sludge settling during liquid-solids disengagement is preferred as it affects effluent quality, treatment efficiency and plant operation economy. An important property of fast settling biological sludge is the ability to spontaneously form big and dense flocs (flocculation) that readily separates from water. Therefore, there had been much research to study the conditions that promote biological sludge flocculation. However, reported findings have often been inconsistent and this has possibly been due to the complex nature of the biological flocculation process. Thus, it has been challenging for wastewater treatment plant operators to extract practical information from the literature. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of understanding of the factors that affect sludge flocculation so that evaluation of such information can be facilitated and strategize for intervention in the sludge flocculation and deflocculation process.
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Floculación , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Aguas Residuales/química , Aguas del Alcantarillado/química , Aguas del Alcantarillado/microbiología , Aguas Residuales/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Raw cheese whey wastewater (CWW) has been treated by means of FeCl3 coagulation-flocculation, NaOH precipitation, and Ca(OH)2 precipitation. Three different types of CWW were considered: without cheese whey recovery (CWW0), 60 % cheese whey recovery (CWW60), and 80 % cheese whey recovery (CWW80). Cheese whey recovery significantly influenced the characteristics of the wastewater to be treated: organic matter, solids, turbidity, conductivity, sodium, chloride, calcium, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. Initial organic load was reduced to values in the interval of 60-70 %. Application of FeCl3, NaOH, or Ca(OH)2 involved additional chemical oxygen demand (COD) depletions regardless of the CWW used. Under optimum conditions, the combination of 80 % cheese whey recovery and lime application led to 90 % reduction in COD. Turbidity (99.8%), total suspended solids (TSS) (98-99 %), oils and fats (82-96 %), phosphorus (98-99 %), potassium (96-97 %), and total coliforms (100 %) were also reduced. Sludge generated in the latter process showed excellent settling properties. This solid after filtration and natural evaporation can be used as fertilizer with limitations due to its saline nature. In an innovative, low-cost, and environmentally friendly technology, supernatant coming from the Ca(OH)2 addition was naturally neutralized in 4-6 days by atmospheric CO2 absorption without reagent addition. Consequently, a final aerobic biodegradation step can be applied for effluent polishing. This technology also allows for some atmospheric CO2 mitigation. Time requirement for the natural carbonation depends on the effluent characteristics. A precipitate rich in organic matter and nutrients and depletions of solids, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, Kjeldahl, and ammoniacal nitrogen were also achieved during the natural carbonation.
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Biodegradación Ambiental , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Queso/análisis , Fertilizantes , Aguas Residuales/química , Suero Lácteo/química , Residuos Industriales , Eliminación de Residuos LíquidosRESUMEN
The SANI(®) process (Sulfate reduction, Autotrophic denitrification and Nitrification Integrated) is a treatment system with low energy demands. The major bioreactor of this new technology is a sulfate-reducing up-flow sludge bed (SRUSB) that converts organics and provides electron donors for subsequent autotrophic denitrification. This research characterizes the granules inside the SRUSB, with the aim of improving its efficiency, maximizing its operational flexibility, and minimizing its footprint. The unique sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) granules serving in the SRUSB were found to increase the resilience and compactness of the SRUSB. The granules, with a compact and porous structure, showed high cohesion resisting breakage with a shear force G > 3400 s(-1). The hydrophobicity of the external surface of the mature granules remained stable at around 70% and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) accumulated at the bottom of the SRUSB. 16s rRNA gene analysis of the microbial communities revealed that Desulfobulbus (42.1%), Prosthecochloris (19%) and Trichococcus (12%) dominated the mature granular sludge. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) further showed that SRB organisms were located internally and then surrounded by non-SRB. According to the FISH results, the spatial distribution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) displayed protein and α-polysaccharides in the exterior and ß-polysaccharide in the core of the granules. Such biological structure suggests that each SRB granule acts as an efficient and independent unit, capable of achieving both fermentation and organic conversion. The present investigation sheds light on the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the SRB granulate. This information provides valuable information for scaling-up the SANI(®) process to treat real saline sewage in Hong Kong.
Asunto(s)
Consorcios Microbianos/fisiología , Aguas del Alcantarillado/microbiología , Sulfatos/metabolismo , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Bacterias Anaerobias/genética , Bacterias Anaerobias/metabolismo , Reactores Biológicos , Desnitrificación , Nitrificación , ARN Bacteriano/análisis , ARN Ribosómico 16S/análisis , Agua de Mar , Aguas del Alcantarillado/análisis , Bacterias Reductoras del Azufre/genética , Bacterias Reductoras del Azufre/metabolismoRESUMEN
A full-scale (FS) activated sludge system treating wastewater from a meat rendering plant with a long history of sludge management problems (pin-point flocs; >80% of floc <50 µm diameter; poor settling) was the focus of a study that entailed characterization of floc properties. This was coupled with parallel well-controlled lab-scale (LS) sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) treating the same wastewater and operated continuously over 1.5 years. Distinct differences in the proportion of proteins and polysaccharides associated with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were observed when comparing the properties of flocs from the FS and the LB systems. Further differences in the proportion of tightly bound (TB) and loosely bound (LB) fractions of EPS were also observed for flocs derived from conditions where differences in settling and dewatering properties of flocs occurred (i.e. FS and LS systems). FS flocs contained higher levels of EPS along with a higher proportion of LB than TB EPS, and possessing characteristics associated with non-filamentous bulking (SVI >150 mL/g). Floc formed in the LS system, following inoculation from sludge taken from the FS system, was markedly larger in size (>70% of floc >300 µm diameter), spherical in shape, compact and firm, and appeared to be granular in form. Flocs formed in the LS system, when an anoxic phase was introduced into the react stage of the SBR cycle, were found to be more hydrophobic and contained more TB and less loosely bound (LB) EPS when compared to the FS floc. TB-EPS contained a greater amount of protein, whereas the polysaccharide content of LB-EPS was larger. Protein was predominantly localized in the core region of granular flocs where cells were compactly packed. When assessing the operating conditions of the FS and LS systems parameters that appear to impact the floc properties and the transition to a granular form include dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and food to microorganism (F/M) ratio.
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Polisacáridos/análisis , Proteínas/análisis , Aguas del Alcantarillado/química , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Floculación , Residuos Industriales , Industria para Empaquetado de Carne , Polímeros/química , Aguas Residuales/químicaRESUMEN
Hong Kong practices seawater toilet flushing covering 80% of the population. A sulfur cycle-based biological nitrogen removal process, the Sulfate reduction, Autotrophic denitrification and Nitrification Integrated (SANI(®)) process, had been developed to close the loop between the hybrid water supply and saline sewage treatment. To enhance this novel process, granulation of a Sulfate-Reducing Up-flow Sludge Bed (SRUSB) reactor has recently been conducted for organic removal and provision of electron donors (sulfide) for subsequent autotrophic denitrification, with a view to minimizing footprint and maximizing operation resilience. This further study was focused on the biological and physicochemical characteristics of the granular sulfate-reducing sludge. A lab-scale SRUSB reactor seeded with anaerobic digester sludge was operated with synthetic saline sewage for 368 days. At 1 h nominal hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 6.4 kg COD/m(3)-d organic loading rate, the SRUSB reactor achieved 90% COD and 75% sulfate removal efficiencies. Granular sludge was observed within 30 days, and became stable after 4 months of operation with diameters of 400-500 µm, SVI5 of 30 ml/g, and extracellular polymeric substances of 23 mg carbohydrate/g VSS. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed that the granules were enriched with abundant sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) as compared with the seeding sludge. Pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene in the sulfate-reducing granules on day 90 indicated that the microbial community consisted of a diverse SRB genera, namely Desulfobulbus (18.1%), Desulfobacter (13.6%), Desulfomicrobium (5.6%), Desulfosarcina (0.73%) and Desulfovibrio (0.6%), accounting for 38.6% of total operational taxonomic units at genera level, with no methanogens detected. The microbial population and physicochemical properties of the granules well explained the excellent performance of the granular SRUSB reactor.
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Consorcios Microbianos/fisiología , Aguas del Alcantarillado/microbiología , Sulfatos/metabolismo , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Bacterias Anaerobias/genética , Bacterias Anaerobias/metabolismo , Secuencia de Bases , Reactores Biológicos , Deltaproteobacteria/genética , Deltaproteobacteria/metabolismo , Desnitrificación , Desulfovibrio/genética , Desulfovibrio/metabolismo , Hong Kong , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Consorcios Microbianos/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Nitrificación , Oxidación-Reducción , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Aguas del Alcantarillado/análisis , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
O processo galvânico consiste na deposição de uma camada fina de metal sobre uma superfície metálica ou plástica. Este processo gera grande volume de efluentes que devem ser tratados para atender as legislações ambientais. O sistema de tratamento de efluentes é responsável pela geração do resíduo sólido galvânico, também chamado de lodo galvânico. As análises químicas e físico-químicas realizadas demonstram que o sistema de tratamento da empresa em estudo opera incorretamente, produzindo lodo galvânico em excesso. O teor de umidade deste resíduo galvânico foi de 63,5%, significando que o principal constituinte do lodo é água. Pelo potencial risco ambiental deste lodo gerado, avaliou-se o seu valor econômico ambiental pela somatória dos custos decorrentes do processo de tratamento de efluentes, da destinação final do resíduo galvânico e das perdas das substâncias químicas a base de cobre, cromo e níquel. A quantidade destes elementos químicos no resíduo galvânico foram 3,71, 3,34 e 0,58%, respectivamente. O valor econômico ambiental obtido foi de R$ 30.362,90 por ano, comprovando o potencial econômico ambiental do resíduo galvânico.
The galvanic process consists on the deposition of a thin metal layer on a metallic or plastic surface. This process generates large volumes of effluents that must be destined for the treatment systems in order to attend the Brazilian environmental standards regulations. The treatment system effluent is responsible for the generation of galvanic solid waste, also called galvanic sludge. The chemical and physicochemical analysis performed demonstrate that the company's treatment system under study operates incorrectly, producing an excess of galvanic sludge. The moisture content in the sludge was 63.5%, representing water as the main constituent. Due to the potential environmental risk of this generated sludge, was evaluated its economic value by the sum of the environmental costs related to the wastewater treatment process, the final destination of the waste galvanic and losses of chemicals based on copper, chromium and nickel. The amount of these chemicals in galvanic residue was 3.71, 3.34 and 0.58% respectively. The value obtained of R$ 30,362.90 per year confirms the environmental economic potential of the galvanic residue.