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The large COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons in the Washington (USA) State Department of Corrections (WADOC) system during 2020 highlighted the need for a new public health approach to prevent and control COVID-19 transmission in the system's 12 facilities. WADOC and the Washington State Department of Health (WADOH) responded by strengthening partnerships through dedicated corrections-focused public health staff, improving cross-agency outbreak response coordination, implementing and developing corrections-specific public health guidance, and establishing collaborative data systems. The preexisting partnerships and trust between WADOC and WADOH, strengthened during the COVID-19 response, laid the foundation for a collaborative response during late 2021 to the largest tuberculosis outbreak in Washington State in the past 20 years. We describe challenges of a multiagency collaboration during 2 outbreak responses, as well as approaches to address those challenges, and share lessons learned for future communicable disease outbreak responses in correctional settings.
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COVID-19 , Tuberculosis , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Salud Pública , Prisiones , Washingtón/epidemiología , Pandemias/prevención & control , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
This study uses Texas's 2017 integration of the state disability and mental health agencies as a case study, combining interviews with Texas agency and advocacy organization leaders to examine perceptions of agency integration and augmented synthetic control analyses of 2014-2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to examine impacts on mental health service use among individuals with co-occurring cognitive disabilities (including intellectual and developmental disabilities) and mental health conditions. Interviewees described the intensive process of agency integration and identified primarily positive (e.g., decreased administrative burden) impacts of integration. Quantitative analyses indicated no effects of integration on receipt of mental health-related services among people with co-occurring conditions. While leaders identified some potentially beneficial impacts of state agency integration, the limited impact of integration beyond the agency suggests that interventions at multiple levels of the service system, including those targeting providers, are needed to better meet the mental health service needs for this population.
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BACKGROUND: When state governments impose quotas on commercial marijuana licenses, regulatory commissions use an application process to assess the feasibility of prospective businesses. Decisions on license applications are often met with formal appeals and legal challenges from rejected applicants. Although prior research has examined substate disparities in the availability of marijuana dispensaries, less attention has been given to the quality of license applications. The present study analyzed the relationship between neighborhood-level characteristics and the quality of prospective dispensary businesses. METHODS: During Missouri's first applicant pool for medical marijuana dispensaries in 2019, a total of 606 census tracts contained the location site of at least one dispensary applicant. Using data from the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services and the American Community Survey, fractional and binary logistic regression models were used to estimate the relationship between census-tract characteristics and application outcomes. RESULTS: License applications received higher evaluation scores when proposed dispensary sites were in census tracts with greater population densities and no majority in racial/ethnic composition. Census tracts with poorer socioeconomic conditions attracted a disproportionate share of low-scoring applicants from the bottom quartile of scores. These effects were stronger for certain application subsections, particularly those assessing the quality of an applicant's business plan and on-site security. CONCLUSIONS: Some communities tend to attract prospective license holders who possess better quality resources, business practices, and industry experience. State disparities in commercial licensing requirements and application processes may lead to the inequities in legal product access found in some prior studies.
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As the United States' first disability-specific leadership academy in state government, the Leadership Academy for Excellence in Disability Services is a year-long competency-based training experience designed for employees who manage programs that impact the lives of Tennesseans with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families. The Tennessee Department of Human Resources, in collaboration with the Tennessee Council on Developmental Disabilities, began implementing this program in 2017. The lasting impact of such a training experience on the practices of state employees once they complete the program is not known; this was the aim of the study. A follow-up survey examining graduate perceptions and outcomes was sent to 71 graduates; 48 completed the measure. The results reveal an increase in knowledge of disability service systems and a perceived ability to lead and advocate for others. Leadership competencies deemed most important to graduates' current efforts in state government included developing direct reports, managing diversity, organizational agility, and innovation management. Graduates' written comments cited the variety of subject matter experts, networking opportunities, and small group projects as fundamental in breaking down barriers to cross-agency collaboration in their disability work. The impact of this experience continues to be seen years after completing the leadership academy.
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Background: The majority of states have legalized medical cannabis. Nurse leaders must be prepared for an increase in patients' use of the drug across all care settings. Objectives: To explore nurse leaders' attitudes towards, knowledge of, and experiences with medical cannabis. Design: : Descriptive qualitative study design. Participants: 28 nurse leaders-19 in four focus groups of 3-7 participants and another 9 in interviews. Methods: Semi-structured, one-on-one interviews and focus groups of nurse leaders about their attitudes towards and experiences with patients' use of medical cannabis. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes and subthemes. Results: Four major themes were identified: overwhelming support for legalized medical cannabis; importance of overcoming the stereotype of a gateway drug; problematic mismatch between federal and state cannabis policies; and nursing needs to be move involved. Conclusions: There was strong support for legalized medical cannabis to meet patients' needs; yet, respondents reported little discussion about or education regarding medical cannabis among nurses. Inconsistent federal and state cannabis policies were viewed as especially problematic and in need of alignment.
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Resumo Análise da gestão estadual da atenção primária à saúde (APS) em resposta à pandemia de COVID-19 na Bahia. Estudo de caso de natureza qualitativa mediante entrevistas com gestores e documentos normativos analisados segundo as categorias de projeto e capacidade de governo. Proposições estaduais de APS foram debatidas na Comissão Intergestores Bipartite e no Comitê Operacional de Emergência em Saúde Pública. O conteúdo propositivo do projeto da APS concentrou-se na definição de ações específicas de gestão da crise sanitária junto aos municípios. O apoio institucional do estado aos municípios modulou as relações interfederativas e foi determinante na elaboração dos planos municipais de contingência, da capacitação das equipes, produção e difusão de normas técnicas. A capacidade do governo estadual foi condicionada pelo grau de autonomia municipal e disponibilidade de referências técnicas estaduais nas regiões. O estado fortaleceu parcerias institucionais para interlocução com gestores municipais, mas não foram identificados mecanismos de articulação com o nível federal e o controle social. Este estudo contribui para a análise do papel dos estados na formulação e implementação de ações de APS mediadas por relações interfederativas em contextos de emergência em saúde pública.
Abstract This is an analysis of state management of Primary Health Care in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bahia. It is a qualitative case study with interviews with managers and regulatory documents analyzed according to the categories of government project and government capacity. State PHC proposals were debated in the Bipartite Intermanagerial Commission and in the Public Health Operational Emergency Committee. The scope of the PHC project focused on the definition of specific actions to manage the health crisis with the municipalities. The institutional support of the state to the municipalities modulated inter-federative relations and was decisive in the elaboration of municipal contingency plans, training of teams and production and dissemination of technical standards. The capacity of the state government was dependent upon the degree of municipal autonomy and the availability of state technical references in the regions. The state strengthened institutional partnerships for dialogue with municipal managers, but mechanisms for articulation with the federal level and social control were not identified. This study contributes to the analysis of the role of states in the formulation and implementation of PHC actions mediated by inter-federative relationships in emergency public health contexts.
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RESUMO O trabalho objetiva sistematizar informações sobre os secretários de saúde inseridos em governos estaduais e municipais, para refletir sobre influências técnicas, acadêmicas e partidárias na conformação de suas trajetórias, buscando contribuir para o delineamento de um panorama da gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) nas instâncias subnacionais. O estudo é apoiado em fontes secundárias, incluindo bases de dados oficiais, portais de governos e notícias divulgadas pela mídia comercial. Foram processadas informações dos secretários dos 26 estados e suas capitais, além do Distrito Federal, no cargo no mês de maio de 2021, gerando 53 currículos, que foram categorizados como especializados (79%), profissionais de saúde (75%), políticos de carreira (25%) e empresários (19%). Apesar da significativa influência partidária, encontrou-se um processo de formação de quadros burocráticos pelos partidos, para além da disputa eleitoral. Dos treze políticos de carreira identificados, onze também foram tipificados pela análise como 'especializados', interpelando acepções sobre oposição entre perfis 'técnico' versus 'político', sugerindo a relevância das interseções das trajetórias. Uma excepcionalidade de insulamento técnico da saúde não foi confirmada. Dessa forma, não é realista a imagem de que forças político-partidárias sejam antagônicas à capacitação acadêmica e à experiência na administração pública, sugerindo que a saúde se apresenta, simultaneamente, especializada e politizada.
ABSTRACT The present paper aims to systematize information on health leaders inserted in state and municipal governments, to reflect on technical, academic and political influences in shaping their trajectories, seeking to contribute to the design an overview of Unified Health System (SUS) management at subnational bodies. The study is supported by research from secondary sources, including official databases, government portals and commercial news. Information from the secretaries of the 26 states and their capitals, in addition to the Federal District, in office in May 2021, was processed, generating 53 resumes, that were categorized as specialists (79%), health professionals (75%), career politicians (25%) and businesspeople (19%). Despite the significant partisan influence, a process of formation of bureaucratic cadres by the parties was found, beyond the electoral dispute. Of the thirteen career politicians identified, eleven were also typified by the analysis as 'specialized', questioning senses about the opposition between 'technical' versus 'political' profiles, suggesting the relevance of the intersections of trajectories. An exceptionality of technical insulation of health was not confirmed. Thus, the image that political party forces are antagonistic to academic training and experience in public administration is unrealistic, suggesting that health is simultaneously specialized and politicized.
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RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es dar cuenta de las modalidades en que fue instituida la salud del veterano argentino de la guerra de Malvinas como un problema de intervención estatal entre 1984 y 2000. Para ello nos centramos en el concepto de problematización como un modo de análisis de las prácticas y el pensamiento político. El texto consta de tres apartados: en el primero se presentan las bases metodológicas para el análisis de las políticas públicas, mientras que el segundo y el tercero están destinados al análisis de una serie de leyes, proyectos de ley, decretos, informes, etc., producidos por diferentes esferas estatales en torno al veterano de guerra y su situación sanitaria. La hipótesis de lectura que proponemos es que el veterano o excombatiente de Malvinas fue problematizado como un segmento poblacional marginal, aunque la estabilización de un tratamiento específico tardó más de quince años en materializarse.
ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to account for the modalities in which Malvinas veterans' health was constituted as a problem requiring state intervention between 1984 and 2000. In order to do so, we have focused on the concept of problematization as a way to analyze practices and political thought. The text consists of three sections: the first one presents the methodological basis of the analysis of public policies, whereas the second and third ones intend to analyze a series of laws, bills, decrees, reports and other documents produced by different state spheres about war veterans and their health situation. The hypothesis that we propose is that the Malvinas veterans were problematized as a marginal segment of the population, although the stabilization of a specific treatment took more than fifteen years to materialize
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Humanos , Historia del Siglo XX , Política Pública , Gobierno Estatal , Conflictos Armados/historia , Salud de los Veteranos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Servicios de Salud para Veteranos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Argentina , Política , Problemas Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Islas MalvinasRESUMEN
Resumo O estudo tem como objetivo analisar as tendências e os padrões regionais das receitas e despesas em saúde dos estados brasileiros no período de 2006 a 2016. Trata-se de estudo exploratório e descritivo com base em dados secundários de abrangência nacional e indicadores selecionados. Verificou-se crescimento da receita corrente líquida per capita para o conjunto dos estados e regiões, com quedas em anos específicos associadas às crises de 2008-2009 e de 2015-2016. A despesa em saúde per capita apresentou tendência de crescimento, mesmo em momentos de crise econômica e queda da arrecadação. Observou-se diversidade de fontes e heterogeneidade de receitas e despesas em saúde, e impactos diferenciados da crise sobre os orçamentos estaduais das regiões. Os resultados sugerem o efeito protetor relacionado à vinculação constitucional da saúde, aos compromissos e prioridades de gastos, e aos mecanismos de compensação de fontes de receitas do federalismo fiscal nas despesas em saúde dos estados. Contudo, permanecem desafios para a implantação de um sistema de transferências que diminua as desigualdades e estabeleça maior cooperação entre os entes, em um contexto de austeridade e fortes restrições ao financiamento público da saúde no Brasil.
Abstract This study aims to analyze regional trends and patterns of health revenues and expenditure in the Brazilian states from 2006 to 2016. This is an exploratory and descriptive study based on secondary national data and selected indicators. Higher per capita net current revenues for all states and regions, with decreasing levels in specific years associated with the crises of 2008-2009 and 2015-2016 were observed. Per capita health expenditure showed an increasing trend, even in times of economic crisis and declining collection. Diversity of sources and heterogeneity of health revenues and expenditures, as well as different impacts of the crisis on the regional budgets, were observed. The results suggest the protective effect of constitutional health linkage, spending commitments and priorities, and compensation mechanisms of fiscal federalism revenue sources in state health expenditures. However, challenges remain for the implementation of a transfer system that reduces inequalities and establishes greater cooperation among entities, in a context of austerity and strong public health financing constraints in Brazil.
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Humanos , Planes Estatales de Salud/economía , Planes Estatales de Salud/tendencias , Gastos en Salud/tendencias , Financiación de la Atención de la Salud , Financiación Gubernamental/tendencias , Renta/tendencias , Factores de Tiempo , Brasil , Gobierno Federal , Financiación Gubernamental/economíaRESUMEN
O artigo aborda a produção da política relacionada às Unidades de Pronto Atendimento (UPA) no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 2007 a 2013, identificando as relações intergovernamentais nesse processo. Priorizou-se o contexto de formulação, os fatores que motivaram a entrada e a permanência das UPA na agenda estadual e a trajetória de implementação da política no estado. O estudo ancorou-se na literatura de definição de agenda e implementação de políticas públicas e em contribuições do institucionalismo histórico. A pesquisa envolveu a análise de documentos, de dados secundários e de 51 entrevistas com dirigentes estaduais e municipais. A confluência de fatores histórico-estruturais, político-institucionais e conjunturais explicam a prioridade das UPA na agenda governamental. Os resultados sugerem interdependência entre os governos, entretanto, problemas de coordenação federativa comprometem a integração dos diversos componentes da atenção às urgências no estado.
This article addresses policymaking related to Emergency Care Units (ECU) in the State of Rio de Janeiro between 2007 and 2013, duly identifying the relationships between the various levels of government in this process. It prioritized the context of policy formulation, the factors that motivated the inclusion and maintenance of ECUs on the state agenda and the process of how the policy was implemented in the state. The study was based on the literature that defines the agenda and implementation of public policies and on contributions from historic institutionalism. The research involved analysis of documents, secondary data, and 51 interviews with people in positions of authority in state and municipal governments. The priority given to ECUs in the government agenda was the result of a confluence of historical, structural, political and institutional factors, as well as the current context. The results of this study indicate the existence of interdependence between levels of government, however federal coordination problems have prejudiced the integration of the various components of emergency health care in the state.
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Humanos , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Gobierno , Política de Salud , Brasil , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/organización & administraciónRESUMEN
A avaliação da capacidade de gestão, "caracterizada como a faculdade de decidir com autonomia, flexibilidade e transparência, mobilizando recursos e construindo a sustentabilidade dos resultados de gestão", contribui para o processo de gestão em saúde ao fornecer subsídios para tomada de decisões. No âmbito do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF) facilita o enfrentamento dos desafios vigentes, em virtude do alto valor agregado dos medicamentos e do crescimento das doenças crônicas para as quais estão indicados, cujas linhas de cuidado constam em Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas do Ministério da Saúde. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade de gestão do CEAF no Estado de São Paulo, sob os aspectos organizacional (capacidade de decidir), operacional (capacidade de executar) e de sustentabilidade (capacidade de sustentar resultados). Tratou-se de uma investigação avaliativa, precedida por adaptação e validação de um modelo teórico junto ao gestor da Assistência Farmacêutica da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde (SES/SP), e validação de conteúdo de um protocolo de indicadores proposto por Rover (2016), considerando a política e o contexto loco regional, empregando técnicas de grupo nominal e comitê tradicional com especialistas (n=11). As dimensões, o número e o foco dos indicadores foram mantidos conforme protocolo original. Entretanto, foram realizadas alterações (n= 137) e inclusões (n=7) nas medidas dos indicadores, com a redistribuição das pontuações e manutenção da somatória geral por indicador e dimensão (250 pontos). Em virtude destas adaptações, para aplicabilidade do protocolo de indicadores, os instrumentos de coleta de dados sofreram adaptação e validação aparente, por cinco unidades estaduais envolvidas na execução do CEAF. O processo avaliativo foi conduzido no período de dezembro/2017 a janeiro/2018, com a participação da SES/SP, do almoxarifado central e de uma amostra de 33 Farmácias de Medicamentos Especializados. Verificou-se que a capacidade de gestão do CEAF no Estado de São Paulo era mediana (125 pontos), com avanços relacionados à dimensão operacional, apesar da evidencia de que precisam melhorar, e dos desafios concentrados nas dimensões organizacional e sustentabilidade. Os resultados obtidos corroboram com a literatura quanto à atuação mais tecnicista (dimensão operacional) da assistência farmacêutica, cujas ações estão centradas em promover a disponibilidade dos medicamentos. Desta forma, faz-se necessário avançar quanto às capacidades de decidir (organizacional) e de sustentar resultados (sustentabilidade) para alcance da imagem-objeto da capacidade de gestão do CEAF no Estado de São Paulo
The management capacity assessment, "characterized as the ability to decide with autonomy, flexibility and transparency, mobilizing resources and building the sustainability of management results", contributes to the health management process by providing subsidies for decision-making. Within the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Assistance (CEAF), it helps dealing with current challenges, due to the high added value of medicines and the growth of the chronic diseases for which they are indicated, whose lines of care are comprised in Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines, published by the Ministry of Health. This study aimed to assess the management capacity of CEAF in São Paulo State, considering organizational (ability to decide), operational (ability to implement) and sustainability (ability to sustain results) aspects. This was an evaluation research, preceded by adaptation and validation of a logical model by São Paulo State pharmaceutical assistance manager, and content validation of a protocol of indicators proposed by Rover (2016), considering loco regional policy and context, using nominal group and traditional committee with specialists (n = 11). The dimensions, number and focus of the indicators were maintained according to the original protocol. However, changes (n = 137) and inclusions (n = 7) were made on the measures of indicators, with redistribution of scores and maintenance of the overall sum by indicator and dimension (250 points). Due to these adaptations, for the applicability of the protocol of indicators, the data collection instruments were adapted and validated by five state units involved in the implementation of CEAF. The assessment process was conducted from December/2017 to January/2018, with the participation of State Health Department, the central warehouse and a sample of 33 pharmacies (Farmácias de Medicamentos Especializados). Management capacity of CEAF in São Paulo State was medium (125 points), with advances related to the operational dimension, despite the existence of aspects that need improvement, and challenges focused on organizational and sustainability dimensions. The results corroborate with the literature on the more technical (operational dimension) performance of pharmaceutical assistance, whose actions are focused on promoting the availability of medicines. Thus, it is necessary to move forward in the ability to decide (organizational) and sustain results (sustainability) to reach the object-image expected for the management capacity of CEAF in São Paulo State
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Servicios Farmacéuticos/organización & administración , Evaluación en Salud/métodos , Gestión en Salud , Gobierno Estatal , Sistema Único de Salud/normasRESUMEN
Este artigo trata dos questionamentos em relação à baixa capacidade dos governos para a formulação e implementação de políticas públicas, considerando particularmente alguns casos de gestão governamental em secretarias estaduais de saúde, sob a ótica de seus dirigentes. Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos, 12 secretarias estaduais de Saúde, com níveis de análise imbricados. O método adotado foi a "análise de conteúdo" de discursos proferidos por dirigentes governamentais do setor saúde, acerca de seus modos e práticas de gestão, destacando os processos de formulação de políticas, tomada de decisões e implementação de programas. As evidências referem-se às características dos gestores e da gestão no âmbito estadual de governo, denotando-se algumas dificuldades e lacunas nos processos de formulação de políticas, no uso de tecnologias de planejamento e programação, na conformação dos sistemas de direção estratégica e na implementação das políticas governamentais de saúde, além de investimentos para a qualificação das práticas de gestão setorial, com gradual incremento na capacidade dos governos estaduais para a condução e implementação de suas políticas.
This article deals with issues concerning the poor capability of governments in planning and implementing public policies and considers particularly some cases of government management inside state departments of health, according to their own managers. It is also an organizational case study of 12 state departments of health with intricate levels of analysis. The study adopted the 'content analysis' method, considering statements of public managers of the healthcare sector in which they pointed out their managerial ways and practices, as well as their policy-making, decision-making, and program implementation processes. The main subjects highlighted by the reports refer to the characteristics of both managers and management within the state government. They also indicate some difficulties and gaps in policy-making processes, in the use of planning and programming technologies, in the configuration of strategic management systems, and in the implementation of public healthcare policies. On the other hand there have been investments to improve management qualification, as well as a gradual increase in the capability of state governments in carrying out and implementing their policies.
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Política de Salud , Políticas, Planificación y Administración en Salud , Estudios de Casos Organizacionales , Formulación de Políticas , Gobierno EstatalRESUMEN
Este artigo analisa a prática de Plantão Psicológico no contexto da crise universitária e do desmanche dos serviços públicos de saúde mental na cidade de São Paulo. Define a prática de Plantão Psicológico e explicita o panorama empírico no qual se encontra a partir da implementação das reformas neoliberais das políticas públicas na área da saúde. Apresenta e discute a "modernização" da universidade pública e suas implicações na esfera da prestação de serviços universitária. Finalmente, esboça algumas propostas de enfrentamento da situação de crise dos serviços universitários e, mais especificamente, o Plantão Psicológico.
This study analyzes the Psychological Practice in the context of university's crises and the dismount of public mental health services in São Paulo. It defines the Psychological Emergency Practice and put in evidence the actual empiric panorama due to the health public policy neo-liberal innovations. It presents and discusses the public university modernization and its influence on the university services. Finally, it outlines some university services' proposes to face up the crises' situation , specially the Psychological Emergency Practice.