The Diversity of Institutions Conducting Biomedical Research.

Biomedical research in the United States has contributed enormously to science and human health and is conducted in several thousand institutions that vary widely in their histories, missions, operations, size, and cultures. Though these institutional differences have important consequences for the research they conduct, the organizational taxonomy of US biomedical research has received scant systematic attention. Consequently, many observers and even participants are surprisingly unaware of important distinguishing attributes of these diverse institutions. This essay provides a high-level taxonomy of the institutional ecosystem of US biomedical research; illustrates key features of the ecosystem through portraits of eight institutions of varying age, size, culture, and missions, each representing a much larger class exhibiting additional diversity; and suggests topics for future research into the research output of institutional types that will be required to develop novel approaches to improving the function of the ecosystem.

Patient engagement in a Canadian health research funding institute: implementation and impact.

BACKGROUND: Patient engagement (PE) or involvement in research is when patient partners are integrated onto teams and initiatives (not participants in research). A number of health research funding organisations have PE frameworks or rubrics but we are unaware of them applying and reporting on their own internal PE efforts. We describe our work at the Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis (CIHR IMHA) to implement, evaluate and understand the impact of its internal PE strategy. METHODS: A co-production model was used involving patient partners, a PE specialist and staff from IMHA. A logic model was co-developed to guide implementing and evaluating IMHA's PE strategy. Some of evaluating the PE strategy and understanding its impact was a collaboration between the Public and Patient Engagement Collaborative (McMaster University) and IMHA. RESULTS: IMHA convened a PE Research Ambassador (PERA) group which co-led this work with the support of a PE specialist. In doing so, PERA had a number of meetings since 2020, set its own priorities and co-produced a number of outputs (video, publications, webinars, blog and modules called the How-to Guide for PE in Research). This work to evaluate and measure impacts of IMHA's PE strategy revealed positive results, for example, on PERA members, Institute Advisory Board members and staff, as well as beyond the institute based on uptake and use of the modules. Areas for improvement are mainly related to increasing the diversity of PERA and to improving accessibility of the PE outputs (more languages and formats). CONCLUSIONS: Implementing a PE strategy within CIHR IMHA resulted in several PE activities and outputs with impacts within and beyond the institute. We provide templates and outputs related to this work that may inform the efforts of other health research funding organisations. We encourage health research funders to move beyond encouraging or requiring PE in funded projects to fully 'walk the talk' of PE by implementing and evaluating their own PE strategies.

Insights From a New National Academies Report on Caregiving.

This Viewpoint details the findings of a report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on family caregiving among those in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine.

Uma análise das ações de divulgação e popularização da ciência na Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / An analysis of actions taken by Fundação Oswaldo Cruz for the communication and popularization of science

Resumo Neste trabalho apresentamos uma análise das ações de divulgação e popularização da ciência na Fiocruz a partir de duas perspectivas. O estudo tem por objetivo investigar como se organiza um sistema de divulgação e popularização da ciência em uma instituição científica de grande porte e como esse sistema se articula com seu discurso institucional. Além de fazer uma breve revisão da evolução do tema na história da Fiocruz, realizamos um levantamento de como o mesmo tem sido tratado nos documentos oficiais de planejamento. Com o mapeamento das ações realizadas em 2015 e 2016, foi possível compreender melhor esse universo e classificá-lo de acordo com suas características junto ao público.

Abstract An analysis is presented of actions taken by the Brazilian research institution Fiocruz for the communication and popularization of science, from two perspectives. The aim was to investigate how a system for the communication and popularization of science is organized at a large scientific institution and how it is articulated with the institutional discourse. A brief review is presented of how the topic has developed over the history of Fiocruz, followed by a discussion of the way it has been addressed in its official planning documents. The science communication/popularization actions undertaken in 2015 and 2016 were mapped out and classified according to how they interact with the public, giving a better understanding of this area.

Grupo de Investigación de Enfermería GRItaulí del Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Parc Taulí (I3PT) / The Nursing Research Group (GRItauli) from the Parc Taulí Research and Innovation Institute (I3PT)

La acreditación como grupo asociado del Grupo de Investigación en Enfermería (GRItaulí) por el Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Parc Taulí es el último paso en un camino iniciado por las enfermeras del Consorcio Corporación Sanitaria Parc Taulí (CCSPT) hace más de 20 años. La investigación desarrollada por enfermeras en el CCSPT de Sabadell tiene una larga trayectoria, entre 1997 y 2020 un total de 228 proyectos de investigación con investigador principal una enfermera han sido aprobados por el Comité de Ética de Investigación con medicamentos del Parc Taulí. En la actualidad el GRItaulí está compuesto por 13 enfermeras y matronas. Desde su acreditación en 2017, el grupo ha obtenido un total de 577.770 euros en financiación de proyectos competitivos y las investigadoras del grupo han publicado siete artículos como primeros firmantes con un factor de impacto acumulado de 8,024. Las estrategias actuales del GRItaulí son: la incentivación de actividades formativas y de divulgación del conocimiento y visibilidad del grupo; la obtención de financiación para conseguir tiempo, elemento cuya escasez se ha identificado como barrera para la investigación; el trabajo en red con otros grupos de investigación de Cataluña y resto de España, y la consolidación de líneas de investigación. Todo ello con el objetivo de promover los cuidados basados en la evidencia y el crecimiento del grupo, posibilitando así la acreditación del GRItaulí en una categoría superior

The accreditation of the Nursing Research Group (GRItaulí) as an associate group by the Parc Taulí Research and Innovation Institute is the last step in the journey started by the nurses of the Consorcio Corporación Sanitaria Parc Taulí (CCSPT) over 20 years ago. The CCSPT nurses in Sabadell have conducted research for a long time, between 1997 and 2020, with 228 research projects in total with a nurse as Primary Investigator which have been approved by the Parc Taulí Ethics Committee for Investigation with Medicinal Products. Currently, the GRItaulí consists of 13 nurses and midwives. Since its accreditation in 2017, the group has obtained 577,770 euros in total as funding for competitive products, and the group researchers have published seven articles as first signatories with a 8,024 cumulative impact factor. The current GRItaulí strategies are: to encourage training and transfer of knowledge and group visibility; to obtain funding in order to achieve time, the lack of which has been identified as a barrier for research; to promote network with other research groups in Catalonia and the rest of Spain, and to strengthen lines of research; all this with the goal to promote evidence-based nursing and group growth, thus enabling the GRItaulí to be accredited in a superior category

Del ISET al InDRE. V. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos. Posición estratégica global, 2012-2019 / From ISET to InDRE. V. Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference. Global strategic position, 2012-2019

Resumen En este documento se describen los cambios en el Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) de 2012 a 2019, las modificaciones administrativas y de equipamiento, la nueva sede y las modificaciones jurídicas al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica. Se menciona el proceso de mudanza, en especial el cuidadoso traslado del material biológico que resguarda el Instituto y se analiza la nueva forma de estudiar los brotes epidémicos, los padecimientos endémicos y la red negativa. Respecto al ámbito internacional, se describe el fomento de la vinculación con redes globales de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y otros organismos internacionales. También se menciona la designación en el InDRE de cuatro centros colaboradores de la OMS. La Red de Laboratorios de la Iniciativa Global para la Seguridad en Salud reconoció el liderazgo del InDRE, cuyo director ocupó la copresidencia del grupo de trabajo en el periodo de estudio.

Abstract This document describes the changes at the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE) from 2012 to 2019, the administrative and equipment modifications, the new headquarters and the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance legal modifications. The process of relocation is mentioned, especially the careful transfer of the biological material protected by the Institute, and the new way of studying epidemic outbreaks, endemic diseases and the negative network is analyzed. At the international level, the promotion of links with global networks of the Pan American Health Organization, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations is described. The designation of four WHO collaborating centres granted to InDRE is also mentioned. The Global Health Security Initiative Laboratory Network acknowledged InDRE's leadership, which co-chaired the working group during the study period.

Colaboración hispano-alemana en Bioquímica mantenida por miembros de la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia y por otros bioquímicos españoles / Spanish-German collaboration in Biochemistry maintained by members of the Royal Academy National of Pharmacy and by other Spanish biochemists

Considerada la Bioquímica alemana como la pionera en el mundo, ya en la etapa inicial de la misma, hacia 1872, se estableció la primera vinculación entre el Profesor alemán fundador de esta disciplina, Felix von Hoppe-Seyler, y el Catedrático español de Química Orgánica Laureano Calderón Arana. Después, algunos de los Catedráticos de la recién establecida asignatura de Química Biológica, cuya enseñanza se impartía únicamente en la Facultad de Farmacia madrileña para los alumnos de Doctorado (común a Farmacia, Medicina y Ciencias), mantuvieron esta relación, aunque menos intensa, con sus colegas germanos. Pero, a partir de 1928, el que sería Premio Nobel, Dr. Severo Ochoa, trabajó durante largos periodos en prestigiosos Departamentos de Berlín y Heidelberg. Y ya en época reciente, bioquímicos pertenecientes a la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia (RANF) han continuado esta vinculación colaborando en diversos Departamentos alemanes. Por otro lado, bioquímicos germanos han impartido conferencias en Universidades españolas, invitados por sus colegas hispanos, además de hacerlo en congresos o simposios en España. Asimismo, algunos de ellos han sido miembros de la RANF

German can be considered as world pioneer in the development of Biochemistry. Its founder, Prof. Felix von Hoppe-Seyler, established contacts with the Spanish Professor of Organic Chemistry, Laureano Calderón Arana, since the onset of this subject around 1872. Later, some other Professors of the newly created Química Biológica, which was taught only at the Faculty of Pharmacy in Madrid as a subject common to doctoral students in Pharmacy, Medicine and Science, maintained a connection, albeit minor, with their German colleagues. From 1928, Dr. Severo Ochoa, who would subsequently win a Nobel Prize, worked for long periods in the prestigious Departments at Berlin and Heidelberg. More recently, other biochemists, members of the Royal Academy National of Pharmacy (RANF), have followed this connection with several German Departments. Furthermore, German biochemists have delivered lectures in Spanish Universities invited by their Spanish colleagues, in addition to their participation in Spanish symposia. Moreover, several German biochemists have been RANF members

Grupo de Investigación en Cuidados. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) / Healthcare Research Group. Institute of Health Research San Carlos (IdISSC)

El Grupo de Investigación en Cuidados (GIC) del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) se creó en el año 2011, dando respuesta a la oportunidad que se dio por parte de las autoridades de investigación sanitaria de crear un grupo independiente de investigación para formar parte del instituto desde sus inicios, lo cual fue aprovechado de manera estratégica desde la Dirección de Enfermería del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC) de Madrid, creando dos grupos emergentes, uno de Investigación en Cuidados y otro de Investigación en Fisioterapia. El Grupo de Investigación en Cuidados está integrado por 41 personas del ámbito docente, gestor y asistencial del Hospital Clínico San Carlos y de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), mayoritariamente. Sus tres líneas de investigación tienen interés en el entorno asistencial de hospitalización, quirúrgico y ambulatorio, denominándose "Seguridad del paciente y profesional", cuyo objetivo es "identificar mejores prácticas, optimizar y/o mejorar el cuidado que permitan minimizar riesgos, tanto en el paciente como en el profesional"; línea de "Educación terapéutica", cuyo fin es "investigar cuáles son las mejores prácticas que aseguren adherencia a tratamientos y resultados en salud" y la línea de "Evaluación y desarrollo de producto sanitario", que tiene el propósito de "optimizar y/o mejorar el uso y diseño de productos sanitarios, encaminados a disminuir la morbilidad iatrogénica". Actualmente el GIC está plenamente integrado en el IdISSC como grupo independiente emergente, y está presente en los órganos de decisión del instituto, teniendo como objetivo inmediato convertirse en grupo consolidado

The Healthcare Research Group (HRG) of the Institute of Health Research San Carlos (IdISSC) was created in 2011, as an answer to the opportunity granted by health research authorities to create an independent research group as part of the institute from the start, which was taken strategically from the Nursing Management of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC) of Madrid, creating two emergent groups, one for Healthcare Research and another for Research on Physiotherapy. The Healthcare Research Group is formed mainly by 41 persons from the teaching, management and care settings of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos and the Universidad Complutense of Madrid (UCM). Their three lines of research are of interest for the healthcare hospitalization, surgery and outpatient settings; one is called "Patient and Professional Safety", and its objective is "to identify the best practices, to optimize and/or improve care in order to minimize risks, both for patients and professionals", there is a "Therapeutic Education" line, with the aim to "research about the best practices that will ensure treatment adherence and health outcomes", and the "Healthcare Product Evaluation and Development" line, with the aim to "optimize and/or improve the use and design of healthcare products, in order to reduce iatrogenic mortality". Currently the HRG is completely integrated in the IdISSC as an emergent independent group, with presence in the decision-making boards of the institute, and with the immediate objective of becoming a consolidated group

Noise and sleep quality: study among physical education instructors / Ruído e qualidade do sono: estudo entre instrutores de educação física

ABSTRACT This study ivestigated the association between noise and impaired sleep quality in 150 physical education instructors, in bodybuilding gyms. Two questionnaires were applied: evaluation of subjective sleep quality and analysis of explanatory variables. Noise exposure was analyzed. For the data analysis, was used the technique of non-conditional logistic regression, to obtain the values of the adjusted odds ratios (OR) of the significant variables. Two proper adjustment models stood out. The first model presented the significant variables: incorrect performance of the meals (OR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.08 to 6.02); skin color - black ou brown (OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.12) and exposure to noise level above or equal to 80 dB(A) (OR = 1.90; 95% CI 0.87 to 4.12). The second model presented the significant variables: incorrect performance of the meals (OR = 2.35, 95% CI 0.1 to 5.56); exposure level standardized above or equal to 80 dB(A) (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 0.92 to 4.47) and use 0of drugs for depression/anxiety (OR = 0.26; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.33). This research identified the variables that were significantly associated with impaired sleep quality, as exposure to noise, contributing to the adoption of preventive measures.

RESUMO Este estudo investigou a associação entre ruído e qualidade prejudicada do sono em 150 instrutores de educação física, em academias de musculação. Dois questionários foram aplicados: avaliação da qualidade subjetiva do sono e sobre variáveis explanatórias. A exposição ao ruído foi avaliada. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se a técnica de regressão logística não-condicional, para obter os valores das Razões de Chances (RC) das variáveis significativas. Dois modelos finais se destacaram. O primeiro apresentou as variáveis significativas: realização incorreta das refeições (RC = 2,58, IC 95% 1,08 a 6,02); cor da pele - preta ou parda (RC = 0,53; IC 95% 0,25 a 1,12) e exposição ao ruído acima ou igual a 80 dB(A) (RC = 1,90; IC95% 0,87 a 4,12). O segundo modelo apresentou as variáveis significativas: realização incorreta das refeições (RC = 2,35, IC 95% 0,1 a 5,56); nível de exposição padronizado acima ou igual a 80 dB (A) (RC = 2,03, IC 95% 0,92 a 4,47) e uso de medicamentos para depressão/ansiedade (RC = 0,26; IC95% 0,53 a 1,33). Esta pesquisa identificou as variáveis que se associaram significativamente com a qualidade do sono prejudicada, como a exposição ao ruído, contribuindo para a adoção de medidas preventivas.

De Alma-Ata a Astana: o percurso dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários em Portugal, 1978-2018 e a génese da Medicina Familiar / From Alma-Ata to Astana: the path of Primary Health Care in Portugal, 1978-2018 and the genesis of Family Medicine

Resumo Ao longo século XX, as profundas alterações que ocorreram na Medicina apenas podem ser completamente esclarecidas se forem observadas numa perspectiva histórica, pois elas sempre ocorreram em resposta a influências externas, umas científicas e tecnológicas, outras de ordem social. A moderna Medicina Familiar é uma das muitas disciplinas novas que se desenvolveram durante o curso da história da Medicina e aqui debatemos de forma crítica, os últimos 40 anos dos cuidados primários em saúde em Portugal, começando em 1971, mesmo antes da Declaração de Alma-Ata (1978). Ao longo do percurso, em 2005, surge a Reforma dos Cuidados Primários em Saúde em Portugal e as novas unidades de saúde familiar, que até setembro de 2019 atendiam cerca de 94% dos cidadãos portugueses, ou seja, mais de nove milhões e meio de pessoas. No final dessa trajetória, de forma solidária e voluntária, esta Reforma serviu de inspiração para outra, no Brasil, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em 2009. Por fim, apresentamos os desafios apontados na Declaração de Astana de 2018, dentre elas, a questão da força de trabalho nos cuidados de saúde primários, como fator essencial para o desempenho e a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de saúde.

Abstract Throughout the twentieth century, the profound changes that have taken place in Medicine can only be wholly explained if observed from a historical perspective, for they have always occurred in response to external influences, some scientific and technological, others of a social nature. Modern Family Medicine is one of the many new disciplines that have developed during medical history, and we critically discuss the last 40 years of primary health care in Portugal, which started in 1971, long before the Alma-Ata Declaration (1978). Along the way, in 2005, the Primary Health Care Reform emerges in Portugal, along with the new family health facilities, which until September 2019, attended about 94 % of Portuguese citizens, i.e., 9,5 million people. At the end of this course, in solidarity and voluntarily, this Reform inspired another one in Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro, in 2009. Finally, we present the challenges pointed out in the 2018 Astana Declaration, among them, the issue of the workforce in primary health care as an essential factor for the performance and sustainability of health systems.

Concurso interuniversitario y de médicos residentes, la apuesta de la Academia Mexicana de Cirugía por las próximas generaciones de académicos / No disponible

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Desde el ISET al InDRE. I. Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales: génesis y primeros años, 1934-1940 / From ISET to InDRE. I. Institute of Public Health and Tropical Diseases: genesis and early years, 1934-1940

Resumen La visión del gobierno cardenista y el proceso para crear el Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, considerado estratégico para la salud pública, fueron congruentes con las acciones llevadas a cabo: el Departamento de Salubridad Pública encargó al científico más relevante de la época, Eliseo Ramírez, el diseño y seguimiento del Instituto, que una comisión del Consejo Nacional de Educación Superior y la Investigación Científica revisó, aprobó y desde su inicio le confirió el carácter de investigación con vocación social y humanística. El Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales se convirtió en el primer organismo posrevolucionario que nació con plazas bien remuneradas para realizar investigación de tiempo completo en México, ofreciendo servicio clínico y enseñanza y apoyando las campañas sanitarias en la prevención y control de las enfermedades. Sin duda fue un parteaguas en la salud pública mexicana y cristalizó las expectativas de varias generaciones de médicos e investigadores en salud para tener una institución de alto nivel. Es la más significativa institución de salud pública del país, con una nueva etapa como Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos; sin ella no se entiende la moderna salud pública de México.

Abstract Lázaro Cárdenas government vision, and the process to create the Sanitary and Tropical Diseases Institute, which is considered strategic for public health, were consistent with the actions that were carried out: the Department of Public Sanitary asked the most relevant scientist of those days, Eliseo Ramírez, to design and follow-up the Institute's project. A commission of the Higher Education and Scientific Research Council reviewed and approved the project and conferred this institution its nature of research center with social and humanistic vocation since its foundation. Sanitary and Tropical Diseases Institute became the first post-revolutionary health institution that was born with well-remunerated job positions to conduct full-time research in Mexico, offering clinical services, teaching and supporting disease prevention and control campaigns. It was with no doubt a milestone in Mexican public health and crystalized the expectations of several generations of physicians and health researchers about having a high-level institution. It is the most significant public health institution of the country, with a new phase as Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference. Without it, Mexican modern public health cannot be understood.

La RACVE, una academia hermana / RACVE, a fellow Academy

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