Approach to acute agitation in the pediatric emergency department.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The complexity of pediatric mental and behavioral health (MBH) complaints presenting to emergency departments (EDs) is increasing at an alarming rate. Children may present with agitation or develop agitation during the ED visit. This causes significant distress and may lead to injury of the child, caregivers, or medical staff. This review will focus on providing safe, patient-centered care to children with acute agitation in the ED. RECENT FINDINGS: Approaching a child with acute agitation in the ED requires elucidation on the cause and potential triggers of agitation for optimal management. The first step in a patient-centered approach is to use the least restrictive means with behavioral and environmental strategies. Restraint use (pharmacologic or physical restraint) should be reserved where these modifications do not result in adequate de-escalation. The provider should proceed with medications first, using the child's medication history as a guide. The use of physical restraint is a last resort to assure the safety concerns of the child, family, or staff, with a goal of minimizing restraint time. SUMMARY: Children are increasingly presenting to EDs with acute agitation. By focusing primarily on behavioral de-escalation and medication strategies, clinicians can provide safe, patient-centered care around these events.

Effects of different doses of intranasal dexmedetomidine on related complications and parents' satisfaction in anesthetized children: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Agitation/delirium is commonly seen in children after anesthesia, and a proper dose of dexmedetomidine can prevent this complication. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of Dexmedetomidine (DEX) on agitation/delirium and other complications in anesthetized children, providing clinical evidence for dose recommendations of DEX. METHODS: This study was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A systematic search was conducted in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Two independent researchers performed literature screening, data extraction, and assessed the methodological quality. Data analysis was conducted using R and STATA 16.0. RESULTS: In the final analysis, 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 2521 children were included. The results showed that in comparison to normal saline, 1 µg/kg, 1.5 µg/kg, and 2 µg/kg intranasal DEX significantly reduced the incidence of post-anesthetic emergence agitation in children with the most effective dose being 2 µg/kg (SUCRA = 0.91). Compared with normal saline, 1 µg/kg, 1.5 µg/kg, and 2 µg/kg intranasal DEX reduced patient's need for postoperative analgesia, with the most effective dose being 1.5 µg/kg (SUCRA = 0.78). However, 1 µg/kg DEX performed the best in reducing Pediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) Scale score (SUCRA = 0.88). CONCLUSION: Compared with normal saline, intranasal administration of 2 µg/kg DEX and 1.5 µg/kg DEX are the optimal doses to reduce the incidence of agitation and the need for postoperative pain relief in children under general anesthesia. Given effectiveness and safety, intranasal use of 1 µg/kg DEX appears to be the most effective dosage for anesthetized children.

Use of actigraphy for monitoring agitation and rest-activity cycles in patients with acute traumatic brain injury in the ICU.

BACKGROUND: In traumatic brain injury patients (TBI) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), agitation can lead to accidental removal of catheters, devices as well as self-extubation and falls. Actigraphy could be a potential tool to continuously monitor agitation. The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of monitoring agitation with actigraphs and to compare activity levels in agitated and non-agitated critically ill TBI patients. METHODS: Actigraphs were placed on patients' wrists; 24-hour monitoring was continued until ICU discharge or limitation of therapeutic efforts. Feasibility was assessed by actigraphy recording duration and missing activity count per day. RESULTS: Data from 25 patients were analyzed. The mean number of completed day of actigraphy per patient was 6.5 ± 5.1. The mean missing activity count was 20.3 minutes (±81.7) per day. The mean level of activity measured by raw actigraphy counts per minute over 24 hours was higher in participants with agitation than without agitation. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the feasibility of actigraphy use in TBI patients in the ICU. In the acute phase of TBI, agitated patients have higher levels of activity, confirming the potential of actigraphy to monitor agitation.

A case of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome: psychopharmacological approach for anxiety, insomnia, and agitation.

Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a rare genetic disorder resulting from TCF4 gene mutations which is characterized by dysmorphic facial features, psychomotor delay, intellectual disability, breathing anomalies, and seizures. Psychiatric conditions are occasionally seen. We present the case report of a seven-year-old PTHS patient with anxiety, insomnia, and agitation. We discuss the psychopharmacological intervention options for this patient. The present case study reports on a 7-year-old female with PTHS, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and intellectual disability. She had insomnia, crying spells and agitation complaints. For anxiety symptoms and agitation, risperidone, fluoxetine, and clonazepam treatment were given by the neurologist which caused behavioral disinhibition, paroxysmal agitation and no benefit. After admission to our hospital, aripiprazole and hydroxyzine were prescribed for anxiety and ASD-related irritability. She showed a minimal improvement but hyperventilation attacks were still ongoing. Hydroxyzine was stopped, and quetiapine was given to eliminate sleep disturbance. Her sleep period went up to eleven hours. For the anxiety symptoms, escitalopram was prescribed. She showed improvements in sleep, diminished hyperactivity and decreased frequency of abnormal breathing spells. Also, enhancement of social communication skills like increased eye contact and response to her name was observed. Patients with genetic syndromes may have various psychiatric complaints. Psychopharmacological interventions should be administered carefully for the side effects.

Agony of akathisia: a case of sodium valproate-induced akathisia.

Akathisia is a subjective feeling of restlessness that often results in a compulsion to move. Drug-related causes are the most common aetiologies. It can often be confused with restless legs syndrome (RLS). We describe a case of valproate-induced akathisia that improved with drug cessation. This case reports a rare but treatable adverse effect of sodium valproate and highlights the importance of differentiating akathisia from RLS.

Effects of Natural Sound Therapy on Pain and Agitation Induced by Endotracheal Suctioning: A Real-World Study.

BACKGROUND: Music therapy has been used as a complementary intervention to provide synergistic analgesia for various procedures. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of natural sound therapy on pain intensity and agitation scores in intubated adult Chinese patients who received endotracheal suctioning in a critical care unit. METHODS: A prospective, real-world, randomized, double-blind, controlled study was conducted from July 2021 through February 2022 among intubated surgical intensive care unit patients in a Chinese hospital. Patients were randomly assigned to a control group receiving conventional treatment or an intervention group receiving natural sound therapy plus conventional treatment (50 patients in each group). Patients' pain intensity and agitation levels were analyzed before, during, immediately after, 5 minutes after, and 15 minutes after completion of endotracheal suctioning. Pain intensity was assessed with the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT); agitation was assessed with the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). RESULTS: According to CPOT scores, patients in the intervention group had significant relief of pain intensity during, immediately after, and 5 minutes after endotracheal suctioning compared with patients in the control group (all P < .001). The RASS scores showed that agitation levels were significant lower in the intervention group than in the control group during (P = .002) and immediately after (P < .001) endotracheal suctioning. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-world study, natural sound therapy was part of a holistic bundle of interventions used to reduce pain and agitation in surgical intensive care unit patients during endotracheal suctioning.

Alternative Approaches for Addressing Acute Agitation in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder.

Importance: The prompt effective treatment of acute agitation among patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder can alleviate distressing symptoms for the patient and decrease the risk of escalation to aggression and the potential for serious harm to the patient, health care providers, and others.Observations: A commonly used approach for the management of acute agitation has been the intramuscular administration of antipsychotic medications and/or benzodiazepines. However, US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments with alternative routes of delivery now include inhaled loxapine powder and, more recently, dexmedetomidine sublingual film. Two formulations of intranasal olanzapine for acute agitation are in development.Conclusions and Relevance: Intranasal formulations offer the potential for favorable pharmacokinetics and onset of action combined with ease of delivery obviating the need for injections and are thus consistent with patient-centered factors such as preference and self-administration. In this review, alternative methods of medication delivery are discussed, with an emphasis on the potential for intranasal administration to treat acute agitation in adult patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2024;26(1):23nr03596. Author affiliations are listed at the end of this article.

Effects of cariprazine on reducing symptoms of irritability, hostility, and agitation in patients with manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder.

BACKGROUND: Hostility, irritability, and agitation are common in patients with bipolar I disorder. Post hoc analyses evaluated the effect of cariprazine on these symptoms in patients with bipolar I mania. METHODS: Data were pooled from three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 cariprazine trials in adults with bipolar I manic/mixed episodes (NCT00488618, NCT01058096, NCT01058668); pooled cariprazine doses (3-12 mg/d) were analyzed. Patients were categorized into hostility/irritability and agitation subgroups by baseline scores: Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) irritability and disruptive-aggressive behavior items score ≥ 2; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) hostility item ≥ 2; PANSS-Excited Component (PANSS-EC) total score ≥ 14 and score ≥ 4 on ≥ 1 individual item. Changes from baseline to week 3 in hostility/irritability- and agitation-related outcomes were evaluated. Adjustments were made for the presence of other manic symptoms, sedation, and akathisia. RESULTS: Most patients met subgroup inclusion criteria (YMRS hostility = 930; PANSS hostility = 841, PANSS-EC agitation = 486). In the YMRS subgroup, least squares mean differences in change from baseline were statistically significant for cariprazine versus placebo on YMRS hostility/irritability-related items (irritability [-0.93], disruptive-aggressive behavior [-0.79], combined [-1.75]; P ≤ 0.001 each), YMRS total score (-5.92, P ≤ 0.0001), and all individual YMRS items (-0.25 to -0.93, P ≤ 0.0001); differences remained significant after adjustment for other manic symptoms, sedation, and akathisia. Differences in PANSS hostility and PANSS-EC subgroups were significant for cariprazine versus placebo (P ≤ 0.001). LIMITATIONS: Post hoc analysis. CONCLUSION: Cariprazine demonstrated specific antihostility/irritability and anti-agitation effects in patients with manic/mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder and baseline hostility, irritability, or agitation.

Preoperative Intrathecal Morphine is Associated With Reduced Postoperative Pain, Agitation, and Delirium In Living Donor Kidney Transplantation Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative delirium after organ transplantation can lead to increased length of hospital stay and mortality. Because pain is an important risk factor for delirium, perioperative analgesia with intrathecal morphine (ITM) may mitigate postoperative delirium development. We evaluated if ITM reduces postoperative delirium incidence in living donor kidney transplant (LDKT) recipients. METHODS: Two hundred ninety-six patients who received LDKT between 2014 and 2018 at our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Recipients who received preoperative ITM (ITM group) were compared with those who did not (control group). The primary outcome was postoperative delirium based on the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit results during the first 4 postoperative days. RESULTS: Delirium occurred in 2.6% (4/154) and 7.0% (10/142) of the ITM and control groups, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.14; P = .031), recent smoking (OR: 7.87, 95% CI: 1.43-43.31; P = .018), preoperative psychotropics (OR: 23.01, 95% CI: 3.22-164.66; P = .002) were risk factors, whereas ITM was a protective factor (OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06-0.89; P = .033). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative ITM showed an independent association with reduced post-LDKT delirium. Further studies and the development of regional analgesia for delirium prevention may enhance the postoperative recovery of transplant recipients.

Comparison of remimazolam and desflurane in emergence agitation after general anesthesia for nasal surgery: a prospective randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Remimazolam is an ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine. Few studies have evaluated the effects of remimazolam-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) on emergence agitation (EA). This study aimed to compare the incidence and severity of EA between TIVA using remimazolam and desflurane. METHODS: This prospective randomized controlled study enrolled 76 patients who underwent nasal surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were randomized into two groups of 38 each: desflurane-nitrous oxide (N2O) (DN) and remimazolam-remifentanil (RR) groups. The same protocol was used for each group from induction to emergence, except for the use of different anesthetics during maintenance of anesthesia according to the assigned group: desflurane and nitrous oxide for the DN group and remimazolam and remifentanil for the RR group. The incidence of EA as the primary outcome was evaluated using three scales: Ricker Sedation-Agitation Scale, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, and Aono's four-point agitation scale. Additionally, hemodynamic changes during emergence and postoperative sense of suffocation were compared. RESULTS: The incidence of EA was significantly lower in the RR group than in the DN group in all three types of EA assessment scales (all P < 0.001). During emergence, the change in heart rate differed between the two groups (P = 0.002). The sense of suffocation was lower in the RR group than in the DN group (P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: RR reduced the incidence and severity of EA in patients undergoing nasal surgery under general anesthesia. In addition, RR was favorable for managing hemodynamics and postoperative sense of suffocation.

Effect of Dexmedetomidine Combined with Remifentanil on Emergence Agitation During Awakening from Sevoflurane Anesthesia for Pediatric Liver Surgery.

BACKGROUND We aimed to assess the effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) combined with remifentanil on emergence agitation (EA) during awakening from sevoflurane anesthesia for pediatric liver surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty children who underwent liver surgery in our hospital were prospectively selected and randomly allocated into group A (placebo+remifentanil+sevoflurane) or group B (Dex+remifentanil+sevoflurane). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) at different time points, agitation score during awakening, behavioral status, pain level, and the incidence of postoperative adverse effects were compared in both groups. RESULTS Children in group B had lower HR and MAP levels immediately after tracheal extubation and 5 min after tracheal extubation than those in group A. The Aono's scores, PAED agitation scores, and CHIPP scores at 15 min and 30 min of admission to the PACU were lower in group B than in group A. The incidence of agitation during postoperative anesthesia awakening was lower in group B in contrast to group A. There was no significant difference in postoperative adverse reactions between group A and group B. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric liver surgery, the use of Dex+remifentanil+sevoflurane anesthesia can reduce the incidence of EA during the awakening period, stabilize hemodynamic levels, and relieve postoperative pain, and has fewer postoperative adverse effects, which warrants clinical application.

Delirium, catatonía y síndrome de abstinencia manifestados como agitación psicomotora en COVID-19: una propuesta de manejo farmacológico en el hospital general / Delirium, catatonia and substance withdrawal syndrome manifested as psychomotor agitation in COVID-19: a pharmacological management approach for the general hospital setting

BACKGROUND: Neuropsychiatric symptoms can be part of the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 infections. AIM: To devise an evidence based clinical algorithm as a guide for clinicians, to identify and treat underlying clinical syndromes of psychomotor agitation, such as delirium, catatonia or substance withdrawal in patients who are hospitalized and infected with SARS-CoV-2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of the literature about the pharmacological management of neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 at the general hospital, to develop a clinical protocol based on a consensus from an interdisciplinary expert panel at a Clinical Hospital. Results: A consensual clinical algorithm for the management of delirium, catatonia, and substance withdrawal, manifested as psychomotor agitation in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, was developed as a clinical proposal for physicians at different levels of complexity in health services. CONCLUSIONS: Cooperation among different clinical units in the general hospital facilitated the implementation of a clinical algorithm for clinicians for the management of psychomotor agitation in COVID-19 patients.

Reacciones adversas por salbutamol en pacientes asmáticos: reflexiones acerca del uso en las exacerbaciones / Adverse reactions from salbutamol in asthmatic patients: reflections on its use and exacerbations / Reações adversas ao salbutamol em pacientes asmáticos: reflexões sobre o seu uso e exacerbações

Las afecciones respiratorias agudas son la primera causa de consulta e ingreso hospitalario en los meses de invierno, y entre ellas el asma ocupa un lugar preponderante. El salbutamol es un broncodilatador con eficacia demostrada en las exacerbaciones y se utiliza de primera línea en el tratamiento. El objetivo de la presente comunicación es analizar dos casos clínicos de niños asmáticos que presentaron efectos adversos al salbutamol y requirieron el ingreso en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Se propone revisar los efectos adversos del salbutamol empleado en crisis asmáticas y analizar las alternativas terapéuticas en esta enfermedad. Los síntomas de los efectos secundarios pueden confundirse con los causados por la propia enfermedad, por lo que puede usarse el fármaco de modo excesivo y es importante conocer el perfil posológico y caracterizar los posibles efectos secundarios en los pacientes para usar de manera racional y segura este medicamento.

Acute respiratory conditions are the first cause of consultation and hospital admission in the Winter months, being asthma the most important. Salbutamol is a bronchodilator with proven efficacy in exacerbations used first-line in treatment. The objective of this paper is to analyze two clinical cases of asthmatic children who presented adverse effects to salbutamol and required admission to the Intensive Care Unit. It is proposed to review the adverse effects of salbutamol used in asthmatic crises and to analyze therapeutic alternatives in this disease. Symptoms of side effects can be confused with those caused by the disease itself, determining the excessive use of this drug, thus, it is important to know the dosage profile and characterize the possible side effects to make rational and safe use of this drug.

As doenças respiratórias agudas são a primeira causa de consultas e internações nos meses de inverno e a asma ocupa é a mais importante. O salbutamol é um broncodilatador com eficácia comprovada nas exacerbações e é usado como tratamento de primeira linha. O objetivo desta comunicação é analisar dois casos clínicos de crianças asmáticas que apresentaram efeitos adversos ao salbutamol e necessitaram de internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Propõe-se revisar os efeitos adversos do salbutamol utilizado na crise asmática e analisar as alternativas terapêuticas nessa doença. Os sintomas de efeitos colaterais podem ser confundidos com os causados pela própria doença, determinando o uso excessivo desse medicamento, sendo importante conhecer o perfil posológico e caracterizar os possíveis efeitos colaterais nos pacientes para fazer um uso racional e seguro desse medicamento.

Encefalitis multifocal como manifestación neurológica de la infección por COVID-19 / Multifocal encephalitis as a neurological manifestation of COVID-19 infection

No disponible

Intervenções não farmacológicas de manejo na agitação de idosos com demência em ambiente doméstico / Intervenciones no farmacológicas de manejo de la agitación en ancianos con demencia en ambiente doméstico / Nonpharmacological Interventions for Managing Agitation in Elderlies with Dementia in the Home Setting

Introdução: A agitação é um sintoma neuropsiquiátrico recorrente em idosos com demência. No ambiente doméstico, essa condição impõe aos familiares cuidadores o desafio de intervir adequada e precocemente a fim de minimizar visitas às emergências, internações ou até mesmo institucionalizações de longa permanência. Objetivo: Identificar as intervenções não farmacológicas utilizadas por familiares cuidadores no manejo da agitação em idosos com demência. Métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa realizada com 11 familiares cuidadores de idosos em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram realizadas entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado e, para a análise, foi empregada a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: As intervenções mais utilizadas foram: a conversa, a escuta, a distração, o uso de brinquedos, a música/canto e a leitura da Bíblia para acessar a espiritualidade/religiosidade. Verificou-se que, diante dos desafios impostos pela demência ao cuidado e dos desgastes físico e emocional experimentados, os familiares esforçaram-se para acolher e oferecer suporte humano ao idoso, além de sentirem-se satisfeitos por terem a oportunidade de retribuir o cuidado que receberam. Conclusão: Não há uma intervenção capaz de responder a todos os comportamentos agitados. A experiência e o vínculo desenvolvido entre familiares cuidadores e idosos ajudaram a guiar a escolha individual de intervenções não farmacológicas mais eficazes, provavelmente, por facultar certa antecipação das respostas dos idosos(AU)

Introducción: La agitación es un síntoma neuropsiquiátrico recurrente en ancianos con demencia. En el cotidiano del ambiente doméstico, esta condición impone a los familiares cuidadores el desafío de encontrar estrategias adecuadas de manejo a fin de evitar las visitas a emergencias, hospitalizaciones o incluso la institucionalización a largo plazo. Objetivo: Identificar las estrategias no farmacológicas utilizadas por los familiares cuidadores en el manejo de la agitación en ancianos con demencia. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa realizada con 11 familiares cuidadores de ancianos en Minas Gerais, Brasil. La recolección de datos fue realizada a través de entrevistas con guión semiestructurado. Para la interpretación de los datos se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se identificaron como estrategias más utilizadas para el manejo de la agitación: la conversación, la escucha, la distracción, el uso de juguetes, la música/canto y la lectura de la Biblia para acceder a la espiritualidad/religiosidad. Se verificó que, frente a los desafíos impuestos por la demencia al cuidado y el desgaste físico y emocional experimentado, los familiares cuidadores se esforzaron para acoger y brindar apoyo humano al familiar anciano, además de sentirse satisfechos por tener la oportunidad de retribuir el cuidado que recibieron. Conclusiones: No hay una intervención capaz de responder efectivamente a todos los comportamientos agitados. Sin embargo, la experiencia y el vínculo desarrollado entre familiares cuidadores y ancianos guiaron la elección individual de las intervenciones no farmacológicas más efectivas, probablemente al proporcionar cierta anticipación de las respuestas de los ancianos(AU)

Introduction: Agitation is a neuropsychiatric symptom recurrent in elderly people with dementia. In the daily life of the home setting, this condition imposes on the family caregivers the challenge of finding appropriate management strategies for avoiding visits to the emergency room, hospitalizations, or even long-term institutionalization. Objective: To identify the nonpharmacological strategies used by family caregivers in the management of agitation in elderly people with dementia. Methods: Qualitative research carried out with 11 family caregivers of elderly people in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The data collection was carried out through interviews with semi-structured repertory of quotations. The content analysis technique was used to interpret the data. Results: The most commonly used strategies for agitation management were identified. These were conversation, listening, distraction, use of toys, music/singing, and reading the Bible for accessing spirituality or religiosity. It was verified that, in the face of the challenges imposed by dementia onto the care and the physical and emotional outwearing experienced, family caregivers strived to welcome and provide human support to the elderly relative, in addition to feeling satisfied to have the opportunity to give back the care received Conclusions: There is no intervention capable of responding effectively to all agitation-related behaviors. However, the experience and the relationship developed between family caregivers and the elderly guided the individual choice for the most effective nonpharmacological interventions, probably by providing some anticipation to the elderly's responses(AU)

A propósito de un caso complejo: agitación psicomotora: ¿TEC y clozapina, sala de aislamiento? / About a complex case: psychomotor agitation: TEC and clozapine, isolation room?

Paciente de 25 años. Ingreso a Servicio de Urgencia. Paciente viene solo, desaseado, relata múltiples ideas bizarras, no sistematizadas. Pensamiento laxo, musita, interferido, a ratos discordante. Diagnóstico: Síndrome esquizomorfo. Antecedentes judiciales: Informe cumplimiento condena en Puerto Montt: Lesiones menos graves y Robo con violencia. Persiste amenazante, exaltado. Paranoide. Durante la tarde amenaza con colgase, cortarse o quemar colchón, cuelga sabana de ventana e intenta ahorcarse. Primera sesión de TEC, Cisordinol accutard. Contención física, Sujeciones. Modecate. Cortes en antebrazo, Amenaza con matar otros pacientes, al apagar las luces se sienta en cama de otro paciente en actitud intimidante, lo agrede con lápiz en ojo derecho. Reinicia TEC, Inicia clozapina 25mg/día. Hostil y desafiante ante funcionarios por el encuadre, Baja en recuento de blancos, inicia litio. Algo hostil y querellante con personal, probablemente relacionado con suspensión de TEC (20 sesiones). Clozapina 450mg/día, Litio 600 mg/día. Traslado de paciente para sala de aislamiento, Se retira chapa de aislamiento ­ Sala de observación, Cuidador especial constante, hombre, Mitones, solicitud a UGC apoyo

Patient of 25 years old. Entrance to Emergency Service. Patient comes alone, untidy, reports multiple bizarre ideas, not systematized. Lax thought, mumble, interfered, discordant at times. Diagnosis: Schizomorphic syndrome. Legal background: Condemning Report in Puerto Montt: Less serious injuries and robbery with violence. He persists threatening, exalted. Paranoid. During the afternoon threatens to hang, cut or burn mattress, hangs a blanket in window and tries to hang himself. First session of TEC, Cisordinol accutard. Physical restraint, Supports. Modecate. Cuts in forearm. Threat to kill other patients, when turning off lights sits in bed of another patient in intimidating attitude, strikes him with pencil in right eye. Restart TEC, Starts clozapine 25mg / day. Hostile and challenging with officials because of setting, White cells: Low counting, initiating lithium. Somehow hostile and prosecuting with staff, probably related to ECT suspension (20 sessions). Clozapine 450mg / day, Lithium 600mg / day. Transfer of patient to isolation room, Removal of insulation sheet - Observation room, Special caregiver constant, male, Mittens, request to UGC support.

Manejo de la excitación psicomotriz en niños y adolescentes / Management of psychomotor excitement in children and adolescents

La agitación o excitación psicomotriz (EPM) es un síndrome que no constituye en sí mismo una enfermedad, sino que se trata de una manifestación de una gran variedad de trastornos psiquiátricos y orgánicos. Se caracteriza por aumento desorganizado de la motricidad acompañado de una activación vegetativa (sudoración, taquicardia, midriasis) y ansiedad severa. Constituye uno de los cuadros de presentación más frecuente en salas de urgencia psiquiátricas y generales. El objetivo del presente artículo es revisar los aspectos clínicos del síndrome, describir las diferentes causas y plantear su manejo en los diferentes ámbitos de la práctica clínica y medidas de seguridad. Se consideran las medidas terapéuticas no farmacológicas (intervenciones verbales, sujeción física) y medicamentosas, mencionando las vías de administración, las opciones de drogas y sus dosis según la presunción diagnóstica. Es una urgencia donde se debe actuar con rapidez para garantizar la seguridad del paciente y del entorno (AU)

Psychomotor agitation or excitation (PMA) is not a disorder in itself but a manifestation of a broad variety of psychiatric and organic disorders. It is characterized by increased disorganization of motor activity associated with vegetative activation (sweating, increased heart rate, mydriasis) and severe anxiety. It is one of the most common disorders presenting in general and psychiatric emergency departments. The aim of this study was to review the clinical aspects of the entity, to describe possible causes, and to evaluate management in different settings of clinical practice as well as safety measures. Non-pharmacological interventions (verbal interventions, physical restraint) and medications are considered, describing routes of administration, options of drugs and drug doses according to the presumed diagnosis. PMA is an urgency in which fast intervention is warranted for the safety of the patient and their environment (AU)