Factors Associated With Quality of Death in Korean ICUs As Perceived by Medical Staff: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Survey.

OBJECTIVES: Facilitating a high quality of death is an important aspect of comfort care for patients in ICUs. The quality of death in ICUs has been rarely reported in Asian countries. Although Korea is currently in the early stage after the implementation of the "well-dying" law, this seems to have a considerable effect on practice. In this study, we aimed to understand the status of quality of death in Korean ICUs as perceived by medical staff, and to elucidate factors affecting patient quality of death. DESIGN: A multicenter cross-sectional survey study. SETTING: Medical ICUs of two tertiary-care teaching hospitals and two secondary-care hospitals. PATIENTS: Deceased patients from June 2016 to May 2017. INTERVENTIONS: Relevant medical staff were asked to complete a translated Quality of Dying and Death questionnaire within 48 hours after a patient's death. A higher Quality of Dying and Death score (ranged from 0 to 100) corresponded to a better quality of death. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 416 completed questionnaires were obtained from 177 medical staff (66 doctors and 111 nurses) of 255 patients. All 20 items of the Quality of Dying and Death received low scores. Quality of death perceived by nurses was better than that perceived by doctors (33.1 ± 18.4 vs 29.7 ± 15.3; p = 0.042). Performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation and using inotropes within 24 hours before death were associated with poorer quality of death, whereas using analgesics was associated with better quality of death. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of death of patients in Korean ICUs was considerably poorer than reported in other countries. Provision of appropriate comfort care, avoidance of unnecessary life-sustaining care, and permission for more frequent visits from patients' families may correspond to better quality of death in Korean medical ICUs. It is also expected that the new legislation would positively affect the quality of death in Korean ICUs.

Improving comfort around dying in elderly people: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Over 50% of elderly people die in acute hospital settings, where the quality of end-of-life care is often suboptimum. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Care Programme for the Last Days of Life (CAREFuL) at improving comfort and quality of care in the dying phase in elderly people. METHODS: We did a cluster randomised controlled trial in acute geriatric wards in ten hospitals in Flemish Region, Belgium, between Oct 1, 2012, and March 31, 2015. Hospitals were randomly assigned to implementation of CAREFuL (CAREFuL group) or to standard care (control group) using a random number generator. Patients and families were masked to interventaion allocation; hospital staff were unmasked. CAREFuL comprised a care guide for the last days of life, training, supportive documentation, and an implementation guide. Primary outcomes were comfort around dying, measured with the End-of-Life in Dementia-Comfort Assessment in Dying (CAD-EOLD), and symptom management, measured with the End-of-Life in Dementia-Symptom Management (SM-EOLD), by nurses and family carers. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01890239. FINDINGS: 451 (11%) of 4241 beds in ten hospitals were included in the analyses. Five hospitals were randomly assigned to standard health care practice and five to the CAREFuL programme; 118 patients in the control group and 164 in the CAREFuL group were eligible for assessment. Assessments were done for 132 (80%) of 164 patients in the CAREFuL group and 109 (92%) of 118 in the control group by nurses, and 48 (29%) in the CAREFuL group and 23 (19%) in the control group by family carers. Implementation of CAREFuL compared with control significantly improved nurse-assessed comfort (CAD-EOLD baseline-adjusted mean difference 4·30, 95% CI 2·07-6·53; p<0·0001). No significant differences were noted for the CAD-EOLD assessed by family carers (baseline-adjusted mean difference -0·62, 95% CI -6·07 to 4·82; p=0·82) or the SM-EOLD assessed by nurses (-0·41, -1·86 to 1·05; p=0·58) or by family carers (-0·59, -3·75 to 2·57; p=0·71). INTERPRETATION: Although a continuous monitoring of the programme is warranted, these results suggest that implementation of CAREFuL might improve care during the last days of life for patients in acute geriatric hospital wards. FUNDING: The Flemish Government Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology and the Belgian Cancer Society "Kom Op Tegen Kanker".

"Operating in the dark": Nurses' attempts to help patients and families manage the transition from oncology to comfort care.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate challenges nurses face when providing care for oncology patients transitioning from curative to palliative care and to identify educational and support opportunities for nurses. BACKGROUND: Communicating with oncology patients/families transitioning from curative treatments to care focused on comfort can be problematic for a variety of reasons. Research suggests discrepancies exist between physicians' and patients' perceptions of probable length of life. These disconnects can deepen suffering. Oncology and palliative care nurses are well positioned to facilitate this transition. However, they receive little formal instruction regarding these complex scenarios beyond what occurs through on-the-job training. METHODS: Twenty-eight nurses working in oncology (n = 14) and palliative care (n = 14) settings participated. The constant comparative method was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Four themes emerged that characterise oncology and palliative care nurses' experiences: (a) coping with interprofessional communication errors during the transition, (b) responding to patient/family reactions to miscommunication about the goals of care, (c) navigating emotional connection to patients, and (d) adapting to sociocultural factors that influence information exchange. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports previous research regarding challenges related to patient reactions, family relationships and emotional burden during end-of-life care. However, it adds to the literature by a providing a more in-depth explication of interprofessional and patient-physician communication barriers that negatively impact care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Misunderstandings between patients, physicians and nurses have the potential to distress complicate nurses' efforts to support patients and families. Nurses reported a problematic power dynamic that impedes their ability to facilitate communication between patient and physician or to offer insights that could enhance patient care. Medical education and continuing education initiatives are needed to build understanding across professional roles and specialties and to improve comfort discussing worsening prognosis and end-of-life issues.

[The multidisciplinary nature of support in a palliative care unit]. / La pluridisciplinarité en unité de soins palliatifs.

A stay in a palliative care unit must not be considered as an end in itself but rather as the provision of specific support towards the end of life, whether it be in a hospital or before a return home.

Identification and characteristics of patients with palliative care needs in Brazilian primary care.

BACKGROUND: The Brazilian healthcare system offers universal coverage but lacks information about how patients with PC needs are serviced by its primary care program, Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). METHODS: Cross-sectional study in community settings. Patients in ESF program were screened using a Palliative Care Screening Tool (PCST). Included patients were assessed with Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS), Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) and Palliative Care Outcome Scale (POS). RESULTS: Patients with PC needs are accessing the ESF program regardless of there being no specific PC support provided. From 238 patients identified, 73 (43 women, 30 men) were identified as having a need for PC, and the mean age was 77.18 (95 % Confidence Interval = ±2,78) years, with non-malignant neurologic conditions, such as dementia and cerebrovascular diseases, being the most common (53 % of all patients). Chronic conditions (2 or more years) were found in 70 % of these patients, with 71 % scoring 50 or less points in the KPS. Overall symptom intensity was low, with the exception of some cases with moderate and high score, and POS average score was 14.16 points (minimum = 4; maximum = 28). Most patients received medication and professional support through the primary care units, but limitations of services were identified, including lack of home visits and limited multi-professional approaches. CONCLUSION: Patients with PC needs were identified in ESF program. Basic health care support is provided but there is a lack of attention to some specific needs. PC policies and professional training should be implemented to improve this area.

Early introduction of palliative care and advanced care planning for children with complex chronic medical conditions: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Children with complex chronic medical conditions benefit from early introduction of palliative care services and advanced care planning for symptom management and to support quality of life and medical decision-making. This study evaluated whether introducing palliative care during primary care appointments (1) was feasible; (2) increased access and improved knowledge of palliative care; and (3) facilitated advanced care planning. METHODS: Pilot study of a multi-modal intervention including targeted education for primary care providers (PCPs), an informational packet for families and presence of a palliative care team member in the outpatient clinic. PCPs completed pre- and post-surveys assessing experience, knowledge and comfort with palliative care. Enrolled families received an information packet; a subset also met a palliative care team member. All families were encouraged to make an appointment with the palliative care team, during which the team assessed palliative care needs and goals of care. Upon study completion, the investigators assessed family and PCP satisfaction and collected feedback on project feasibility. RESULTS: Twenty families were enrolled and received the information packet; 15 met a palliative care team member. Of the 17 participating families who were reached and completed a post-study survey, 11 families had never heard of palliative care and 13 were unaware that the palliative care team existed. Most families perceived palliative care information as 'very helpful' and 'very important'. All would recommend palliative care team services to others. Nine families followed up with the palliative care team, but none was prepared to complete an advanced care plan. PCPs reported lack of training in communicating bad news and conducting goals of care discussions. However, they felt increasingly comfortable introducing palliative care to families and supported program continuation. CONCLUSIONS: Initiating palliative care services in the outpatient primary care setting is logistically challenging but increases access to palliative care for children with complex chronic medical conditions and improves palliative care knowledge and comfort for PCPs.

[Palliative Care in the Delivery Room]. / Palliativersorgung im Kreißsaal.

Palliative care in the delivery room is a multiprofessional challenge directed to the dying newborn and the parents as well as to the care-givers. Clinical experience shows that many aspects regarding this unique palliative care situation are not well known and cause relevant emotional distress to the health care providers. In this article basic background information of palliative care of newborns in the delivery room are presented. Furthermore, recommendations are given focusing on 2 main aspects: 1. non-pharmacological and pharmacological ways of symptom control in palliative care of dying newborns and 2. meeting the individual psychological, emotional and spiritual needs of the parents.

A Comfort Measures Only Checklist for Critical Care Providers: Impact on Satisfaction and Symptom Management.

PURPOSE: This quality improvement project created a guide for critical care providers transitioning patients to comfort measures only encouraging communication, collaboration, and shared decision making; ensuring management of patients' end-of-life symptoms and needs; and enhancing provider satisfaction by improving structure and consistency when transitioning patients. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT: Interviews conducted with staff in intensive care units revealed opportunities to improve structure and processes of transitioning patients at the end of life. A subcommittee of experts designed a checklist to facilitate interdisciplinary conversations. Impact on provider satisfaction and symptom management was assessed. Presurveys circulated used a Research Electronic Data Capture tool. A checklist was implemented for 3 months, and then postsurveys were sent. Charts were audited to identify improvement in symptom management and compared with retrospective samples. OUTCOMES: Clinical improvements were seen in communication (12%), collaboration (25%), shared decision making (22%), and order entry time (17%). In addition, 72% agreed the checklist improved structure and consistency; 69% reported improved communication, collaboration, and shared decision making; 61% felt it improved knowledge/understanding of patient needs; and 69% agreed it improved management of patient symptoms. CONCLUSION: After checklist implementation, staff felt more involved and more comfortable, and reported more clarity in transitioning patients; no improvement in patient outcomes was realized.

Reasons for discordance and concordance between POLST orders and current treatment preferences.

BACKGROUND: The reasons for discordance between advance care planning (ACP) documentation and current preferences are not well understood. The POLST form offers a unique opportunity to learn about the reasons for discordance and concordance that has relevance for POLST as well as ACP generally. DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive including constant comparative analysis within and across cases. SETTING: Twenty-six nursing facilities in Indiana. PARTICIPANTS: Residents (n = 36) and surrogate decision-makers of residents without decisional capacity (n = 37). MEASUREMENTS: A semi-structured interview guide was used to explore the reasons for discordance or concordance between current preferences and existing POLST forms. FINDINGS: Reasons for discordance include: (1) problematic nursing facility practices related to POLST completion; (2) missing key information about POLST treatment decisions; (3) deferring to others; and (4) changes over time. Some participants were unable to explain the discordance due to a lack of insight or inability to remember details of the original POLST conversation. Explanations for concordance include: (1) no change in the resident's medical condition and/or the resident is unlikely to improve; (2) use of the substituted judgment standard for surrogate decision-making; and (3) fixed opinion about what is "right" with little to no insight. CONCLUSION: Participant explanations for discordance between existing POLST orders and current preferences highlight the importance of adequate structures and processes to support high quality ACP in nursing facilities. Residents with stable or poor health may be more appropriate candidates for POLST than residents with a less clear prognosis, though preferences should be revisited periodically as well as when there is a change in condition to help ensure existing documentation is concordant with current treatment preferences.

Urgent Creation of a Palliative Care Team in a Small Hospital During the COVID Crisis.

The COVID-19 pandemic created a global health emergency that has changed the practice of medicine and has shown the need for palliative care as an essential element of hospital care. In our small South Florida hospital, a palliative care service was created to support the frontline caregivers. Thanks to the hospital support, our team was formed rapidly. It consisted of 3 advanced care practitioners, a pulmonary physician with palliative care experience and the cooperation of community resources such as hospice and religious support. We were able to support patients and their families facilitating communication as visitation was not allowed. We also addressed goals of care, providing comfort care transition when appropriate, and facilitating allocation of scarce resources to patients who were most likely to benefit from them. With this article we describe a simplified framework to replicate the creation of a Palliative Care Team for other hospitals that are experiencing this need.

Quality dying: An approach to ICD deactivation in the hospital setting.

BACKGROUND: In Canada, cardiovascular disease is the second most common cause of death. A subset of these patients will require a cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED). An estimated 200 000 Canadians are living with a CIED. CIEDs can improve life and prevent premature death. However, when patients reach the end of their lives, they can pose a challenge. An example of which is a painful shock delivered from an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for an arrhythmia in a dying patient. Receiving a shock at the end of life (EOL) is unacceptable in an age when we aim to ease the suffering of the dying and allow for a comfortable death. METHODS: As a quality standard of practice, all clinicians are expected to engage in EOL conversations in patients requiring CIED deactivation. Due to the potential discomfort of an ICD shock, specific conversations about deactivation of an ICD are encouraged. A process improvement approach was developed by our hospital that included an advance care planning simulation lab, electronic documentation and a standardized comfort measures order set that includes addressing the need for ICD deactivation at EOL. RESULTS: EOL conversations are complex. Health care providers have been equally challenged to have conversations about ICD deactivation. Standardization of the process of ICD deactivation ensures an approach to EOL which respects the individuality of patients and promotes quality dying. CONCLUSION: Our hospital is committed to assisting clinicians to provide quality care by improving conversations about EOL care. On the basis of a synthesis of existing literature, we describe the importance of and the ideal process for having EOL conversations in patients about ICD deactivation at the EOL.

Increased Length of Stay Associated With Antibiotic Use in Older Adults With Advanced Cancer Transitioned to Comfort Measures.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic use may increase hospital length of stay (LOS) among older patients with advanced cancer who are transitioned to comfort measures. METHODS: We studied a cohort of patients with advanced cancer aged ≥65 years who were transitioned to comfort measures during admission from July 1, 2014, through November 30, 2016. We evaluated the association between antibiotic exposure and LOS using a Poisson regression model adjusted for age, gender, cancer type, comorbidities, infection, and intensive care unit admission. RESULTS: Among 461 patients with advanced cancer, median age was 74 years (range: 65-99), 49.0% (n = 226) were female, and 20.6% (n = 95) had liquid tumors. Overall, 82.9% (n = 382) received ≥1 antibiotic and 64.6% (n = 298) had ≥1 infection diagnosis during hospitalization. Infection diagnoses commonly included sepsis (35%, n = 161/461), pneumonia (25%, n = 117/461), and urinary tract infection (14%, n = 66/461). Among those receiving antibiotics, the most common choices included vancomycin (79%, n = 300/382), cephalosporins (63%, n = 241/382), and penicillins (45%, n = 172/382). In a multivariable Poisson regression model, LOS was 34% longer (count ratio = 1.34, [95% confidence interval: 1.20-1.51]) among those exposed versus unexposed to antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic use among patients with advanced cancer who are transitioned to comfort measures is associated with longer LOS. These data illustrate the importance of tradeoffs associated with antibiotic use, such as unintended increased LOS, when striving for goal-concordant care near the end of life.

Pediatric Palliative Care During End of Life: A Privilege of a Few in a Tertiary Referral Hospital From Colombia.

BACKGROUND: We aim to describe the access to palliative care (PC) in hospitalized children during end-of-life care and compare the circumstances surrounding the deaths of hospitalized children as a basis for implementing a pediatric PC program at our institution. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of deceased pediatric patients at a tertiary referral hospital in Colombia. The study group was selected by randomly drawing a sample of 100 observations from the 737 deceased children from 2013 to 2016. A 1:1 propensity score (PS) matching was performed to compare the characteristics and outcomes between PC and non-PC treated patients. RESULTS: We included 87 patients. After PS matching, we found that patients under the care of non-PC physicians were more likely to die in the pediatric intensive care unit (non-PC: 6/10 vs PC: 1/10; P = .02), to be on vasopressor agents and mechanical ventilation (non-PC: 7/10 vs PC: 1/10; P = .02), and to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation at the end of life (non-PC: 5/10 vs PC: 0/10; P = .03). In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of patients under the care of the pediatric PC team died with comfort measures (non-PC: 2/10 vs 8/10; P = .02) and nonescalation of care in physician orders (non-PC: 5/10 vs PC: 10/10; 0.03). CONCLUSION: In this study, only 10 of 87 patients were treated by the pediatric PC team at the end of life. The latter finding is concerning and is a call to action to improve access to pediatric PC at our institution.

End-of-life care in rural and regional Australia: Patients', carers' and general practitioners' expectations of the role of general practice, and the degree to which they were met.

The study objective was to explore the characteristics of rural general practice which exemplify optimal end-of-life (EOL) care from the perspective of people diagnosed with cancer, their informal carers and general practitioners (GPs); and the extent to which consumers perceived that actual EOL care addressed these characteristics. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with six people diagnosed with cancer, three informal carers and four GPs in rural and regional Australia. Using a social constructionist approach, thematic analysis was undertaken. Seven characteristics were perceived to be essential for optimal EOL care: (1) commitment and availability, (2) building of therapeutic relationships, (3) effective communication, (4) psychosocial support, (5) proficient symptom management, (6) care coordination and (7) recognition of the needs of carers. Most GPs consistently addressed these characteristics. Comprehensive EOL care that meets the needs of people dying with cancer is not beyond the resources of rural and regional GPs and communities.

Operationalization of the Transition to Comfort Measures Only in the Neurocritical Care Unit: A Quality Improvement Project.

INTRODUCTION:: Transition to comfort measures only (CMO) is common in the neurocritical care unit, and close communication between interdisciplinary health-care teams is vital to a smooth transition. We developed and implemented a CMO huddle in an effort to reduce inconsistencies during the process of CMO transition. METHODS:: The CMO huddle was a multiphase quality improvement project in a neurocritical care unit of a level-1 trauma and comprehensive stroke center. Interdisciplinary critical care clinicians engaged in a huddle during CMO processes and participated in a pre- and postimplementation survey to examine the impact of CMO huddle on communication, missed opportunities, and improvement in knowledge. RESULTS:: Since the CMO implementation, a total of 131 patients underwent CMO transitions. After implementation of an interdisciplinary CMO huddle, 64.3% of neurocritical care nurses reported that they felt included and involved in CMO process compared to 28% before implementation ( P = .003); 87.9% of all neurocritical care clinicians reported that they felt comfortable participating in CMO discussions compared to 69.8% before ( P < .001); 57.4% of all neurocritical care clinicians reported that the CMO huddle improved communication among neurocritical care clinicians, 51.9% reported reduction in missed opportunities during CMO process, and 21.7% reported witnessing less-than-ideal CMO process compared to 80% before ( P < .001). CONCLUSIONS:: Implementation of a multidisciplinary huddle in the neuro-intensive care unit before transition to CMO may improve clinician's experience of the end-of-life process through enhanced nursing inclusion and involvement and organized communication with the neurocritical care team.

Homeless, Ill, and Psychiatrically Complex: The Grueling Carousel of Cassandra Lee.

Ask any clinical ethics consultant, and they can tell you about their transformative cases. Some stick with us because all roads led nowhere. Cassandra Lee had a history of pulling out lines and tubes and a distaste of warming blankets. Her admission marked her thirtieth over the past year. Many of the challenges facing the hospital caring for her were not unique: significant psychiatric issues, prolonged nonadherence to medical advice, and end-of-life decision-making combined to create an ethically dense and vexing situation. Ms. Lee, like so many patients, was suffering because of system failures.

Confort de los pacientes en cuidados paliativos: una revisión integradora / Conforto de pacientes em cuidados paliativos: revisão integrativa / Comfort of patients in palliative care: an integrative review

OBJETIVO: Identificar y sintetizar las investigaciones que tratan sobre el confort de los pacientes en cuidados paliativos. MÉTODO: Revisión integradora en 11 bases de datos, con la siguiente pregunta de investigación: "¿Cuáles son las estrategias utilizadas para minimizar las necesidades de confort de los pacientes en cuidados paliativos?". Los estudios seleccionados se sometieron a análisis de contenido, con la ayuda del software Interface de R pour les Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires - IRAMUTEQ. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 8.109 artículos. Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron y analizaron 16 artículos. El dendograma generado en el análisis realizado con la ayuda del software IRAMUTEQ facilitó la identificación de las principales estrategias utilizadas para minimizar las necesidades de confort de los pacientes en cuidados paliativos, a saber: red de apoyo social, intervenciones de confort y comunicación en cuidados paliativos. CONCLUSIÓN: La síntesis de los estudios analizados indicó que las principales estrategias utilizadas para disminuir las necesidades de confort de los pacientes en cuidados paliativos son el apoyo (del equipo, social y familiar), contacto físico, afecto, comunicación, conocimiento, alivio del dolor, amabilidad, baño, musicoterapia, radioterapia, contacto con el entorno externo (naturaleza), juego, contacto con otras personas y espiritualidad. Los estudios han demostrado que varias intervenciones no farmacológicas, que parecen triviales y de poca complejidad tecnológica (como disponibilidad, afecto, apoyo, baño), tienen la capacidad de afectar significativamente el estado de confort de los pacientes

OBJETIVO: Identificar e sintetizar as pesquisas que versam sobre o conforto dos pacientes em cuidados paliativos. MÉTODO: Revisão integrativa em 11 bases de dados, com a seguinte questão de pesquisa: "Quais são as estratégias utilizadas para minimizar as necessidades de conforto dos pacientes em cuidados paliativos?". Os estudos selecionados foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo, com auxílio do software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires - IRAMUTEQ. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 8.109 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados e analisados 16 artigos. O dendograma gerado na análise realizada com auxílio do software IRAMUTEQ facilitou a identificação das principais estratégias utilizadas para minimizar as necessidades de conforto dos pacientes em cuidados paliativos, a saber: rede social de apoio, intervenções de conforto e a comunicação nos cuidados paliativos. CONCLUSÃO: A síntese dos estudos analisados indicou que as principais estratégias utilizadas para diminuir as necessidades de conforto dos pacientes em cuidados paliativos são o apoio (da equipe, social e familiar), contato físico, carinho, comunicação, conhecimento, alívio da dor, gentileza, banho, musicoterapia, radioterapia, contato com o ambiente externo (natureza), brincar, contato com outras pessoas e a espiritualidade. Os estudos demonstraram que várias intervenções não farmacológicas, que parecem triviais e de pouca complexidade tecnológica (como disponibilidade, carinho, apoio, banho), tem a capacidade de afetar significativamente o estado de conforto dos pacientes

oBJECTIVE: Identify and synthesize the research on the comfort of patients in palliative care. METHOD: Integrative review in 11 databases, with the following research question: "What are the strategies used to minimize the comfort needs of patients in palliative care?". The selected studies were submitted to content analysis; with the aid of the software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires - IRAMUTEQ. RESULTS: The research identified 8,109 articles. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 articles were selected and analyzed. The dendogram generated in the analysis performed with the aid of the IRAMUTEQ software made easier the identification of the main strategies used to minimize the comfort needs of patients in palliative care, as follows: social support network, comfort interventions and communication in palliative care. CONCLUSION: The synthesis of the studies analyzed indicated that the main strategies used to reduce the patients' comfort needs in palliative care are support (from the team, social and family), physical contact, affection, communication, knowledge, pain relief, kindness, bathing, music therapy, radiotherapy, contact with the external environment (nature), recreation, contact with other people and spirituality. The studies showed that several non-pharmacological interventions, which seem trivial and of little technological complexity (such as availability, affection, support, bathing), have the ability to significantly affect the patients' state of comfort

Patient Priority-Directed Decision Making and Care for Older Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions.

Older adults with multiple conditions receive care that is often fragmented, burdensome, and of unclear benefit. An advisory group of patients, caregivers, clinicians, health system engineers, health care system leaders, payers, and others identified three modifiable contributors to this fragmented, burdensome care: decision making and care focused on diseases, not patients; inadequate delineation of roles and responsibilities and accountability among clinicians; and lack of attention to what matters to patients and caregivers (ie, their health outcome goals and care preferences). The advisory group identified patient priority-directed care as a feasible, sustainable approach to addressing these modifiable factors.

Prevalence and Description of Palliative Care in US Nursing Homes: A Descriptive Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe rates and policies in U.S. Nursing Homes (NH) related to palliative care, comfort care, and hospice care based on a nationwide survey of directors of nursing. MEASUREMENTS: A national survey was distributed online and was completed by 316 directors of nursing of NHs (11% response rate). The directors of nursing were asked about availability and policies in their facilities. Specifically, questions were related to policies, referral patterns, discussion about such care, and types of medical conditions qualifying for such services. RESULTS: Hospice is significantly more available than palliative or comfort care programs; also, for-profit facilities, compared to non-profits, are significantly more likely to have palliative care programs and medical directors for palliative care. Social workers and nurses were most likely to suggest palliative type programs. Only 42% of facilities with palliative program provide consultation by a palliative certified physician. Residents with non-healing pressure ulcers, frequent hospitalizations, or severe/uncontrolled pain or non-pain symptoms were less likely to be referred. CONCLUSIONS: There is limited availability of palliative type programs in NH facilities and underutilization in those NH with programs.

Palliative Care in Iran: Moving Toward the Development of Palliative Care for Cancer.

Cancer is the third leading cause of death in Iran and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. Patients' quality of life is altered rather enormously due to cancer, which doubles the importance of and the need for providing palliative care in Iran. Although many steps have been taken toward the development and providing of palliative care in Iran, there is still a large gap between the status quo and the desirable state. This study presents the current state of palliative care for cancer patients and discusses the barriers, challenges and outlook of palliative care in Iran. If infrastructural projects that have recently been launched prove successful, proper advancement toward the providing of palliative care services in Iran will then not far on the horizon.