LDL oxidada, lipoproteína(a) y otros factores de riesgo emergentes en el infarto agudo de miocardio (estudio FORTIAM) / Oxidized LDL, lipoprotein (a) and other emergent risk factors in acute myocardial infarction (FORTIAM study)

Introducción y objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de pacientes que sufren un infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) sin factores de riesgo (FR) clásicos, si presentan una mayor prevalencia de FR emergentes y si algún FR emergente modifica el pronóstico a 6 meses. Métodos. FORTIAM (Factores Ocultos de Riesgo Tras un Infarto Agudo de Miocardio) es un estudio multicéntrico de cohortes de 1.371 pacientes que sufrieron un IAM e ingresaron en las primeras 24 h. Se utilizaron definiciones estrictas para los FR clásicos y se determinaron: lipoproteína (a) [Lp(a)], lipoproteína de baja densidad oxidada (LDLox), proteína C reactiva ultrasensible, fibrinógeno, homocisteína y anticuerpos anticlamidia. Los acontecimientos de interés a 6 meses fueron: muerte, angina o reIAM. Resultados. La prevalencia de pacientes con IAM sin FR clásicos fue del 8%. La ausencia de FR clásicos no afectó al pronóstico a 6 meses. Lp(a) y LDLox fueron los únicos FR emergentes que de forma independiente se asociaron a un peor pronóstico. Puntos de corte (suavización con splines): 60 mg/dl para Lp(a) y 74 U/l para LDLox. La hazard ratio ajustada por edad, sexo y FR clásicos, 1,40 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,06-1,84) y 1,48 (IC del 95%, 1,06-2,06) respectivamente. Conclusiones. La proporción de pacientes con un IAM sin FR clásicos es baja y su pronóstico es similar al resto de pacientes con IAM. LDLox y de Lp(a) se asociaron a un peor pronóstico a 6 meses de forma independientemente de los FR clásicos (AU)

Introduction and objectives. To determine the prevalence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without classical risk factors, and to ascertain whether affected patients exhibit a higher prevalence of emergent risk factors and whether the presence of specific emergent risk factors influence prognosis at 6 months. Methods. The FORTIAM (Factores Ocultos de Riesgo Tras un Infarto Agudo de Miocardio) study is a multicenter cohort study that includes 1371 AMI patients who were admitted within 24 hours of symptom onset. Strict definitions were used for classical risk factors and the concentrations of the following markers were determined: lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, and antibody to Chlamydia. The endpoints observed during the 6-month follow-up were death, angina, and re-infarction. Results. The prevalence of AMI without classical risk factors was 8.0%. The absence of classical risk factors did not affect the 6-month prognosis. The only emergent risk factors independently associated with a poorer prognosis were the Lp(a) and oxLDL concentrations. Cut- points were determined using smoothing splines: 60 mg/dL for Lp(a) and 74 U/L for oxLDL. The associated hazard ratios, adjusted for age, sex, and classical risk factors, were 1.40 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.84 ) and 1.48 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.06), respectively. Conclusions. The proportion of AMI patients without classical risk factors was low and their prognosis was similar to that in other AMI patients. Both oxLDL and Lp(a) concentrations were independently associated with a poorer 6-month prognosis, irrespective of the presence of classical risk factors. factors was 8.0%. The absence of classical risk factors did not affect the 6-month prognosis. The only emergent risk factors independently associated with a poorer prognosis were the Lp(a) and oxLDL concentrations. Cut-points were determined using smoothing splines: 60 mg/ dL for Lp(a) and 74 U/L for oxLDL. The associated hazard ratios, adjusted for age, sex and classical risk factors, were 1.40 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.84 ) and 1.48 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.06), respectively. Conclusions. The proportion of AMI patients without classical risk factors was low and their prognosis was similar to that in other AMI patients. Both oxLDL and Lp(a) concentrations were independently associated with a poorer 6-month prognosis, irrespective of the presence of classical risk factors (AU)

Evolución hospitalaria asociada al empleo de fibrinolíticos y tienopiridinas en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio y elevación del segmento ST. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events / In-hospital outcomes associated with fibrinolytic and thienopyridine use in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events

Introducción y objetivos. Investigar la incidencia de hemorragias graves y la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con infarto de miocardio y elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST) en relación con la administración de tienopiridinas con o sin tratamiento trombolítico asociado. Métodos. Se estudió la incidencia de hemorragias graves y mortalidad hospitalaria en 14.259 pacientes consecutivos con IAMCEST. En total, 5.340 (38%) pacientes recibieron tratamiento con tienopiridinas, 3.007 (21%) recibieron fármacos trombolíticos y 2.044 (14%), ambos tipos de fármacos durante el periodo de hospitalización. Resultados. Las hemorragias graves fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes que recibieron tienopiridinas con o sin fármacos trombolíticos asociados (el 4,6 y el 4,1%, respectivamente) que en los pacientes que sólo recibieron fibrinolíticos (2,3%) o ninguno de los dos tipos de fármacos (2,8%) (p < 0,001). En el análisis multivariable, ajustado para los factores de riesgo hemorrágico y cateterismo cardiaco o intervención coronaria percutánea, el tratamiento con tienopiridinas se identificó como un factor independiente de hemorragia (odds ratio [OR] = 1,68; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,23-2,31). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue menor en los pacientes que recibieron tienopiridinas, lo que se identificó como factor independiente relacionado con menor mortalidad (OR = 0,50; IC del 95%, 0,39-0,60). Conclusiones. El tratamiento con tienopiridinas se asoció con un aumento del riesgo de hemorragias, pero con mejor pronóstico intrahospitalario. Estos resultados, en pacientes no seleccionados con diagnóstico de IAMCEST y representativos de la práctica clínica diaria complementan, pero no reemplazan, la información derivada de ensayos clínicos en enfermos seleccionados y con distribución aleatoria del tratamiento (AU)

Introduction and objectives. To investigate how thienopyridine treatment, with or without associated fibrinolysis, affects the rates of major bleeding and inhospital death in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods. The rates of major bleeding and in-hospital death were studied in 14 259 consecutive patients with STEMI. During hospitalization, 5340 (38%) received thienopyridines, 3007 (21%) received fibrinolytic drugs, and 2044 (14%) received both. Results. Major bleeding occurred more frequently in patients who received thienopyridines with or without fibrinolytics, in 4.6% and 4.1%, respectively, compared with 2.3% in those who received fibrinolytics alone and 2.8% in those who received neither (P < .001). Multivariate analysis, which included adjustments for risk factors for bleeding, percutaneous coronary intervention, and cardiac catheterization, showed that thienopyridine treatment was an independent risk factor for bleeding (odds ratio =1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-2.31). In-hospital mortality was lower in patients who received a thienopyridine, and such treatment was an independent predictor of lower mortality (odds ratio =0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.60). Conclusions. Thienopyridine treatment was associated with an increased risk of major bleeding but also with a better in-hospital prognosis. These findings in unselected patients with STEMI, who are representative of those seen in daily clinical practice, complement, but do not replace, the data obtained in randomized clinical trails of selected patients. risk factor for bleeding (odds ratio=1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-2.31). In-hospital mortality was lower in patients who received a thienopyridine, and such treatment was an independent predictor of lower mortality (odds ratio=0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.60). Conclusions. Thienopyridine treatment was associated with an increased risk of major bleeding but also with a better in-hospital prognosis. These findings in unselected patients with STEMI, who are representative of those seen in daily clinical practice, complement, but do not replace, the data obtained in randomized clinical trails of selected patients (AU)