Edad y deseos de reanimación cardiopulmonar en pacientes cardiológicos / Age and cardiopulmonary resuscitation wishes of patients with heart disease

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Paciente fumadora en programa de rehabilitación cardiaca / The patient who smokes in cardiac rehabilitation program

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Resumen de las evidencias científicas de la eficacia del ejercicio físico en las enfermedades cardiovasculares / / Um resumo da evidência científica da efetividade do exercício físico nas doenças cardiovasculares / A summary of evidence of the effectiveness of physical exercise on cardiovascular disease

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son las más prevalentes en la sociedad occidental. En las últimas décadas, innumerables publicaciones informan del poder terapéutico del ejercicio físico (EF) en estas patologías. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido buscar, valorar y resumir los resultados de las mejores pruebas científicas publicadas, sobre el efecto del EF, en la mortalidad y morbilidad de pacientes con enfermedad coronaria, insuficiencia cardiaca, hipertensión arterial, claudicación intermitente e ictus. Se buscaron revisiones sistemáticas en Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews y Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. Se concluye que, tanto el entrenamiento aeróbico, como el de fuerza son seguros y eficaces en la disminución de la mortalidad y morbilidad en la mejora de algunos signos y síntomas, y en el incremento de la función física en enfermos cardiovasculares (AU)

Cardiovascular diseases are among the most widespread in Western culture. In recent decades, numerous publications have assessed the effectiveness of physical exercise (PE) in these pathologies. The aim of this study was to search for, evaluate and summarize the results of the most conclusive scientific evidence published on the effectiveness of PE on mortality and morbidity in patients with coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, intermittent claudication, and stroke. We searched for systematic reviews in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. In conclusion, both aerobic and strength training are safe and effective in reducing mortality and morbidity, improving signs and symptoms, and increasing physical function in patients with cardiovascular disease (AU)

As doenças cardiovasculares são as mais prevalentes na sociedade ocidental. Nas últimas décadas, inúmeras publicações informaram o poder terapêutico do exercício físico (EF) nestas patologias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi procurar avaliar e resumir os resultados das maiores evidências científicas publicadas sobre o efeito do EF na mortalidade e morbidade de pacientes com doença coronariana, insuficiência cardíaca, hipertensão arterial, claudicação intermitente e ictus. Foi realizada uma busca por revisões sistemáticas nas seguintes bases de dados: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews y Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. Conclui-se que tanto o treinamento aeróbico como o de força são seguros e eficazes na diminuição da mortalidade e morbidade, na melhora de alguns sinais e sintomas, e no incremento da função física em enfermos cardiovasculares

Effects of exercise on inflammation in cardiac rehabilitation / Efectos del ejercicio sobre la inflamación en rehabilitación cardíaca

Background: programs of weight loss and a healthy diet are recommended for patients with cardiovascular risk but the effectiveness of these programs in decreasing cardiovascular mortality is controversial. Aim: to examine the acute and long-term effects of a 2-month cardiac rehabilitation program on chemokines related to inflammation in subjects with cardiovascular disease. Design: prospective cohort study. Methods: twenty-six patients with cardiovascular disease enrolled in a cardiac rehabilitation program based on nutritional and exercise interventions were studied. Lifestyle and clinical, metabolic and inflammatory variables were analysed. Results: 88.5% were men and the mean age was 54.9 ± 7.8 years. At the end of the cardiac rehabilitation program the levels of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were lower, except for high density lipoprotein cholesterol which was higher. The levels of uric acid, interleukin-6, interleukin-1Beta, adiponectin and leptin remained stable. Interleukin-6 correlated positively with levels of C-reactive protein and negatively with blood glucose. Interleukin-1Beta correlated positively with C-reactive protein levels and negatively with blood pressure figures. Significant correlations were seen between the changes in levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-1Beta and changes in metabolic equivalents, and in C-reactive protein levels before and after the cardiac rehabilitation program. No significant correlations were observed with weight, waist circumference or fat mass. Conclusions: a cardiac rehabilitation program decreased anthropometric variables and blood pressure figu res, and improved lipid metabolism and ergometry data. However, no changes regarding the inflammatory state were observed (AU)

Introducción: a los pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular se les recomiendan programas de pérdida de peso y dieta saludable, pero la eficacia de estos programas a la hora de reducir la mortalidad es controvertida. Objetivo: examinar los efectos agudos y a largo plazo de un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca de dos meses de duración sobre las quemocinas relacionadas con la inflamación en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular. Diseño: estudio de cohortes prospectivo. Métodos: se estudiaron 26 pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular inscritos en un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca basado en intervenciones nutricionales y de ejercicio. Se analizaron el estilo de vida y variables clínicas, metabólicas e inflamatorias. Resultados: 88,5% eran hombres y la edad media fue de 54,9 ± 7,8 años. Al final del programa de rehabilitación cardíaca las variables del perfil glucémico y lipídico descendieron, excepto el colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad, que aumentó. Ácido úrico, interleucina-6, interleucina-1 beta, adiponectina y leptina se mantuvieron estables. Interleucina-6 correlacionó positivamente con proteína C reactiva y negativamente con glucosa en sangre. Interleucina-1 beta correlacionó positivamente con proteína C-reactiva y negativamente con las cifras de presión arterial. Encontramos correlaciones significativas entre los cambios en interleucina-6 e interleucina-1 beta y los cambios en los equivalentes metabólicos y proteína C-reactiva, antes y después del programa de rehabilitación cardíaca. No se observaron correlaciones significativas con peso, circunferencia de cintura o masa grasa. Conclusiones: la rehabilitación cardiaca mejora las variables antropométricas, las cifras de presión arterial, así como el perfil de lípidos y los resultados de la ergometría. Sin embargo, no se observaron cambios con respecto al estado inflamatorio (AU)

Cardiac risk stratification in cardiac rehabilitation programs: a review of protocols / Estratificação de risco cardíaco em programas de reabilitação cardíaca: revisão de protocolos

Objective: Gather and describe general characteristics of different protocols of risk stratification for cardiac patients undergoing exercise. Methods: We conducted searches in LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and SciELO electronic databases, using the following descriptors: Cardiovascular Disease, Rehabilitation Centers, Practice Guideline, Exercise and Risk Stratification in the past 20 years. Results: Were selected eight studies addressing methods of risk stratification in patients undergoing exercise. Conclusion: None of the methods described could cover every situation the patient can be subjected to; however, they are essential to exercise prescription. .

Objetivo: Reunir e descrever características gerais dos diferentes protocolos de estratificação de risco existentes para cardiopatas submetidos ao exercício. Métodos: Realizou-se busca nas bases eletrônicas LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, Biblioteca Cochrane, SciELO, por meio dos descritores: Doenças cardiovasculares, Centros de Reabilitação, Guia de Prática Clínica, Exercício e Estratificação de Risco e a palavra-chave "Risk Stratification", nos últimos 20 anos. Resultados: Foram selecionados oito trabalhos abordando métodos de estratificação de risco em indivíduos submetidos a exercício. Conclusão: Nenhum dos métodos descritos conseguiu abranger todas as situações de risco a que o paciente está sujeito, porém eles são fundamentais para prescrição do exercício. .

South American Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation / Diretriz Sul-Americana de Prevenção e Reabilitação Cardiovascular

In this document, the Inter-American Committee of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, together with the South American Society of Cardiology, aimed to formulate strategies, measures, and actions for cardiovascular disease prevention and rehabilitation (CVDPR). In the context of the implementation of a regional and national health policy in Latin American countries, the goal is to promote cardiovascular health and thereby decrease morbidity and mortality. The study group on Cardiopulmonary and Metabolic Rehabilitation from the Department of Exercise, Ergometry, and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology has created a committee of experts to review the Portuguese version of the guideline and adapt it to the national reality. The mission of this document is to help health professionals to adopt effective measures of CVDPR in the routine clinical practice. The publication of this document and its broad implementation will contribute to the goal of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is the reduction of worldwide cardiovascular mortality by 25% until 2025. The study group's priorities are the following: • Emphasize the important role of CVDPR as an instrument of secondary prevention with significant impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; • Join efforts for the knowledge on CVDPR, its dissemination, and adoption in most cardiovascular centers and institutes in South America, prioritizing the adoption of cardiovascular prevention methods that are comprehensive, practical, simple and which have a good cost/benefit ratio; • Improve the education of health professionals and patients with education programs on the importance of CVDPR services, which are directly targeted at the health system, clinical staff, patients, and community leaders, with the aim of decreasing the barriers to CVDPR implementation.

Com este documento, o Comitê Interamericano de Prevenção e Reabilitação Cardiovascular, em posição conjunta com a Sociedade Sul-Americana de Cardiologia, mostra seu interesse no desenvolvimento de estratégias, medidas e intervenções para a prevenção e a reabilitação cardiovascular. Com o objetivo de implementar na América Latina uma política de saúde regional e nacional dos países membros, tem-se o objetivo de promover a saúde cardiovascular e, consequentemente, diminuir a morbimortalidade. O grupo de estudos em Reabilitação Cardiopulmonar e Metabólica do Departamento de Exercício, Ergometria e Reabilitação Cardiovascular de Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DERC/SBC) criou uma comissão de experts para revisar a versão em português e adaptá-la à realidade nacional. Este documento tem como missão principal auxiliar os profissionais de saúde a alcançarem medidas efetivas de prevenção e reabilitação cardiovascular (RCV) na prática clínica diária. Com a difusão deste documento, bem como com a sua implementação de forma mais abrangente, contribuiremos com a meta da Organização Mundial de Saúde de diminuir a mortalidade cardiovascular no mundo em 25% até o ano de 2025. As prioridades deste grupo de trabalho são: • Enfatizar o caráter prioritário da RCV como instrumento de prevenção secundária com importante impacto na morbimortalidade cardiovascular; • Unir esforços para melhorar o conhecimento da RCV, sua difusão e aplicação na maioria dos centros e institutos cardiovasculares da América do Sul, priorizando a utilização de um método de prevenção cardiovascular integral, prático, de fácil aplicação e de custo/benefício comprovado; • Melhorar a educação do pessoal da saúde e dos pacientes por meio de programas educativos dirigidos, que permitam envolver diretamente os sistemas de saúde, pessoal médico, pacientes e líderes comunitários sobre a importância dos serviços de RCV, a fim de diminuir as barreiras para a sua implantação.

Support groups and cardiac rehabilitation: effects of partner participation on anxiety and depression

This study analyzes the effect on levels of patient anxiety and depression of a partner joining a cardiac rehabilitation program support group, also taking into account the sex of the patient. The study was undertaken using a two-group comparison design with pre-and post-test measures in non-equivalent groups. The sample comprised patients in the cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP) at the Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid (Spain). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed direct effects of sex and partner participation in support groups on the anxiety trait. Similarly, interaction effects were observed between the sex variable and partner participation. These results indicate the pertinence of designing separate groups for patients and partners (AU)

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Rehabilitación cardiovascular y ejercicio en prevención secundaria / Exercise and cardiac rehabilitation in secondary cardiovascular prevention

Exercise and cardiac rehabilitation are indications with type I A evidence in most secondary cardiovascular prevention guidelines. Rehabilitation programs not only include exercise but also provide integral care and education about cardiovascular risk factors. However there is a paucity of such programs in Chile. Moreover there is a lack of awareness about the benefits of exercise and there is lack of knowledge about the details of exercise prescription in secondary prevention. Therefore, the divulgation of this knowledge is of utmost importance.

Estratificación de riesgo en rehabilitacion cardiaca / Risk stratification in cardiac rehabilitation

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la mayor causa de mortalidad, a nivel global, con diferentes índices de mortalidad en sus variadas presentaciones. Los adelantos científicos han prolongado la expectativa de vida y la población expuesta a tener un evento es cada vez mayor. La Rehabilitación Cardíaca es una segura alternativa de Prevención Secundaria, sustentada en los beneficios evidentes de las numerosas comunicaciones y el apoyo de OMS. Estratificar el Riesgo es tarea imprescindible para iniciar un programa de Rehabilitación Cardíaca, siendo las herramientas para hacerlo una Historia Clínica, la Prueba de Esfuerzo y un Ecocardiograma, los que en sus variadas manifestaciones nos brindan un perfil propio para cada paciente, con un pronóstico a corto y mediano plazo lo cual nos permite ubicarlo en un nivel de riesgo y ver la necesidad de tener supervisión y/o monitorización, durante el tiempo necesario para su recuperación integral.

The cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the World;with different numbers in their several clinical manifestations.The life expentancy by now have been prolonged by cientifical advances and the exposed population to cardiovascular events is growly A safety choice of Secondary Prevention is the Cardiac Rehabilitation,based in evident clinical benefits, numerous trials and support of OMS. The Risk Stratification is the first step to start a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program,using like tools the Clinical History,exercise stress test and ecocardiogram ,which in several manifestations give us a profile for each patient,with prognostic at short or medium term,which determine his level of risk and help us to see the necessity of supervising/monitorization during the development of the program.

Desenvolvimento e validação da versão em português da Escala de Barreiras para Reabilitação Cardíaca / Development and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale

FUNDAMENTO: As doenças cardiovasculares possuem alta incidência e prevalência no Brasil, porém a participação na Reabilitação Cardíaca (RC) é limitada e pouco investigada no país. A Escala de Barreiras para Reabilitação Cardíaca (CRBS) foi desenvolvida para avaliar as barreiras à participação e aderência à RC. OBJETIVO: Traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar psicometricamente a CRBS para a língua portuguesa do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Duas traduções iniciais independentes foram realizadas. Após a tradução reversa, ambas versões foram revisadas por um comitê. A versão gerada foi testada em 173 pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (48 mulheres, idade média = 63 anos). Desses, 139 (80,3%) participantes de RC. A consistência interna foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach, a confiabilidade teste-reteste pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) e a validade de construto por análise fatorial. Testes-T foram utilizados para avaliar a validade de critério entre participantes e não participantes de RC. Os resultados da aplicação em função das características dos pacientes (gênero, idade, estado de saúde e grau de escolaridade) foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: A versão em português da CRBS apresentou alfa de Cronbach de 0,88, ICC de 0,68 e revelou cinco fatores, cuja maioria apresentou-se internamente consistente e todos definidos pelos itens. O escore médio para pacientes em RC foi 1,29 (desvio padrão = 0,27) e para pacientes do ambulatório 2,36 (desvio padrão = 0,50) (p < 0,001). A validade de critério foi apoiada também por diferenças significativas nos escores totais por sexo, idade e nível educacional. CONCLUSÃO: A versão em português da CRBS apresenta validade e confiabilidade adequadas, apoiando sua utilização em estudos futuros.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases show high incidence and prevalence in Brazil; however, participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) is limited and has been poorly investigated in the country. The Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS) was developed to assess the barriers to participation and adherence to CR. OBJECTIVE: To translate, cross-culturally adapt and psychometrically validate CRBS to Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: Two independent initial translations were performed. After the reverse translation, both versions were reviewed by a committee. The new version was tested in 173 patients with coronary artery disease (48 women, mean age = 63 years). Of these, 139 (80.3%) participated in CR. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and construct validity by factor analysis. T-tests were used to assess criterion validity between participants and non-participants in CR. The applied test results were evaluated regarding patient characteristics (gender, age, health status and educational level). RESULTS: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the CRBS had Cronbach's alpha of 0.88, ICC of 0.68 and disclosed five factors, most of which showed to be internally consistent and all were defined by the items. The mean score for patients in CR was 1.29 (SD = 0.27) and 2.36 for ambulatory patients (SD = 0.50) (p <0.001). Criterion validity was also supported by significant differences in total scores by gender, age and educational level. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of CRBS has shown adequate validity and reliability, which supports its use in future studies.

Impacto de la adherencia a las recomendaciones de hábitos de vida cardiosaludables en la capacidad funcional a largo plazo en pacientes que han completado un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca / Impact of adherence to recommendations on a healthy heart lifestyle on long-term functional capacity in patients completing a cardiac rehabilitation programme

Objetivo. Estudiar el grado de adherencia a largo plazo a los hábitos de vida cardiosaludables en pacientes isquémicos que han completado un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca y prevención secundaria (PRCyPS) y su impacto en la capacidad funcional. Diseño. Estudio analítico de cohortes histórico de pacientes isquémicos de riesgo moderado que completaron un PRCyPS en una Unidad de Rehabilitación Cardíaca en 2006-2007. Material y método. Las variables de estudio se recogieron en 3períodos: antes de empezar, tras terminar y a los 6 años de finalizar el PRCyPS. Como instrumentos de medida se utiliza el cuestionario sobre dieta mediterránea de Trichopoulou, el test de Morisky Green, el cuestionario internacional sobre actividad física y una ergometría. Se consideró cumplidor al paciente que seguía los 4 consejos cardiosaludables. La significación estadística se estableció en p<0,05. Resultados. Un total de 41 pacientes revisados a los 6 años (38 hombres, con 56 años de edad media). La adherencia a las recomendaciones cardiosaludables a los 6 años la cumplían 13 pacientes (32%). Los no cumplidores alcanzaron una capacidad funcional al finalizar el programa y a los 6 años de 10,4 y 8,3 respectivamente, mientras que los cumplidores alcanzaron 9,8 y 8,9. La pérdida de capacidad funcional en los no cumplidores fue del 20% frente a solo el 6% en los cumplidores (p=0,02). Conclusión. La adherencia a las recomendaciones de hábitos de vida cardiosaludables transmitidas en los PRCyPS a los 6 años es bajo (32%). Los pacientes que siguen todas las recomendaciones solo pierden un 6% de la capacidad funcional a los 6 años frente al 20% de la capacidad funcional que pierden los pacientes que no tienen una buena adherencia (AU)

Objective. To evaluate long-term adherence to healthy heart lifestyle habits in ischemic patients completing a cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention (CR/SP) programme and its impact on functional capacity. Design. Analytic historical cohort study of ischemic patients at moderate-risk who completed a CR/SP programme in a Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit from 2006-2007. Material and method. The study variables were collected in 3periods: Before and after the programme and 6 years later. Measurement instruments included Trichopoulou's Mediterranean diet questionnaire, the Morisky Green test, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and a stress test. Patients following 4 healthy heart recommendations were considered to be adherent. Statistical significance was set at P<.05. Results. A total of 41 patients were evaluated at 6 years; 38 were men and the mean age was 56 years. Thirteen patients (32%) were considered adherent to healthy heart recommendations at 6 years. At the end of the programme and at 6 years, functional capacity was 10.4 and 8.3, respectively, in adherent patients and 9.8 and 8.9 in non-adherent patients. Loss of functional capacity in non-adherent patients was 20% compared with only 6% in adherent patients (P=.02). Conclusion. Adherence to healthy heart recommendations made in a CP/SP programme was low (32%). Patients who adhered to all the recommendations lost only 6% of their functional capacity at 6 years compared with 20% of functional capacity in non-adherent patients (AU)

Relación entre la aplicación de un protocolo de tratamiento kinésico y la variación de parámetros hemodinámicos en pacientes con patología cardiovascular recientemente operados / Hemodynamic profile of patients was undergoing cardiac surgery and their relationships with the application of a respiratory physical therapy protocol

Objetivo: Analizar el perfil hemodinámico de pacientesoperados de cirugía cardiaca y su relación con la aplicaciónde un protocolo de tratamiento kinésico. La hipótesis detrabajo establece que no existe relación entre la aplicación deun protocolo de tratamiento kinésico y la generación decambios hemodinámicos deletéreos...

Background: This study proposes to analyze the profilehemodynamic of patients was undergoing cardiac surgeryand their relationships with the application of a respiratoryphysical therapy protocol. The hypothesis was that there isnot a relation between the application of a respiratoryphysiotherapy protocol and the generation of changes hemodynamicsdeleterious...

Instrumento para la evaluación del riesgo de arritmias durante el entrenamiento no aeróbico en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular / Prediction of arrhythmias during non-aerobic training in patients with cardiovascular disease

Objetivo: El entrenamiento físico de fuerza, flexibilidad, coordinación, propiocepción y equilibrio neuromuscular (fisioterapia) está recomendado en programas de rehabilitación cardiaca. Sin embargo, los pacientes pueden presentar arritmias no pronosticadas en la estratificación del riesgo. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un modelo de predicción de arritmias en las sesiones de fisioterapia. Material y método: Estudiamos una cohorte de pacientes (n = 412) que realizaron ejercicios de fisioterapia durante 30 min al día, 3 veces por semana, a intensidad moderada, mientras un cardiólogo supervisaba el trazo electrocardiográfico. Se comparó la presencia de arritmias en sesiones de fisioterapia según su aparición en la prueba de ejercicio (PE) de estratificación. Todo valor de p < 0,05 fue significativo. Finalmente, se realizó un modelo multivariable de regresión logística. Resultados: De los 412 pacientes, 270 (65%) presentaron arritmias en kinesioterapia y no hubo complicaciones mayores. El riesgo relativo para tener arritmias en fisioterapia fue de 1,89 (IC95% 1,25-2,86, p < 0,01), acorde a su presencia en la PE. Otras variables asociadas fueron miocardiopatía dilatada, baja fracción de eyección, uso de digoxina, diuréticos, bajo consumo pico de oxígeno y baja eficiencia ventilatoria (VE/VCO2). En el modelo de regresión, las variables que se mantuvieron significativas fueron: arritmias en la PE, consumo pico de oxígeno y uso de diuréticos. Conclusión: Las arritmias son frecuentes en pacientes con cardiopatía durante las sesiones de fisioterapia y las variables predictivas fueron el uso de diuréticos, el consumo pico de oxígeno y la ocurrencia de arritmias en la PE. Se recomienda supervisar con monitorización electrocardiográfica continua estas sesiones en sujetos de riesgo

Aim: Non-aerobic physical training (NAPhT) sessions with strength, flexibility, coordination, proprioception and neuromuscular balance exercises is recommended in cardiac rehabilitation programs. However, some patients have arrhythmias that are not detected in the risk stratification. The aim of this study was to make a prediction model of arrhythmias during NAPhT sessions. Material and method: We studied a cohort of patients (n= 412) undergoing NAPhT for 30 min, 3 times a week, with a moderate intensity. A cardiologist monitored the electrocardiographic signal. The occurrence of arrhythmia during NAPhT was compared with its presence in the risk stratification stress testing. All P values <.05 were considered significant. Multivariate logistic regression model was also performed. Results: From a total of 412 patients, 270 (65%) showed arrhythmias in NAPhT, without major complications. Relative risk of arrhythmia in NAPhT was 1.89 (95% CI 1.25-2.86, P < .01), when arrhythmia was present during stress testing. In the bivariate analysis, other variables associated were dilated cardiomyopathy, low ejection fraction, use of digoxin, diuretics, low peak oxygen uptake and low ventilatory efficiency. In the regression model, 3 variables remained significant: arrhythmias in stress test, peak oxygen uptake and diuretic. Conclusion: The presence of arrhythmias during NAPhT sessions in patients with heart disease is elevated, and they are associated with diuretic use, peak oxygen uptake values and the presence of arrhythmias in stress testing. Therefore, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring is recommended in these kind of patients

Situación actual de la rehabilitación cardiaca en Chile / Current status of cardiac rehabilitation in Chile

Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs play an important role in the control and prevention of new cardiac events. Aim: A survey was performed to evaluate the current situation of CR programs in Chile. Material and Methods: A questionnaire evaluating the structure of rehabilitation centers, characteristics of the rehabilitation programs and patients, management of risk factors, reimbursement methods, human resources and potential barriers for an efficient rehabilitation, was mailed to centers dedicated to CR in Chile. Results: Eight centers were contacted and seven responded. Coronary heart disease is the most common underlying disease of attended patients and CR is carried out mainly during phases II and III. All CR centers perform an initial assessment, stratify patients, plan and provide tips on physical activity and nutrition. Only three centers provide help to quit smoking. Lipid profile and blood sugar are assessed in 62% of centers. Most practitioners involved are cardiologists, nurses, physiotherapists and nutritionists, all trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The main barrier for their development is the lack of patient referral from practitioners. Conclusions: Despite the recognized value of CR in the care of patients after a cardiac event, this study reveals the need for further development of such programs and improvement of patient referrals.

Efeitos do repouso e do exercício no solo e na água em hipertensos e normotensos / Effects of rest and exercise on ground and in water in hypertensive and normotensive patients

Este estudo visou avaliar o efeito do repouso e do exercício, realizados no solo e na água, sobre a frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) e o volume de diurese em indivíduos hipertensos e normotensos. Foram analisados 20 indivíduos divididos em dois grupos, normotensos (GN, n=8) e hipertensos (GH, n=12). Em ambos foram realizados quatro protocolos distintos, dois de exercícios e dois de repouso, no solo e na água. A PAS, PAD e FC foram mensuradas durante repouso e aos 30, 60 e 90 minutos após cada protocolo. O volume de diurese foi corrigido pelo peso corporal e coletado 30 minutos após cada protocolo. No GH, o protocolo de exercício no solo promoveu redução média de 16,5±3,7 mmHg (p=0,01) da PAS aos 90 minutos pós-exercício. No GN, o protocolo de repouso na água promoveu redução média de 14 bpm (p<0,01) da FC e o volume de diurese foi maior quando comparado aos protocolos realizados no solo (p<0,01). Portanto, a imersão desencadeou bradicardia e aumento do volume de diurese no GN. Não houve efeito hipotensor significativo nos protocolos realizados na água em ambos os grupos. Os resultados sugerem que uma sessão de exercício físico no solo com duração de 45 minutos, em intensidade submáxima, provoca redução da PAS em indivíduos hipertensos.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of rest and exercise, accomplished on the ground or in water on the heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and the volume of diuresis in hypertensive and normotensive individuals. Twenty individuals were analyzed and divided into two groups, normotensive (GN, n=8) and hypertensive (GH, n=12). Both groups accomplished four distinct protocols, two protocols of exercise and two protocols of rest on the ground and in the water. The SBP, DBP and HR were measured at rest and at 30, 60 and 90 minutes after each protocol. The volume of diuresis was corrected for the body weight and collected 30 minutes after each protocol. In the GH, the exercise protocol on the ground caused an average reduction of 16.5±3.7 mmHg (p=0.01) in SBP at 90 minutes post-exercise. In the GN, the protocol of rest in the water caused an average reduction of 14 bpm (p<0.01) in HR and the volume of diuresis was increased when compared with the protocols accomplished on the ground (p<0.01). Therefore, the immersion triggered bradycardia and increase in volume of diuresis in the normotensive group. There was no significant hypotensive effect in the protocols performed in water in both groups. The results suggest that an exercise session on the ground during 45 minutes in submaximal intensity causes a reduction in SBP in hypertensive subjects.

Interacciones entre dispositivos cardíacos implantables y modalidades fisioterapéuticas: ¿Mito o realidad? / Cardiac implantable devices and physiotherapy practices interaction: Myth or real?

La fisioterapia se ha transformado en una especialidad que claramente incide en la calidad de vida de nuestros pacientes. En poblaciones añosas, el uso de fisioterapia incluye múltiples modalidades para un alto número de distintas enfermedades. Varios informes sobre posibles interacciones negativas entre las distintas modalidades de fisioterapia y los dispositivos cardíacos implantables (marcapasos y cardiodesfibriladores) han sido publicados en los últimos aňos. A pesar de ello, existe muy poca evidencia y guías precisas para identificar cuáles son las modalidades de fisioterapia seguras a utilizar en esta población de pacientes. En la siguiente revisión, nos propusimos resumir las interacciones documentadas entre fisioterapia y dispositivos cardíacos implantables (DCI), discutir el estándar actual de estas prácticas e identificar las principales consideraciones que existen desde la perspectiva de un servicio de electrofisiología cardíaca, para el tratamiento adecuado en estos pacientes. Finalmente, abogamos por fortalecer la colaboración entre fisioterapeutas y electrofisiólogos, con el fin de asegurar una óptima y segura atención de este grupo de pacientes.

Several reports of negative interactions between physiotherapy practices and cardiac rhythm devices (CRDs) have been described in the literature. In spite of this, there is very little evidence to suggest the extent to which it is safe to use physiotherapy practices in this patient population. Here we summarize the documented interactions between physiotherapy and CRDs, discuss the current standard of practice for treating CRD patients, and outline the main considerations that exist from the arrhythmia service perspective in terms of patient and device factors. Finally, we advocate for a stronger cooperation between physiotherapists and the electrophysiology service team in order to safely and effectively deliver optimal physiotherapy care to CRD patients.

Nivel de satisfacción del paciente sobre la calidad de atención de enfermería en el Programa de Rehabilitación Cardíaca Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen / Level of patient satisfaction about the quality of nursing care in the Program of Cardiac Rehabilitation, National Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen

El Objetivo fue determinar el nivel de satisfacción del paciente sobre la calidad de atención de Enfermería en el Programa de Rehabilitación Cardiaca Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. Material y Método: El estudio fue de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 50. La técnica fue la entrevista y el instrumento el cuestionario aplicado previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Del 100 por ciento (50), 60 por ciento (30) tienen satisfacción media, 22 por ciento (11) baja y 18 por ciento (9) alto. En la dimensión técnica 72 por ciento (32) media, 20 por ciento (10) baja, y 8 por ciento (4) alta; en la dimensión humana, 86 por ciento (43) media, 8 por ciento (4) baja y 6 por ciento (3) alta; en la dimensión entorno 62 por ciento (31) medio, 24 por ciento (12) bajo y 14 por ciento (7) alto. Conclusiones: El mayor porcentaje tienen un nivel de satisfacción de media a baja ya que la enfermera demuestra un trato cordial y amable, se presenta con su nombre, tienen equipos suficientes, cuenta con buena iluminación; desconoce el uso de aparatos utilizados en la sesión, emplea términos difíciles de entender, consideran que el espacio físico es inadecuado; seguido de un mínimo porcentaje significativo con satisfacción alta ya que la enfermera acude a atenderlo de inmediato, coordina los cuidados con otros profesionales, se presenta con su nombre cuando lo atiende, demuestra un trato cordial y amabl.

The objective was to determine the level of patient satisfaction on the quality of nursing care in the Cardiac Rehabilitation Program at National Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. Materials and Methods: The study was applicative level, quantitative type, descriptive method of cross section. The population consisted of 50. The technique was the interview and the questionnaire administered instrument prior informed consent. Results: 100 per cent (50), 60 per cent (30) have average satisfaction, 22 per cent (11) lower and 18 per cent (9) high. In the technical dimension 72 per cent (32) average, 20 per cent (10) low, and 8 per cent (4) high; Human dimension, 86 per cent (43) average, 8 per cent (4) low and 6 per cent (3) high; environment dimension in 62 per cent (31) average, 24 per cent (12) low and 14 per cent (7) high. Conclusions: The oldest percent have a medium level of satisfaction low as nurse demonstrates a friendly and kind attention, he appears with your name, have enough equipment, has good lighting; using known equipment used in the session, used terms difficult to understand, they consider that the physical space is inadequate; followed by a significant percentage least as high satisfaction with nurse comes to see you right away, coordinates care with other professionals, it is presented with his name when attending shows a cordial and friendly treatment.

Nuevos aspectos fisiopatológicos en la intervención psicosocial de las personas con enfermedad arterial coronaria / New pathophysiological aspects in the psychosocial intervention of the coronary illness patient

Varios estudios han obtenido vasta información de dominios específicos psicosociales como la depresión, la ansiedad, los rasgos de carácter, los trastornos de personalidad, y han mostrado una clara evidencia acerca de la significativa contribución de esos factores psicosociales en la expresión y patogénesis de las enfermedades coronarias. Se hizo esta revisión para examinar las nuevas evidencias epidemiológicas acerca de la asociación entre estos factores de riesgo psicosociales y la enfermedad arterial coronaria e identificar los principales mecanismos fisiopatológicos que subyacen entre estas 2 entidades. Esta aproximación parte del nacimiento de un campo emergente en la cardiología conductual, basado en el entendimiento de que estos factores de riesgo psicosociales y conductuales en la enfermedad coronaria no solamente están estrechamente relacionados, sino que también requieren de un trabajo en equipo entre cardiólogos, psiquiatras y otros especialistas de la atención primaria(AU)

Some studies have obtained vast information on psychosocial specific domains including depression, anxiety, character traits, and personality disorders and have demonstrated a clear evidence on the significant contribution of these psychosocial factors to expression and pathogenesis of coronary diseases. The objective of present review was to examine the new epidemiological evidences on the association between these psychosocial risk factors and the coronary arterial disease and to identify the main pathophysiological mechanisms present among these two entities. This approach is from the rise of a emergent field in behavioral cardiology, based on the understanding that these psychosocial and behavioral risk factors in coronary disease not only are closed related, but that also they require a team work among cardiologists, psychiatrists and other specialists of primary care(AU)

Nuevos aspectos fisiopatológicos en la intervención psicosocial de las personas con enfermedad arterial coronaria / New pathophysiological aspects in the psychosocial intervention of the coronary illness patient

Varios estudios han obtenido vasta información de dominios específicos psicosociales como la depresión, la ansiedad, los rasgos de carácter, los trastornos de personalidad, y han mostrado una clara evidencia acerca de la significativa contribución de esos factores psicosociales en la expresión y patogénesis de las enfermedades coronarias. Se hizo esta revisión para examinar las nuevas evidencias epidemiológicas acerca de la asociación entre estos factores de riesgo psicosociales y la enfermedad arterial coronaria e identificar los principales mecanismos fisiopatológicos que subyacen entre estas 2 entidades. Esta aproximación parte del nacimiento de un campo emergente en la cardiología conductual, basado en el entendimiento de que estos factores de riesgo psicosociales y conductuales en la enfermedad coronaria no solamente están estrechamente relacionados, sino que también requieren de un trabajo en equipo entre cardiólogos, psiquiatras y otros especialistas de la atención primaria

Some studies have obtained vast information on psychosocial specific domains including depression, anxiety, character traits, and personality disorders and have demonstrated a clear evidence on the significant contribution of these psychosocial factors to expression and pathogenesis of coronary diseases. The objective of present review was to examine the new epidemiological evidences on the association between these psychosocial risk factors and the coronary arterial disease and to identify the main pathophysiological mechanisms present among these two entities. This approach is from the rise of a emergent field in behavioral cardiology, based on the understanding that these psychosocial and behavioral risk factors in coronary disease not only are closed related, but that also they require a team work among cardiologists, psychiatrists and other specialists of primary care

Conocimientos y actitudes del paciente sobre entrenamiento físico y control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en el Programa de Rehabilitación Cardiaca Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen EsSalud / Knowledge and attitudes of the patient about physical training and control of factors of risk cardiovascular in the Cardiac Rehabilitation Program at the National Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen EsSalud

El Objetivo fue determinar los Conocimientos y Actitudes del Paciente sobre Entrenamiento Físico y Control de Factores de Riesgo Cardiovascular en el Programa de Rehabilitación Cardiaca. Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen Es Salud. Lima-Perú 2015. Material y Método. El estudio fue de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 20. La técnica fue la encuesta y los instrumentos fueron un cuestionario y una escala de actitud aplicados previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Del 100 por ciento (20), 60 por ciento (12) conocen, 40 por ciento (8) no conocen; y en cuanto a las actitudes 65 por ciento (13) eran desfavorables y 35 por ciento (7) favorables. Los ítems que conocen está referido al beneficio del entrenamiento físico orientada a mejorar la tolerancia al ejercicio, disminuir el colesterol y mejorar los síntomas de enfermedad del corazón, que la dieta del paciente con diabetes consiste en restringir alimentos ricos en azúcares, disminuir el consumo de harinas, carbohidratos y grasas, y para evitar el incremento de la presión arterial debe realizar ejercicios, evitar el consumo de tabaco, ingerir alimentos libre de grasas, sin exceso de azúcar; seguido de ítems que no conocen que 1a obesidad se puede evitar mediante 1a ingesta de una dieta saludable a base de pescado, pollo, alimentos bajo en grasa y azúcar, ingerir abundantes verduras y realizar ejercicios, y el efecto del tabaco en las arterias del corazón; en cuanto a las actitudes favorables los pacientes acuden a las sesiones, algunas veces incumplen los ejercicios porque le da pereza, y asisten a las sesiones de charla educativa; mientras que los ítems con actitud desfavorable está dado porque omiten el control de la presión arterial, faltan a las sesiones, les resulta imposible dejar los gustos alimentarios y no cumplen con la dieta restringida en grasas. Conclusiones: El mayor porcentaje conocen que el objetivo del...

The objective was to determine the Patient Knowledge and Attitudes about Physical Training and Control of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Cardiac Rehabilitation Program. Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen National Hospital's Health. Lima-Peru 2015. Material and Methods: The study was applicative level, quantitative type, descriptive method of cross section. The population consisted of 20. The technique was the survey and the instruments were a questionnaire and attitude scale applied prior informed consent. Results: 100 per cent (20), 60 per cent (12) known, 40 per cent (8) do not know; and attitudes regarding 65 per cent (13) were unfavorable and 35 per cent (7) favorable. The items they know is based on the benefit of physical training aimed at improving exercise tolerance, lower cholesterol and improve symptoms of heart disease, the diet of patients with diabetes is to restrict foods high in sugar, reduce consumption flours, carbohydrates and fats, and to avoid increasing blood pressure should perform exercises, avoid eating snuff, eating fat-free foods, without excess sugar; followed by items that do not know that obesity can be prevented by eating a healthy diet of fish, chicken, low-fat foods and sugar, eating plenty of vegetables and exercise, and the effect of snuff in the heart arteries ; as to the favorable attitudes patients attend meetings, sometimes violate the exercises because you get lazy, and attend educational talk sessions; whereas items with unfavorable attitude is given because they omit the control of blood pressure, missing sessions, they find it impossible to leave food tastes and do not meet the fat-restricted diet. Conclusions: The highest percentage know that the goal of physical training is to keep the heart healthy and strong, and items that do not know is that being a smoker is considered when the person smokes 1 cigarette a week. The highest percentage have an unfavorable attitude as they find it impossible to leave the food tastes and...