RESUMEN
Spontaneous endometriosis is common in women, great apes and Old World monkeys, but rare in New World monkeys. We report on the clinical diagnosis and successful combination of surgical and medical treatment in a case of spontaneous endometriosis in a diabetic hooded capuchin. Addressing this painful condition had a positive welfare impact.
Asunto(s)
Endometriosis , Enfermedades de los Monos , Sapajus apella , Animales , Endometriosis/diagnóstico , Endometriosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Endometriosis/cirugía , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Monos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Monos/cirugía , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hyporexia and weight loss are important indicators of physical and psychological well-being in macaque colonies. An FDA-approved transdermal formulated Mirtazapine (MTZ) shows effectiveness in managing feline hyporexia. This study sought to determine its effectiveness as an appetite stimulant in macaques. METHODS: Fourteen macaques with idiopathic hyporexia, intractable to conventional management were treated with transdermal MTZ (0.5 mg/kg) topically administered to aural pinnae once daily for 14 days. Qualitative food consumption was monitored daily for 6 months. Body weights were collected prior to treatment, every 2 weeks for the first 6 weeks, 10 weeks, and 6 months post-treatment. RESULTS: Transdermal MTZ significantly reduced the frequency of hyporexia during treatment and monthly for 6 months. No significant increase in weight noted until approximately 6 months post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study indicate that a short course of transdermal MTZ is an effective way to increase food consumption in macaques chronically.
Asunto(s)
Anorexia/tratamiento farmacológico , Estimulantes del Apetito/administración & dosificación , Macaca fascicularis , Macaca mulatta , Mirtazapina/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Administración Cutánea , Animales , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The successive reports of Platynosomum illiciens in Neotropical captive primates have increased interest in platynosomosis; however, its treatment is little known. METHODS: Callithrix penicillata (n = 10) naturally and chronically infected with P. illiciens were treated with praziquantel (25 mg/kg BW, three s.c. doses at 24 hours intervals), and coproparasitological tests performed over 67 days. The proportions of primates with a reduction in fecal egg counts (FEC) or negative results progressively increased after treatment, and at the last fecal tests, marmosets were negative. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Although all primates tolerated the initial days of study well, 40% (4/10) of them died between the 8th and 16th days after the onset of treatment. Clinical signs and necropsies indicated the occurrence of hepatic involvement, biliary obstruction, and cholangitis. Marmosets with a higher previous FEC were more likely to die after treatment. Use of praziquantel should be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis.
Asunto(s)
Antiplatelmínticos/efectos adversos , Callithrix , Dicrocoeliidae/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Praziquantel/efectos adversos , Infecciones por Trematodos/veterinaria , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Brasil , Femenino , Masculino , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitología , Infecciones por Trematodos/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Trematodos/parasitologíaRESUMEN
In a golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) colony kept indoors in a German zoo, two animals presented a sudden onset of reduced general condition, lethargy, and diarrhea. At animal capture for clinical examination, adult nematode stages were observed after stress-induced defecation. Despite treatment, two golden lion tamarins died in the following 2 days. At necropsy, spirurid stages were found in the lungs and intestine. Additionally, adult Pterygodermatites spp. were identified in histopathological samples of intestine and pancreas, confirming the previous diagnosis. Upon diagnosis, all animals were treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg; SC). Thereafter, the general condition of the golden lion tamarins improved, whereby some of them excreted spirurid nematodes over 3 days. Four weeks after treatment, 20 fecal samples from the colony were examined and proved negative for parasitic stages. Given that common German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) are suitable intermediate hosts of Pterygodermatites nycticebi, 30 specimens were collected from seven different locations around the golden lion tamarins housing. Third-stage larvae of Pterygodermatites spp. were recovered from those cockroaches. Regular anthelmintic treatments, coprological screenings, and controls for intermediate hosts were recommended. More than 2 years later, P. nycticebi infection was diagnosed again histopathologically in an aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) which suddenly died. Coprological analysis confirmed the presence of spirurid eggs. Due to prosimian primates' cockroach-eating habits and given that total cockroach eradication proved impossible, continuous cockroach control strategies and regular treatments of primates are currently performed to prevent further P. nycticebi infections.
Asunto(s)
Leontopithecus/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitología , Infecciones por Rhabditida/veterinaria , Strepsirhini/parasitología , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Antiparasitarios/uso terapéutico , Blattellidae/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Alemania , Control de Insectos , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Monos/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Monos/prevención & control , Rabdítidos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Rabdítidos/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Rhabditida/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Rhabditida/mortalidad , Infecciones por Rhabditida/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Marburg virus (MARV) is a filovirus with documented human case-fatality rates of up to 90%. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir (GS-5734) in nonhuman primates experimentally infected with MARV. Beginning 4 or 5 days post inoculation, cynomolgus macaques were treated once daily for 12 days with vehicle, 5 mg/kg remdesivir, or a 10-mg/kg loading dose followed by 5 mg/kg remdesivir. All vehicle-control animals died, whereas 83% of animals receiving a 10-mg/kg loading dose of remdesivir survived, as did 50% of animals receiving a 5-mg/kg remdesivir regimen. Remdesivir-treated animals exhibited improved clinical scores, lower plasma viral RNA, and improved markers of kidney function, liver function, and coagulopathy versus vehicle-control animals. The small molecule remdesivir showed therapeutic efficacy in this Marburg virus disease model with treatment initiation 5 days post inoculation, supporting further assessment of remdesivir for the treatment of Marburg virus disease in humans.
Asunto(s)
Antimetabolitos/uso terapéutico , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg/tratamiento farmacológico , Marburgvirus/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenosina Monofosfato/análogos & derivados , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg/mortalidad , Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg/patología , Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg/virología , Enfermedades de los Monos/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Monos/patología , Enfermedades de los Monos/virología , ARN ViralRESUMEN
Infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis can be difficult to diagnose and treat successfully. Twenty-four cases from the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) London Zoo and ZSL Whipsnade Zoo were identified between 2001 and 2019. Husbandry, medical, and postmortem records for six primates, 10 artiodactyls, and eight birds were reviewed to identify common clinical signs and gross lesions. Most cases occurred during the winter; however, an outbreak in four primates occurred during the summer following a period of stress associated with increased ambient noise and activity. Common clinical signs included lethargy (6/6 primates, 4/10 artiodactyls, 4/8 birds) or death without premonitory signs (3/10 artiodactyls, 4/8 birds). Once clinical signs were observed, disease progressed quickly. Poor condition was common in mammals (6/6 primates, 9/10 artiodactyls), but often went undetected until postmortem examination. Neurological signs occurred in three of six primates. Diarrhea and anorexia were uncommon in all animals. Hepatitis was observed in all groups (4/6 primates, 2/10 artiodactyls, 4/8 birds), mesenteric lymphadenomegaly was common in mammals (4/6 primates, 8/10 artiodactyls), and gastroenteritis was common in artiodactyls (7/10). Erythematous, punctate rashes, which have only been reported with yersiniosis in humans, were present in three of six primates. Bacterial cultures from the liver in primates and birds or enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes in artiodactyls were often diagnostic. All isolates were susceptible to marbofloxacin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, ceftazidime, amoxicillin clavulanic acid, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin, and doxycycline, and resistant to clindamycin. Histopathology and Perl's Prussian blue stains were performed on available liver samples (n = 18). Intracellular hemosiderin was present in 17 of 18 cases. Additional research is needed to determine if there is a relationship between hemosiderosis and yersiniosis.
Asunto(s)
Antílopes , Enfermedades de las Aves/diagnóstico , Ciervos , Enfermedades de los Monos/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/veterinaria , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Artiodáctilos , Enfermedades de las Aves/tratamiento farmacológico , Aves , Inglaterra , Femenino , Haplorrinos , Masculino , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Lassa virus, the cause of Lassa fever in humans, is endemic to West Africa. Treatment of Lassa fever is primarily supportive, although ribavirin has shown limited efficacy if administered early during infection. We tested favipiravir in Lassa virus-viremic macaques and found that 300 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks successfully treated infection.
Asunto(s)
Amidas/uso terapéutico , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Fiebre de Lassa/veterinaria , Virus Lassa/aislamiento & purificación , Macaca , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Pirazinas/uso terapéutico , Amidas/administración & dosificación , Animales , Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Inyecciones Subcutáneas/veterinaria , Fiebre de Lassa/tratamiento farmacológico , Pirazinas/administración & dosificación , Distribución Aleatoria , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess Trichuris species infection and evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole and ivermectin against natural trichurid infections in non-human primates (NHPs), kept at Mahendra Chaudhury (MC) Zoological Park, Chhatbir, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Molecular confirmation of Trichuris infection was carried out using polymerase chain reaction targeting internal transcribed spacer sequences, and anthelmintic efficacy was assessed by fecal egg count reduction test, respectively. RESULTS: A 710 base pair product confirmed Trichuris species infection in NHPs. Fenbendazole, 10 mg/kg body weight orally for 5 consecutive days and ivermectin, 100 µg/kg body weight orally for 3 alternate days proved effective and showed a maximum fecal egg reduction of 99.20% and 100% (P < .05) at day 7 post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the molecular confirmation of Trichuris species in non-human primates and its management using fenbendazole and ivermectin.
Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Monos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Tricuriasis/diagnóstico , Tricuriasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Trichuris/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Colobinae , Heces/parasitología , Fenbendazol/uso terapéutico , India , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Macaca mulatta , Macaca nemestrina , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitología , Óvulo/parasitología , Papio hamadryas , Tricuriasis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Impetigo is a bacterial infection of the superficial layer of the epidermis with crusting or bullae caused by Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., or both. A 14-yr-old red-tailed monkey ( Cercopithecus ascanius) presented with recurrent scabbing and ulceration under the nares over an 8-yr period. Repeated cultures and biopsy samples led to a presumptive diagnosis of impetigo, later confirmed on necropsy. Multiple antibiotic regimens were employed with varying success during multiple episodes, while lesions resolved on their own at other times. This condition has not been previously reported in a nonhuman primate, although it is not uncommon in humans.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecus , Impétigo/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Monos/microbiología , Animales , Femenino , Impétigo/tratamiento farmacológico , Impétigo/patología , Masculino , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Monos/patologíaRESUMEN
Two adult sibling red-handed tamarins ( Saguinus midas) presented with weight loss and multifocal skin masses. A skin biopsy revealed pyogranulomatous dermatitis with intrafollicular Demodex sp. mites. Subsequent skin scrapes confirmed the presence of live mites within lesions. Initial treatment with topical and oral ivermectin was unsuccessful, and lesions continued to progress. A single dose of fluralaner (Bravecto®, Merck Animal Health, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033, USA; 28.125 mg po) was administered to each animal approximately 5 mo after initial presentation. Lesions resolved over the next 3 mo, and all follow-up skin scrapes were negative for both animals. No adverse effects were noted. A single oral administration of fluralaner at 30-35 mg/kg appears adequate and safe for the treatment of generalized demodicosis in red-handed tamarins.
Asunto(s)
Acaricidas/uso terapéutico , Isoxazoles/uso terapéutico , Infestaciones por Ácaros/veterinaria , Ácaros/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Saguinus , Administración Oral , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Femenino , Masculino , Infestaciones por Ácaros/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
A rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) was presented for anuria. Examination revealed calcium oxalate concrements in the bladder. A cystotomy was performed, and a therapy with alfuzosin was conducted. Over 1 year after the treatment, the rhesus macaque had not shown any more signs of stranguria. This is the first case reporting the successful treatment of urolithiasis in a rhesus macaque.
Asunto(s)
Cistotomía/veterinaria , Macaca mulatta , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Monos/cirugía , Nefrolitiasis/veterinaria , Quinazolinas/administración & dosificación , Agentes Urológicos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Masculino , Nefrolitiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Nefrolitiasis/cirugíaRESUMEN
An 8-yr-old male golden lion tamarin ( Leontopithecus rosalia ) was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus based on hyperglycemia and persistent glycosuria. Initial treatment consisted of the oral antihyperglycemic medications glipizide and metformin that resulted in decreased blood glucose concentrations; however, marked glycosuria persisted. Insufficient improvement on oral antihyperglycemic therapy and poor feasibility of daily subcutaneous insulin therapy led to an investigation into an alternative therapy with extended-release exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetic, at a dosage of 0.13 mg/kg subcutaneously once per month. Following treatment with exenatide, the persistent glycosuria resolved, the animal maintained normal blood glucose concentrations, and had lower serum fructosamine concentrations compared to pretreatment levels. Based on these findings, extended-release exenatide could be considered as a therapeutic option in nonhuman primates with diabetes mellitus that do not respond to oral antihyperglycemics and in which daily subcutaneous insulin is not feasible.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/veterinaria , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Leontopithecus , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Péptidos/uso terapéutico , Ponzoñas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Glucemia , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada , Diabetes Mellitus/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus/orina , Exenatida , Glucosuria , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Péptidos/administración & dosificación , Ponzoñas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The transmission of both cell-free and cell-associated immunodeficiency viruses has been demonstrated directly in multiple animal species and possibly occurs in humans, as suggested by genotyping of the infecting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in acutely infected women and in semen from their partners. Therefore, a microbicide may need to block both mechanisms of HIV transmission to achieve maximum efficacy. To date, most of the preclinical evaluation of candidate microbicides has been performed using cell-free HIV. New models of mucosal transmission of cell-associated HIV are needed to evaluate candidate microbicide performance. The MIV-150/zinc acetate/carrageenan (MZC) gel protects Depo-Provera-treated macaques against cell-free simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT) infection when applied vaginally up to 8 h before challenge. We recently demonstrated the potent activity of MZC gel against cell-free SHIV-RT in macaque vaginal explants. In the current study, we established a cell-associated SHIV-RT infection model of macaque vaginal tissues and tested the activity of MZC gel in this model. MZC gel protected tissues against cell-associated SHIV-RT infection when present at the time of viral exposure or when applied up to 4 days prior to viral challenge. These data support clinical testing of the MZC gel. Overall, our ex vivo model of cell-associated SHIV-RT infection in macaque vaginal mucosa complements the cell-free infection models, providing tools for prioritization of products that block both modes of HIV transmission.
Asunto(s)
Transcriptasa Inversa del VIH/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piridinas/uso terapéutico , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/tratamiento farmacológico , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/efectos de los fármacos , Urea/análogos & derivados , Acetato de Zinc/uso terapéutico , Administración Intravaginal , Animales , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Cuello del Útero/virología , Femenino , Transcriptasa Inversa del VIH/genética , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , VIH-1/enzimología , VIH-1/genética , Macaca mulatta , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Monos/virología , Membrana Mucosa/virología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/transmisión , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/enzimología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Urea/uso terapéutico , Cremas, Espumas y Geles Vaginales/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Marmoset wasting syndrome (MWS) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in captive marmosets, and thus far no reliable treatment has been found. Glucocorticoids are used widely to treat inflammatory conditions of the GI tract such as human and feline inflammatory bowel disease, which, such as MWS, are histologically characterized by chronic lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in the intestines. Budesonide is a glucocorticoid with few reported side effects due to the majority of it being metabolized into inactive compounds by the liver before entering the systemic circulation. METHOD: Eleven marmosets presented with antemortem signs consistent with MWS and were treated with oral prednisone or budesonide for 8 weeks. RESULTS: The marmosets in our study demonstrated a significant increase in both weight and albumin levels (relative to pre-treatment values) after glucocorticoid therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Glucocorticoids are an effective therapy to ameliorate the clinical signs associated with MWS with minimal side effects.
Asunto(s)
Budesonida/administración & dosificación , Callitrichinae , Glucocorticoides/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Prednisona/administración & dosificación , Síndrome Debilitante/veterinaria , Animales , Budesonida/farmacología , Glucocorticoides/farmacología , Prednisona/farmacología , Albúmina Sérica/efectos de los fármacos , Síndrome Debilitante/tratamiento farmacológico , Pérdida de Peso/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
A 13-yr-old female nulliparous Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopitchecus nigroviridis) presented with intermittent excessive vaginal bleeding, cyclical lethargy, and a history of irregular menstrual cycles. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a subjectively thickened, irregular endometrium, multiple leiomyomata (uterine fibroids), and bilateral anechoic foci on the ovaries. Treatment was initiated with leuprolide acetate i.m. monthly for 6 mo. Recheck ultrasound at 3 mo showed a decrease in leiomyoma diameter and no evidence of active follicles on the ovaries. Eleven months following completion of treatment, clinical signs recurred and the animal was treated with a deslorelin implant. Since implant placement, no vaginal bleeding has been noted.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecinae , Endometriosis/veterinaria , Leiomioma/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Antineoplásicos Hormonales/uso terapéutico , Implantes de Medicamentos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Femenino , Leiomioma/tratamiento farmacológico , Leiomioma/patología , Leuprolida/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Monos/patología , Pamoato de Triptorelina/administración & dosificación , Pamoato de Triptorelina/análogos & derivados , Pamoato de Triptorelina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The estrogenic efficacy of topical vaginal application of Pueraria mirifica extract (PM) on the restoration of vaginal atrophy, and the presence of any systemic side effects, were investigated in postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques. Twelve postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques, with complete cessation of menstruation for at least 5 years before start of this experiment, were divided into three groups. They received a topical vaginal application daily of 0.1 or 1% (w/w) PM cream or a conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) cream (a mixture of estrone, equilin, 17ß-dihydroequilin, 17α-estradiol and 17α-dihydroequilin at 0.625 mg total estrogen/g cream) for 28 days. Estrogenic efficacy was assessed weekly by vaginal cytology assay and vaginal pH measurement, whilst the plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and sex skin coloration levels were determined at the end of each treatment period to evaluate the systemic side effects. PM significantly increased the proportion of superficial cells in a dose-dependent manner, with a similar efficacy between 1% (w/w) PM and CEE. Together with increased vaginal maturation, PM decreased the vaginal pH to acidic levels, as observed in the CEE group. PM induced no detected systemic side effects, whilst CEE decreased the plasma LH level and increased the reddish color of the sex skin during the posttreatment period. Topical vaginal treatment with PM stimulated the maturation of the vaginal epithelium without causing systemic side effects in postmenopausal monkeys. The implication is that PM could be a safer alternative to treat vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.
Asunto(s)
Macaca fascicularis , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Pueraria , Vagina/patología , Enfermedades Vaginales/tratamiento farmacológico , Administración Tópica , Animales , Atrofia/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Fitoestrógenos/administración & dosificación , Fitoestrógenos/efectos adversos , Fitoterapia/efectos adversos , Fitoterapia/métodos , Fitoterapia/veterinaria , Extractos Vegetales/efectos adversos , Plantas Medicinales/efectos adversos , Posmenopausia/efectos de los fármacos , Pueraria/efectos adversos , Pueraria/química , Vagina/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Parasites are of major clinical significance in captive primates in zoos, particularly those with direct life cycles. Oxyurid nematodes can be a persistent problem, as infection intensity and environmental contamination with infective eggs are usually high. Observations at the Basel Zoo in Switzerland have revealed that particularly black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) exhibit continuous oxyurid nematode infection(s), despite regular deworming with anthelmintics. In the present study, using a molecular approach, we were able to identify the nematode (Trypanoxyuris atelis) causing this ongoing problem, and we are now evaluating a practical treatment and control regimen to tackle this parasite problem.
Asunto(s)
Antinematodos/uso terapéutico , Atelinae , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitología , Nematodos/genética , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Ciclooxigenasa 1/genética , Ciclooxigenasa 1/metabolismo , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Monos/epidemiología , Nematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Nematodos/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Nematodos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Filogenia , Suiza/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Iron overload is common in lemurs and some New World nonhuman primates raised in captivity, but there is no such documentation in the red bald-headed uakari (Cacajao calvus rubicundus). This study describes postmortem documentation of severe iron storage disease in one red bald-headed uakari and the use of iron chelation with oral deferasirox in the three surviving members of the colony. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify pretreatment iron burden and to follow the response to therapy in two females, 22 and 28 yr of age, and one male 33 yr of age. Baseline liver iron concentrations ranged from 16 to 23 mg/g dry weight. In humans, a liver iron concentration greater than 15 mg/g is considered severe and associated with endocrine and cardiac toxicity. The uakaris were otherwise asymptomatic, generally healthy, nonpregnant, and on a stable, low-iron diet. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging indicated that dosage escalations up to 100 mg/kg were needed to produce meaningful reductions in iron stores. After 5 yr of therapy, two animals continue at a dosage of 100 mg/kg per day, and the third was transitioned to twice-weekly maintenance dosing because of successful de-ironing. The animals tolerated iron chelation therapy well, having stable hematologic, renal, and hepatic function profiles before, during, and after treatment. Deferasirox monotherapy may represent a therapeutic option in primates with iron storage disease when dietary measures are ineffective and phlebotomy is logistically challenging.
Asunto(s)
Benzoatos/uso terapéutico , Hemocromatosis/veterinaria , Quelantes del Hierro/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Pitheciidae , Triazoles/uso terapéutico , Animales , Benzoatos/administración & dosificación , Deferasirox , Femenino , Hemocromatosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Quelantes del Hierro/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Triazoles/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Monkeys with insulin-dependent diabetes are important preclinical animal models for islet transplantation. Exogenous insulin should be administered to achieve good glycemic control and minimize the long-term vascular complications associated with diabetes until the graft function recovered completely. However, the effect of multiple daily injections of porcine or human insulin and the long-term effects of porcine insulin have not been studied in diabetic rhesus monkeys. METHODS: Diabetic rhesus monkeys, using a 6-month self-control insulin comparison experiment, were used to detect the incidence of adverse events and long-term diabetes complication events after long-term administration of porcine insulin. RESULTS: In this study, we found that a 20% higher dose of porcine insulin results in similar glycemic control as the human insulin regimen, and adverse events were seldom reported when porcine insulin was administered. Moreover, long-term injection with porcine insulin could delay the rate and severity of diabetes-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: Porcine insulin as a competent candidate for regular insulin therapy to maintain blood glucose levels in insulin-dependent diabetic monkeys during preclinical studies of islet transplantation.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/veterinaria , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Insulina Isófana/uso terapéutico , Insulina Regular Humana/uso terapéutico , Insulina Regular Porcina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Glucemia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamiento farmacológico , Nefropatías Diabéticas , Retinopatía Diabética , Hemoglobina Glucada , Hipoglucemiantes/efectos adversos , Hipoglucemiantes/economía , Insulina Isófana/efectos adversos , Insulina Isófana/economía , Insulina Regular Humana/efectos adversos , Insulina Regular Humana/economía , Insulina Regular Porcina/efectos adversos , Insulina Regular Porcina/economía , Macaca mulatta , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Approximately 3% of all human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected persons will develop a disabling inflammatory disease of the central nervous system known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, against which there is currently no efficient treatment. As correlation exists between the proviral load (PVL) and the clinical status of the carrier, it is thought that diminishing the PVL could prevent later occurrence of the disease. We have conducted a study combining valproate, an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, and azidothymidine, an inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, in a series of baboons naturally infected with simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), whose PVL was equivalent to that of HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers. We show that the combination of drugs caused a strong decrease in the PVL and prevented the transient rise in PVL that is seen after treatment with histone deacetylases alone. We then demonstrate that the PVL decline was associated with an increase in the STLV-1-specific cytotoxic T-cell population. We conclude that combined treatment with valproate to induce viral expression and azidothymidine to prevent viral propagation is a safe and effective means to decrease PVL in vivo. Such treatments may be useful to reduce the risk of HAM/TSP in asymptomatic carriers with a high PVL.