Differences in femoral fracture localizations in men and women in Switzerland between 1998 and 2021-reversal of the secular trend?

Number and age-standardized incidences of femoral fractures by sex and localization were determined annually between 1998 and 2021 in subjects aged 45 years or older living in Switzerland. The number and incidences of femoral neck, pertrochanteric, subtrochanteric, and femoral shaft fractures followed distinct unexpected trend patterns. INTRODUCTION: Long-term incidence trends for femoral fractures by individual localizations are unknown. METHODS: Annual absolute number of hospitalizations and median age at hospital admission between 1998 and 2021 were extracted from the medical database of the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics by sex and 10-year age groups for the following 10th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes: femoral neck (ICD-10 S72.0), pertrochanteric (S72.1), subtrochanteric (S72.2), and femoral shaft fractures (S72.3). Age-standardized incidence rates (ASI) and corresponding trends were calculated. RESULTS: Over 24 years, the number of femoral neck fractures increased in men (+ 45%) but decreased in women (- 7%) with ASI significantly decreasing by 20% and 37% (p < 0.001 for trend for both), respectively. By contrast, the number of pertrochanteric fractures increased by 67% and 45% in men and women, respectively, corresponding to a horizontal ASI-trend in men (n.s.) and a modest significant decreasing ASI-trend in women (p < 0.001). The number of subtrochanteric fractures increased in both sexes with corresponding modest significant reductions in ASI-trends (p = 0.015 and 0.002, respectively). Femoral shaft fractures almost doubled in men (+ 71%) and doubled in women (+ 100%) with corresponding significant increases in ASI-trends (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Age at admission increased for all fracture localizations, more so in men than in women and more so for subtrochanteric and shaft fractures than for "typical" hip fractures. CONCLUSION: Incidence changes of pertrochanteric fractures and femoral shaft fractures deserve increased attention, especially in men. Pooling diagnostic codes for defining hip fractures may hide differing patterns by localization and sex.

Postoperative pneumonia after femoral fracture surgery: an in-depth retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Femoral fractures significantly contribute to disability, predominantly in the elderly. Despite this, data on postoperative pneumonia following femoral fracture surgeries remains sparse. Our study sought to explore the incidence and impact of postoperative pneumonia on outcomes following such surgeries. METHODS: A retrospective study analyzed femoral fracture patients hospitalized from 2016 to 2022. We scrutinized postoperative outcomes, including pneumonia, hospital stay duration, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and in-hospital mortality. We established stringent diagnostic criteria for postoperative pneumonia, incorporating both clinical signs and radiological evidence, excluding patients with prior infections or those discharged within 24 h post-surgery. Statistical analyses involved Chi-square and t-tests, linear regression, and logestic regression using SPSS. RESULTS: Out of 636 patients, 10.8% were diagnosed with postoperative pneumonia. The average age was 79.55 ± 8.57 years, with a male prevalence of 47.8%. Common comorbidities were hypertension (78.3%), diabetes (60.9%), and cardiovascular diseases (40.6%). Surgical interventions were categorized as intramedullary nailing (40.6%), partial hip replacement (37.7%), and dynamic hip screw (21.7%). Postoperative pneumonia was associated with older age (AOR = 1.053, 95% CI 1.020 to 1.087, p = 0.002), ICU admission (AOR = 2.283, 95% CI 1.256 to 4.148, p = 0.007), and longer length of hospital stay (AOR = 1.079, 95% CI 1.030 to 1.130, p = 0.001). The presence of pneumonia was associated with a 2.621-day increase in hospitalization after adjusting for other variables (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 1.454 to 3.789). CONCLUSION: This study accentuates the clinical significance of postoperative pneumonia in femoral fracture patients, with a noted incidence of 10.8%. A notable association with older age, prolonged hospital stays, and ICU admissions was observed, underscoring the necessity of addressing this complication to improve patient outcomes and healthcare resource allocation.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Comparing the Rate of Post-operative Periprosthetic Fracture Following Hip Arthroplasty With a Polished Taper Slip versus Composite Beam Stem.

BACKGROUND: We compared the incidence of postoperative periprosthetic femoral fractures (POPFF) following hip arthroplasty with either a cemented polished taper slip (PTS) stem or a cemented composite beam (CB) stem in comparative studies. METHODS: A systematic review of comparative studies, written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals since the year 2000, was conducted. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.The overall study qualities were good. There were 913,021 patients from 18 cohorts included in the meta-analysis. There were 294,540 patients who received a CB stem and 618,481 received a PTS stem. Cohorts were classified as high- or low-risk for POPFF based on patient risk factors. A metanalysis was performed using a random effects model, and the relative incidence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was reported. RESULTS: The patients at low risk of POPFF had an incidence rate ratio of 3.14 (CI: 2.48, 3.98) for the PTS group versus the CB group. Whereas, the patients at high risk of POPFF had an incidence rate ratio of 9.87 (CI: 3.63, 26.80) for the PTS group versus the CB group. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of POPFF is lower when hip arthroplasty was performed using a CB stem versus a PTS stem. This protective effect was greatest in patients who had a higher risk of POPFF. Surgeons should consider the effect of cemented stem choice on the risk of subsequent periprosthetic femur fracture, particularly in frail or elderly patients who are at a higher risk of postoperative periprosthetic femoral fracture.

Surgical treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta: a summary of the incidence of femoral implant-related complications in children with Sillence type I, III and IV.

PURPOSE: This study explored the incidence of IRCs used in the procedures of the femur in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and investigated the independent risk factors of IRCs. METHODS: Three hundred eight-eight cases of surgical data about children with OI were included, who were treated with plate, elastic nail, Kirschner wire and telescopic rod. The choice of different procedures depended on the age of children, the status of femur and the availability of devices. Patient demographics and major IRCs were recorded to compare the outcomes of the four procedures. Then, Cox proportional hazard regression was used to analyse the independent risk factors of IRC, and subgroup analysis was applied to further verify the above results. RESULTS: The total incidence of IRC in the four groups was 90.1% (191/212) for plate, 96.8% (30/31) for Kirschner wire, 87.7% (57/65) for elastic nail and 30.0% (24/80) for telescopic rod. The incidence of IRC in the telescopic rod was lower than that in plate, elastic nail and Kirschner wire (P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis confirmed that procedure was the independent risk factor of IRC (HR, 0.191; 95% CI, 0.126-0.288; P < 0.001), fracture (HR, 0.193; 95% CI, 0.109-0.344; P < 0.001) and deformity (HR, 0.086; 95% CI, 0.027-0.272; P < 0.001). In addition, age of surgery was the independent risk factor of fracture (HR, 0.916; 95% CI, 0.882-0.952; P < 0.001) and deformity (HR, 1.052; 95% CI, 1.008-1.098; P = 0.019). Subgroup analysis confirmed that age of surgery, gender, classification, preoperative state and angle did not affect the effect of telescopic rod on reducing the risk of IRCs. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, lower incidence of IRCs was observed in telescopic rod group compared with plate, Kirschner wire and elastic nail. Procedure and age of surgery were independent risk factors of fracture. Likewise, procedure and age of surgery were independent risk factors of deformity, and procedure was independent risk factors of IRC.

Risk factors for femoral stem fracture following total hip arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta analysis.

BACKGROUND: Femoral stem fracture following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an infrequent but nevertheless devastating complication, with an increasing worldwide prevalence as demand for primary THA continues to increase. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for femoral stem fracture to help identify at risk patients. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on EMBASE, MEDLINE and AMED to identify relevant studies. Data regarding study design, source, population, intervention, and outcomes was collated. Data extraction was performed on a custom form generated using Cochrane recommended methodology and analysis of risk factors performed including odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 15 studies reporting a total of 402 stem fractures in 49 723 THAs were identified. The median time from index procedure to stem fracture was 68 months (IQR 42.5-118) whilst mean age at index surgery was 61.8 years (SD 6.9). Male gender (OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 2.59-4.13, p < 0.001), patient weight above 80 kg (OR = 3.55, 95% CI = 2.88-4.37, p < 0.001), age under 63 years (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.01-1.49, p < 0.001), varus stem alignment (OR = 5.77, 95% CI = 3.83-8.7, p < 0.001), use of modular implants (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.56-2.44, p < 0.01) and undergoing revision arthroplasty (OR = 3.33, 95% CI = 2.70-4.1, p < 0.001) were significant risk factors for prosthetic stem fracture. A risk window of 15 years post-surgery was identified. CONCLUSIONS: This review concludes that patient weight, younger age, male sex, varus stem alignment, revision arthroplasty and use of modular stems are significant risk factors for femoral stem fracture. Modifying these risk factors where possible may help reduce incidence of femoral stem fracture in at risk patients.

Comparison of Lateral versus Medial Entry Femoral Traction Pin Complication Rates.

Distal femoral skeletal traction is a common procedure for the stabilization of fractures of the pelvis, acetabulum, and femur following trauma. Femoral traction pins are traditionally inserted via medial-to-lateral (MTL) entry to accurately direct the pin away from the medial neurovascular bundle. Alternatively, cadaveric studies have demonstrated low risk to the neurovascular bundle using a lateral-to-medial (LTM) approach. The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of complications of LTM and MTL femoral traction pin placement at a single institution. This was a retrospective review of patients from the orthopaedic consult registry at a academic Level I Trauma Center. We identified 233 LTM femoral traction pin procedures in 231 patients and 29 MTL pin procedures in 29 patients. The two pin placement techniques were compared with respect to complications, specifically the incidence of neurovascular injury, cellulitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and heterotopic ossification after femoral traction pin placement. Two complications were reported. One patient developed heterotopic ossification along the pin tract after LTM traction pin placement. Another patient developed septic arthritis after LTM pin placement, likely attributable to retrograde intramedullary nailing of his open femur fracture rather than his traction pin. There were no reports of neurovascular injury, cellulitis, or osteomyelitis associated with pin placement. The complication rate was 0.9% for LTM group and 0.0% for MTL group (p = 0.616). LTM femoral traction pin placement is a safe procedure with a similarly low complication rate compared with traditional MTL placement when the limb is positioned in neutral alignment. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 32(4):259-262, 2023).

Does the Nonunion Rate of Atypical Femoral Fractures Differ According to Fracture Site?: A Meta-Analysis.

Background: The nonunion rate for atypical femoral fractures (AFF) is known to be higher than that for typical fractures of the femur. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the incidence of nonunion necessitating reoperation following fixation for AFF and compare the rates according to the fracture site (subtrochanter or midshaft). Methods: A total of 742 AFFs from 29 studies were included. A proportion meta-analysis utilizing a random-effects model was conducted to estimate the prevalence of nonunion. The outcomes were the incidence of reoperations that included osteosynthesis. To determine the association of nonunion with patient mean age or average duration of bisphosphonate use, meta-regression analysis was done. Results: In proportion meta-analysis, the estimated pooled prevalence of nonunion was 7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5%-10%) from all studies. There was a significant difference in nonunion rate between the 2 groups (I2 = 34.4%, p = 0.02); the estimated prevalence of nonunion was 15% (95% CI, 10%-20%) in subtrochanteric AFFs and 4% (95% CI, 2%-6%) in midshaft AFFs. From meta-regression analysis, significant correlations were identified between nonunion rate and patient mean age (coefficient: -0.0071, p = 0.010), but not in the average duration of bisphosphonate use (coefficient: -0.0024, p = 0.744). Conclusions: A notable disparity existed in the nonunion rate among subtrochanteric AFFs and midshaft AFFs group. Therefore, it is critical for orthopedic surgeons to consider the complexity and challenges associated with AFF and to estimate the proper possibility of nonunion according to the fracture site.

Low rate of periprosthetic femoral fracture with the Hueter anterior approach using stems cemented according to the 'French paradox'.

Aims: The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the incidence of early periprosthetic femoral fracture (PFF) associated with Charnley-Kerboull (CK) femoral components cemented according to the 'French paradox' principles through the Hueter anterior approach (HAA) in patients older than 70 years. Methods: From a prospectively collected database, all short CK femoral components implanted consecutively from January 2018 to May 2022 through the HAA in patients older than 70 years were included. Exclusion criteria were age below 70 years, use of cementless femoral component, and approaches other than the HAA. A total of 416 short CK prostheses used by 25 surgeons with various levels of experience were included. All patients had a minimum of one-year follow-up, with a mean of 2.6 years (SD 1.1). The mean age was 77.4 years (70 to 95) and the mean BMI was 25.3 kg/m2 (18.4 to 43). Femoral anatomy was classified according to Dorr. The measured parameters included canal flare index, morphological cortical index, canal-calcar ratio, ilium-ischial ratio, and anterior superior iliac spine to greater trochanter (GT) distance. Results: Among the 416 THAs, two PFFs (0.48% (95% confidence interval 0.13 to 1.74)) were observed, including one Vancouver type B2 fracture 24 days postoperatively and one intraoperative Vancouver type B1 fracture. Valgus malalignment and higher canal bone ratio were found to be associated with PFF. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that short CK femoral components cemented according to the French paradox were associated with a low rate of early PFF (0.48%) in patients aged over 70 years. Longer follow-up is warranted to further evaluate the rate of fracture that may occur during the bone remodelling process and with time.

Management of Isolated Greater Trochanter Fractures Associated With Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Periprosthetic hip fractures are recognized complications associated with total hip arthroplasty. Over the past decade, there has been a 2.5-fold increase in the incidence of periprosthetic fractures which is expected to grow exponentially in the future. Most of these fractures require surgical fixation or revision arthroplasty. Fractures of the greater trochanter represent a subset of periprosthetic fractures for which there is currently no consensus in the literature regarding the optimal management. The purpose of this review was to outline the management strategies available to address these fractures, with formulation of recommendations for fractures sustained intraoperatively, postoperatively, and in the setting of primary and revision total hip arthroplasty.

The burden of periprosthetic femoral fractures in England and Wales: Insights from the first two years of data collection in the National Hip Fracture Database and regional variation in care.

INTRODUCTION: Periprosthetic femoral fractures (PPFFs) represent an important healthcare problem, with a rising incidence noted due to an increase in the number of arthroplasty surgeries being performed. There is a current lack of national consensus as to how these complex, often frail patients are managed. AIMS: Our primary aim was to present the epidemiology of PPFFs in England and Wales over the first two years of data collection by the National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD). Secondary aims included how well the NHFD Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are met for PPFF patients, whether centres reporting a higher burden of PPFF patients are more likely to meet KPIs compared to lower volume centres, and to also identify if regional variation in care for these patients exist. METHODS: Patients aged 60 years or over, admitted to any acute hospital in England or Wales with a PPFF within the period 1st January 2020 to 31st December 2021 were included. Fractures were classified using the Vancouver system. The primary outcome of interest was the incidence of PPFF in England and Wales. Secondary outcomes included i) geographical distribution, ii) pattern of injury, iii) treatment received, iv) KPI performance nationally, v) KPI performance by top 5 highest volume hospitals vs the rest, vi) KPI performance by region and vii) KPI performance compared with native hip fracture patients. RESULTS: A total of 5,566 PPFFs were reported during our study period. A 31 % increase in cases was seen between 2020 and 2021 (2,405 to 3,161). The South-West of England reported the highest burden of PPFFs (14 % of all cases reported in 2021). Vancouver B subtypes were most common around hip replacements (62 %) and C subtype around knee replacements (55 %). A total of 4,598 patients (82.6 %) underwent operative management. There was regional variation in KPI attainment. When compared to KPI attainment for native hip fractures PPFF care under performed in most regions and domains. High volume PPFF centres were not associated with improved attainment of KPIs. CONCLUSION: We have described the incidence, nature, and management of PPFF at national and regional levels using routinely collected NHFD data. Both numerically and due to case complexity, PPFF are a considerable challenge to patients and health services alike. This epidemiology is not captured by other existing datasets and increased case contribution to the NHFD is encouraged to improve understanding and enable prioritisation and delivery of further care and research.

Fixation or Revision for Periprosthetic Fractures: Epidemiology, New Trends, and Projections in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic fractures can be devastating complications after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The management of periprosthetic fractures is complex, spanning expertise in arthroplasty and trauma. The purpose of this study was to examine and project trends in the operative treatment of periprosthetic fractures in the United States. METHODS: A large, public and private payer database was queried to capture all International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis codes for periprosthetic femoral and tibial fractures. Statistical models were created to assess trends in treatment for periprosthetic fractures and to predict future surgical rates. An alpha value of 0.05 was used to assess significance. A Bonferroni correction was applied where applicable to account for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: In this study, from 2016 to 2021, 121,298 patients underwent surgical treatment for periprosthetic fractures. There was a significant increase in the total number of periprosthetic fractures. The incidence of periprosthetic hip fractures rose by 38% and that for periprosthetic knee fractures rose by 73%. The number of periprosthetic fractures is predicted to rise 212% from 2016 to 2032. There was a relative increase in open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) compared with revision arthroplasty for both periprosthetic hip fractures and periprosthetic knee fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Periprosthetic fractures are anticipated to impose a substantial health-care burden in the coming decades. Periprosthetic knee fractures are predominantly treated with ORIF rather than revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA), whereas periprosthetic hip fractures are predominantly treated with revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) rather than ORIF. Both periprosthetic knee fractures and periprosthetic hip fractures demonstrated increasing trends in this study. The proportion of periprosthetic hip fractures treated with ORIF relative to revision THA has been increasing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

The Socioeconomic consequences of femoral shaft fracture for patients in Malawi.

Background: Femoral shaft fractures are common in Malawi, with an annual incidence of 44 per 100,000 people. Inadequate treatment and delayed presentation often result in functional, biopsychosocial, and financial challenges for patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the socioeconomic consequences of femoral shaft fractures for patients in Malawi. Methods: This study of 42 patients was part of a larger study that prospectively examined quality of life. Questionnaires were distributed to patients at 1-year follow-up following femoral shaft fracture treatment. Patients reported pre- and post-injury standard of living and financial well-being. Results: Patients reported relatively high transportation costs to and from the hospital. One year after injury, 17 patients (40%) had not returned to work. Of the 25 (60%) who had returned, 5 (20%) changed jobs due to their injury, all reported decreased productivity. Household income decreased for 29% of patients. 20 (49%) of 41 patients reported food insecurity in the week prior to questionnaire completion. Many patients reported changing their residence, borrowing money, selling personal property, and unenrolling children from school due to financial hardship caused by their injury. Conclusion: While the Malawian public healthcare system is free at the point of care, it lacks the financial risk protection that is essential to universal health coverage (UHC). In this study, we found that the indirect costs of care due to femoral shaft fractures had substantial socioeconomic consequences on the majority of patients and their families. Increased investment of financial and human capital should be made into capacity building and preventative measures to decrease the burden of injury, increase access to care, improve care delivery, and provide financial risk protection for patients with traumatic injuries in Malawi.

Lesiones ligamentarias de rodilla asociadas a fracturas de diáfisis femoral: epidemiología y diagnóstico: revisión narrativa de la bibliografía / Knee ligamentous injury associated to femoral shatf fracture: epidemiology and diagnosis: narrative review of the literatur / Lesões ligamentares do joelho associadas a fraturas diafisárias do fêmur: epidemiologia e diagnóstico: revisão narrativa da literatura

Introducción: Las fracturas de la diáfisis femoral son lesiones que requieren gran energía y a menudo asocian otras lesiones. Este es el caso de las lesiones ligamentarias de rodilla, las cuales pueden pasar desapercibidas por el equipo médico tratante. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es revisar la literatura existente sobre esta asociación lesional. Dentro de la misma se buscará la metodología diagnóstica utilizada y la incidencia de las lesiones ligamentarias. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de forma sistematizada a través de los portales de búsqueda PubMed y Timbó. La búsqueda alcanzó un total de 3099 artículos y de acuerdo a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se seleccionaron 15 trabajos. Resultados: Los diferentes artículos utilizaron examen físico bajo anestesia, radiografías en estrés, artroscopía o resonancia nuclear magnética para establecer el diagnóstico de las lesiones ligamentarias asociadas a las fracturas de diáfisis femoral. Un 22,5% de las fracturas femorales asoció lesión ligamentaria de rodilla, siendo la lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior el 34% de las lesiones reportadas. Discusión: Se evidencia una gran variabilidad en la incidencia de lesiones ligamentarias y de cuál es el ligamento más frecuentemente lesionado, yendo desde 5,3% a 52,5% en estudios tanto retrospectivos como prospectivos con bajos números de pacientes. Se plantea un algoritmo diagnóstico para los pacientes que puedan presentar esta asociación lesional, para evitar que los mismos pasen desapercibidos al equipo médico tratante. Logrando un diagnóstico precoz se puede mejorar el pronóstico de estos pacientes. Conclusión: De nuestra revisión se desprende que en el contexto de una fractura de diáfisis femoral un 22,5% de los pacientes presenta lesiones ligamentarias de rodilla con un 34% de compromiso del LCA. Sin embargo, estas cifras son muy variables en los distintos trabajos. Por esta razón, creemos necesario llevar a cabo un estudio prospectivo con mayor número de pacientes para lograr valorar la verdadera epidemiología de estas lesiones.

Introduction: Femoral shaft fractures require great energy and are often associated with other injuries. This is the case of knee ligament injuries, which can go unnoticed by the treating physician The objective of our work is to review the existing literature on this injury association. Within it, the diagnostic methodology used and the incidence of ligamentous injuries will be sought. Materials and methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in a systematic way through the search portals PubMed and Timbó. The search reached a total of 3099 articles and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 works were selected. Results: The different articles used physical examination under anesthesia, stress radiographs, arthroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging to establish the diagnosis of ligamentous injuries associated with femoral diaphysis fractures. 22.5% of femoral fractures were associated with knee ligament injury, with anterior cruciate ligament accounting for 34% of reported injuries. Discussion: There is evidence of a great variability in the incidence of ligament injuries and which is the most frequently injured ligament, ranging from 5.3% to 52.5% in both retrospective and prospective studies with low numbers of patients. A diagnostic algorithm is proposed for patients who may present this lesional association, to prevent them from going unnoticed by the treating medical team. Achieving an early diagnosis can improve the prognosis of these patients. Conclusion: Our review shows that in the context of a femoral diaphysis fracture, 22.5% of patients present knee ligament injuries with 34% of ACL involvement. However, these figures are highly variable in the different studies. For this reason, we believe it is necessary to carry out a prospective study with a larger number of patients in order to assess the true epidemiology of these lesions.

Introdução: As fraturas da diáfise do fêmur são lesões que requerem grande energia e muitas vezes estão associadas a outras lesões. É o caso das lesões ligamentares do joelho, que podem passar despercebidas pela equipe médica que o trata. O objetivo do nosso trabalho é revisar a literatura existente sobre essa associação lesional. Dentro dele, será buscada a metodologia diagnóstica utilizada e a incidência de lesões ligamentares. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica de forma sistemática através dos portais de busca PubMed e Timbó. A busca atingiu um total de 3099 artigos e de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 15 trabalhos foram selecionados. Resultados: Os diferentes artigos utilizaram o exame físico sob anestesia, radiografias de estresse, artroscopia ou ressonância magnética para estabelecer o diagnóstico de lesões ligamentares associadas às fraturas da diáfise do fêmur. 22,5% das fraturas do fêmur foram associadas à lesão ligamentar do joelho, sendo a lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior responsável por 34% das lesões relatadas. Discussão: Há evidências de uma grande variabilidade na incidência de lesões ligamentares e qual é o ligamento mais frequentemente lesado, variando de 5,3% a 52,5% em estudos retrospectivos e prospectivos com baixo número de pacientes. Um algoritmo diagnóstico é proposto para os pacientes que podem apresentar essa associação lesional, para evitar que passem despercebidos pela equipe médica responsável. O diagnóstico precoce pode melhorar o prognóstico desses pacientes. Conclusão: Nossa revisão mostra que no contexto de fratura da diáfise do fêmur, 22,5% dos pacientes apresentam lesões ligamentares do joelho com 34% de envolvimento do LCA. No entanto, esses números são altamente variáveis ​​nos diferentes estudos. Por esse motivo, acreditamos ser necessário realizar um estudo prospectivo com um número maior de pacientes para avaliar a verdadeira epidemiologia dessas lesões.

Epidemiologia das fraturas do terço proximal do fêmur em pacientes atendidos no hospital geral de Nova Iguaçu ­ HGN1 / Epidemiology of femur fractures at the Nova Iguaçu general hospita

RESUMO: Fraturas do fêmur proximal e seu manejo continuam sendo um assunto de grande atenção para os médicos. A osteoporose e a alta incidência de comorbidades na população de idosos pode levar a um maior risco de complicações e mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o perfil epidemiológico das fraturas do terço proximal do fêmur em pacientes tratados no Departamento de Ortopedia do Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, analítico e observacional, desenvolvido no Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu. Os dados foram coletados mediante análise de 94 prontuários no período de julho de 2018 a setembro de 2018. Após organizadas em planilhas, as informações foram analisadas estatisticamente com o auxílio do software R-project, versão 3.5.3. O teste para verificar a associação entre as variáveis foi o teste de Qui-Quadrado de Pearson. Houve prevalência do sexo masculino, com 52,13% dos casos. Dos 94 pacientes, 87 tinham idade acima de 41 anos e 74,47% dos pacientes, chegaram ao hospital por meios próprios. A queda da própria altura foi o principal tipo de trauma com 86,18% e 53,20% dos pacientes foram diagnosticados com fratura transtrocanteriana. Este estudo reforça a importância social da fratura de fêmur em idosos e a necessidade de implementação de ações em saúde que reforcem a necessidade políticas públicas para que haja uma atenção específica para este grupo. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Fractures of the proximal femur and their management remain a matter of great attention for doctors. Osteoporosis and the high incidence of comorbidities in the elderly can lead to an increased risk of complications and mortality. This study aims to analyze the epidemiological profile of fractures of the proximal third of the femur in patients treated at the orthopedics department of the Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu. A retrospective, analytical and observational study was carried out at the General Hospital of Nova Iguaçu. Data were collected by analyzing 94 medical records from July 2018 to September 2018. After being organized in spreadsheets, the information was analyzed statistically with the R-project software, version 3.5.3. The test to verify the association between the variables was Pearson's Chi-Square test. There was a prevalence of males, with 52.13% of cases. Of the 94 patients, 87 were aged over 41 years and 74.47% of the patients arrived at the hospital on their own. Falling from height was the main type of trauma with 86.18% and 53.20% of patients were diagnosed with a transtrochanteric fracture. This study reinforces the social importance of femur fractures in the elderly and the need to implement health actions that reinforce the need for public policies so that there is specific attention for this group. (AU)

Femoral fractures in the elderly in Brasil - incidence, lethality, and costs (2008-2018)

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidence by gender and region, lethality, and costs associated with the treatment of femoral fractures in the elderly (≥ 60 years) hospitalized in the Unified Health System (SUS) of Brasil between 2008 and 2018. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective study of hospitalizations of elderly people due to femoral fractures by analyzing secondary data obtained from the SUS Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS) between 2008 and 2018; for calculation of epidemiological coefficients, we used information from demographic censuses (2000 and 2010) of the Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute (IBGE). RESULTS: A total of 478,274 hospitalizations were recorded in the period; the incidence was 1.7 times higher in females (overall average of 274.91/100,000 for women and 161/100,000 for men). The Southeast region had the highest absolute number of hospitalizations and the South region presented the highest annual overall average incidence (224.02/100,000). The average annual cost for SUS for the treatment of femoral fractures in the elderly was R$ 99,718,574.30. CONCLUSIONS: In the evaluated period (2008-2018), femoral fractures in the elderly had a high incidence (478,274 hospitalizations; 224.02 cases/100,000 elderly), a predominance of females (1.7F/1.0M), a higher absolute number of hospitalizations in the Southeast region and a higher incidence in the South region; the lethality was high (an increase of 17.46%; overall mean coefficient of 4.99%/year); and the costs for the SUS were huge (an increase of 126.24%; average annual expenditure of R$ 99,718,574.30).

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: Descrever a incidência por gênero e região, a letalidade e os custos associados ao tratamento de fraturas do fêmur em idosos (≥ 60 anos) internados no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil entre 2008 e 2018. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, descritivo e retrospectivo das internações de idosos por fraturas do fêmur mediante análise dos dados secundários obtidos do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS) entre 2008 e 2018; para cálculo dos coeficientes epidemiológicos, utilizamos informações dos censos demográficos (2000 e 2010) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). RESULTADOS: Foram registradas 478.274 mil internações no período. A incidência foi 1,7 vezes maior no gênero feminino (média geral de 274,91/100.000 para mulheres e 161/100.000 para homens). A região sudeste obteve maior número absoluto de internações e na região sul apresentou a maior incidência média geral anual (224,02/100.000). O custo médio anual do SUS para o tratamento das fraturas de fêmur em idosos foi de R$ 99.718.574,30. CONCLUSÕES: No período avaliado (2008-2018), as fraturas do fêmur em idosos apresentaram alta incidência (478.274 mil internações; 224,02 casos/100.000 idosos), predomínio do gênero feminino (1,7F/1,0M), maior número absoluto de internações na região sudeste e maior incidência na região sul; a letalidade foi elevada (aumento de 17,46%; média geral do coeficiente de 4,99%/ano); e, os custos para o SUS foram vultuosos (aumento de 126,24%, média anual de gastos de R$ 99.718.574,30).

Seasonal variation of femoral fractures in the state of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of seasonality on femoral fracture incidence among people residing in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS Ecological study based on a consecutive series of 216,348 reports of hospital admissions caused by femoral fractures. A Bayesian statistical model was used for time series analysis, considering the monthly average number of events of femoral fractures per day as a dependent variable. RESULTS Among the female population, significant seasonal effects were observed only for older women, aged 60 years or more. Among younger men (aged less than 20 years) there is not a clear seasonal effect, but among the other age groups there seems to exist a higher number of cases of femoral fractures during the coldest months of the year. CONCLUSIONS In general, more cases of fractures occur during the coldest months of the year; however, men and women have different patterns of incidence according to each age group.

Determinantes socioeconômicos e demográficos na assistência à fratura de fêmur em idosos / Socioeconomic and demographic determinants in the provision of assistance to elderly people with a fractured femur

Resumo A fratura de fêmur afeta os idosos apresentando alta morbimortalidade. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o perfil da assistência à fratura de fêmur em idosos, relacionando às condições socioeconômicas e demográficas, no Paraná entre os anos 2008 a 2013. As relações foram obtidas por meio de análise fatorial e construção dos índices: PAI - potencial de atenção ao idoso, cuja variável foi representada pelo PIB municipal idoso; PAP - potencial de atenção à população, representado pelo PIB per capta; e ET - eficiência do tratamento representado pela taxa anual de fraturas e taxa anual de óbitos por residência. Os municípios foram classificados de acordo com a faixa de variação por índice. Em relação ao PAI, 10 municípios foram classificados com baixo potencial de atenção ao idoso; 357 com moderado potencial; e 32 com baixo potencial. Em relação ao PAP, 12 municípios foram classificados com alto potencial de atenção à população; 303 com moderado potencial; e 84 com baixo potencial. Em relação ao ET, 109 municípios apresentaram alta eficiência do tratamento; 110 com moderada eficiência; e 180 com baixa eficiência. Conclui-se que o desempenho da economia exerce significativa influência na assistência à fratura de fêmur em idosos.

Abstract Femur fracture affects the elderly with high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the profile of the assistance given to the elderly who have femoral fractures, relating to their socioeconomic and demographic conditions, in the state of Paraná between the years 2008 to 2013. These relationships were obtained through factor analysis and the development and analysis of the following rates: PAE - the potential of primary health care to the elderly, whose variable was represented by the contribution of the elderly to the municipal GDP, PAP - the potential of the primary health care to the population, represented by GDP per capita and TE - treatment efficiency represented by the annual rate of fractures and annual rate of death per residence. The municipalities were classified according to the rate variation range. In relation to PAE, 10 municipalities were classified with low potential of care for the elderly, 357 with moderate potential and 32 had low potential. In relation to PAE, 12 municipalities were classified with low potential of primary care for the elderly, 303 with moderate potential and 84 had low potential. In relation to TE, 109 municipalities showed high treatment efficiency, 110 with moderate efficiency and 180 had low efficiency. Our conclusion was that the performance of the economy exerts significant influence on femoral fracture morbidity in the elderly.

Hyponatremia in elderly patients with fragility fractures of the proximal femur: a cross-sectional study / Hiponatremia em pacientes idosos com fratura proximal de fêmur por fragilidade: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Introduction: Proximal femur fractures affect the mortality and morbidity of elderly individuals. Recent studies have shown an association between fragility fractures and hyponatremia, a common fluid and electrolyte balance disorder. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of hyponatremia in patients with fragility fractures of the proximal femur. Methods: The authors looked into the data from the medical records of patients admitted to the emergency unit of the Real Hospital Português for fragility fractures of the proximal femur from 2014 to 2017. The study included patients with serum sodium levels recorded in their charts. Results: Fourteen of 69 (20.3%) patients with proximal femur fractures had hyponatremia. The main factors linked to hyponatremia were lung disease, and prescription of amiodarone and/or antidepressants. Conclusion: In elderly individuals, fragility fractures of the proximal femur may correlate with hyponatremia, particularly among patients on amiodarone or antidepressants.

RESUMO Introdução: Fratura de fêmur proximal tem impacto na mortalidade e morbidade de idosos. Estudos recentes vêm demonstrando associação entre fratura por fragilidade e hiponatremia, um distúrbio hidroeletrolítico comum na prática médica. Objetivos: Investigar a ocorrência de hiponatremia em pacientes com fratura proximal de fêmur por fragilidade. Metodologia: Foram coletados dados a partir de prontuários de pacientes admitidos na emergência do Real Hospital Português devido à fratura proximal de fêmur por fragilidade, entre 2014 e 2017, e aqueles com natremia disponível no prontuário eletrônico foram incluídos no estudo. Resultado: Dentre os 69 pacientes com fratura de fêmur proximal, houve uma ocorrência de 14 pacientes com hiponatremia, o que corresponde a 20,3%. Os principais fatores associados à hiponatremia no estudo foram doença pulmonar, uso de amiodarona e antidepressivos. Conclusão: Em idosos, a fratura de fêmur proximal por fragilidade pode estar correlacionada com hiponatremia, principalmente quando estão sob uso de amiodarona ou antidepressivos.

Osteogénesis imperfecta: hallazgos clínicos y epidemiológicos en una serie de pacientes pediátricos / Osteogenesis imperfect: clinical and epidemiological findings in a series of pediatric patients

Resumen Introducción: La osteogénesis imperfecta (OI) es el trastorno óseo hereditario más común, con una incidencia de 1 en 10,000 a 25,000 nacimientos. Este trastorno está causado principalmente por mutaciones de los genes que codifican las cadenas del colágeno tipo I. En la mayoría de los casos, se presenta un patrón de herencia autosómico dominante. La OI se caracteriza principalmente por un aumento en la fragilidad ósea que da lugar a fracturas frecuentes que producen dolor, deformidad y discapacidad asociada con otras alteraciones. El objetivo del estudio fue exponer las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de una serie de pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de OI evaluados en la Universidad de Los Andes. Métodos: El presente trabajo consiste en el análisis de una serie de 37 casos pediátricos con diagnóstico de OI, de acuerdo a la clasificación clínica y radiológica de Sillence, evaluados en la consulta de la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad de Los Andes, entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2018. Resultados: La OI tipo I fue la de presentación más frecuente, con 31 pacientes (83.78%). El fémur fue el hueso más afectado de manera conjunta. Las escleras azules fueron el hallazgo adicional más frecuente, en 32 pacientes (86.49%). Conclusiones: La OI representa el principal motivo de consulta por alteraciones en el sistema esquelético en la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad de Los Andes. Ante la amplia forma clínica de presentación, la evaluación debe ser individual e interdisciplinaria. A través de un estudio más profundo se podrá brindar el oportuno asesoramiento genético familiar.

Abstract Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is the most common hereditary bone disorder with an incidence of one in 10,000-25,000 births. It is caused mainly by mutations in the genes that code for Type I collagen chains. In most cases, it shows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. OI is characterized by an increase in bone fragility that leads to frequent fractures, which cause pain, deformity and disability associated with other alterations. The objective of this study was to present the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a series of pediatric patients diagnosed with OI evaluated at the University of Los Andes. Methods: A series of 37 pediatric cases with diagnosis of OI according to the clinical and radiological classification of sillence is analyzed, which were evaluated in the medical genetics unit of the University of Los Andes consultation between January 2006 and December 2018. Results: Type I was the most frequent OI type, with 31 patients (83.78%). Additionally, the femur was the most affected bone. Blue scleras were the most frequent additional finding in 32 patients (86.49%). Conclusions: OI represents the main reason for consultation of alterations in the skeletal system in the medical genetics unit of the University of Los Andes. Given the broad clinical presentation, the evaluation must be individual and interdisciplinary. Further study will provide timely family genetic counseling.