Weight assessment and the provision of weight management advice in primary care: a cross-sectional survey of self-reported practice among general practitioners and practice nurses in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND: Although primary care settings provide a large-scale and high-reach opportunity for weight management and obesity prevention, the proportion of adults in the United Kingdom (UK) who report receiving weight management advice is limited. This study examines the self-reported frequency of assessing weight and providing weight management advice by General Practitioners (GPs) and Practice Nurses (PNs) working in primary care in the UK, and differences by practitioner characteristics. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey with GPs and PNs in the UK (n = 2020), conducted January-March 2017. A mock consultation exercise assessed what factors led to calculating a patient's Body Mass Index (BMI) and whether weight management advice was given after determining the patient had an obese BMI. For all patients, practitioners were asked how often they calculated BMI, how often they gave weight management advice to patients with an obese BMI, and how often they utilised different advice or referral options (each: Always/Often vs. Less often/Never). Binary logistic regressions examined whether frequency of assessing weight and providing advice was associated with practitioner characteristics. RESULTS: In the mock consultation, physical cues (40%) were most likely to prompt calculation of BMI, and half of practitioners (56%) provided weight management advice after determining the patient had an obese BMI, with GPs less likely to do so than PNs (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.47-0.75). Half of practitioners (58%) said they calculated the BMI of all patients Always/Often, with GPs less likely to do so than PNs (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.21-0.34). Three quarters (78%) said they provided weight management advice to patients with an obese BMI Always/Often, with GPs less likely to do so than PNs (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.47-0.85). Weight management advice was provided more frequently than referrals, particularly suggesting increased physical activity (93%) and diet modification (89%). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous research, the findings suggest that opportunities to provide weight management advice in primary care, including to patients with an obese BMI, are potentially missed. Future research should test alternative mechanisms to increase weight assessment and advice provision, examine the effectiveness of advice frequently given, and seek solutions to reported barriers for providing weight management advice.

[Health management in small and medium-sized enterprises: results of a representative survey]. / Gesundheitsmanagement in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen - Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Unternehmensbefragung.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of workplace health promotion in small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in Germany as well as age management were investigated. METHODS: Representative data were collected by computer assisted telephone interviews in 1 441 SME (1-250 employees) in 7 regions of Germany. RESULTS: One-third of the SME have a system of health promotion. Disability management is known only in one third of the enterprises, another third of them knew the legal obligations. About half of the enterprises have a system to collect data about health-related absenteeism in business. Effects caused by the demographic change in Germany are feared by nearly 50% of the enterprises, but only 20% have taken action against it. The implementation of work health promotion is higher in enterprises with more employees. CONCLUSION: The study shows that workplace health promotion (WHP) in German small and medium-sized enterprises is not yet installed to a wide extent. The smaller the enterprises the less WHP is found. The results are verified by similar studies. Small and medium-sized enterprises have a need for consultation in cases of illness or health prevention. But there is not yet an organised structure available for getting advice. The study is the basis for a national project "Gesunde Arbeit", which will establish these consulting structures.

Environmental Scan on Canadian Interactive Knowledge Translation Tools to Prevent Diabetes Complications in Patients With Diabetes.

In this study, we identify existing interactive knowledge translation tools that could help patients and health-care professionals to prevent diabetes complications in the Canadian context. We conducted an environmental scan in collaboration with researchers and 4 patient partners across Canada. We conducted searches among the research team members, their networks and Twitter, and through searches in databases and Google. To be included, interactive knowledge translation tools had to meet the following criteria: used to prevent diabetes complications; used in a real-life setting; used any instructional method or material; had relevance in the Canadian context, written in English or French; developed and/or published by experts in diabetes complications or by a recognized organization; created in 2013 or after; and accessibility online or on paper. Two reviewers independently screened each record for selection and extracted the following data: authorship, objective(s), patients' characteristics, type of diabetes complications targeted, type of knowledge users targeted and tool characteristics. We used simple descriptive statistics to summarize our results. Thirty-one of the 1,700 potentially eligible interactive knowledge translation tools were included in the scan. Tool formats included personal notebook, interactive case study, risk assessment tool, clinical pathway, decision support tool, knowledge quiz and checklist. Diabetes complications targeted by the tools included foot-related neuropathy, cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders and distress and any complications related to diabetes and kidney disease. Our results inform Canadian stakeholders interested in the prevention of diabetes complications to avoid unnecessary duplication, identify gaps in knowledge and support implementation of these tools in clinical and patients' decision-making.

Norwegians approve of the health authorities' strategy to communicate worst case pandemic scenarios.

According to the Norwegian pandemic preparedness plans, health authorities shall assess their communication activities before and during an outbreak of infectious diseases. A survey was conducted on 29 April 2009 on acceptance of communications by the national public health authorities concerning the emerging threat from the new influenza A(H1N1) virus. The survey was similar to other surveys in 2005-6 about the avian flu. The results were not very different--the overall majority of the people interviewed were not worried and the health authorities were regarded as trustworthy.

A preliminary report on the implementation of the European Service and Mapping Schedule (ESMS) in Slovenia to map preventive and promotion activities in mental health.

OBJECTIVE: Mental health promotion and mental disorder prevention can reduce the risk for mental and behavioural disorders and decreased social welfare and health costs. The aim of the present study was to map and analyse prevention and promotion activities and programmes in the mental health area in Slovenia. SUBJECTS: The selection of services for a study was performed using the database of the Agency of the Republic of Slovenia for Public Legal Records and Related Services, internet and other accessible sources METHODS: The Slovenian translation of ESMS was used for mapping the services in the mental health area. RESULTS: The initial sample from above mentioned sources contained 84 services working in the mental health area in 12 Slovenian statistical regions. At present 516 services were contacted and 172 did not comply with inclusion criteria. The 162 services from all 12 Slovenian statistical geographical regions have been mapped and their activities and characteristics analysed. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the approaches to mental disorder prevention revealed that the most frequent approaches were selective primary prevention in 27.9% and tertiary prevention in 28.2% of cases.

Supply-side interventions to improve health: Findings from the Salud Mesoamérica Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Results-based aid (RBA) is increasingly used to incentivize action in health. In Mesoamerica, the region consisting of southern Mexico and Central America, the RBA project known as the Salud Mesoamérica Initiative (SMI) was designed to target disparities in maternal and child health, focusing on the poorest 20% of the population across the region. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Data were first collected in 365 intervention health facilities to establish a baseline of indicators. For the first follow-up measure, 18 to 24 months later, 368 facilities were evaluated in these same areas. At both stages, we measured a near-identical set of supply-side performance indicators in line with country-specific priorities in maternal and child health. All countries showed progress in performance indicators, although with different levels. El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama reached their 18-month targets, while the State of Chiapas in Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize did not. A second follow-up measurement in Chiapas and Guatemala showed continued progress, as they achieved previously missed targets nine to 12 months later, after implementing a performance improvement plan. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show an initial success in the supply-side indicators of SMI. Our data suggest that the RBA approach can be a motivator to improve availability of drugs and services in poor areas. Moreover, our innovative monitoring and evaluation framework will allow health officials with limited resources to identify and target areas of greatest need.

A national survey of tobacco cessation programs for youths.

OBJECTIVES: We collected data on a national sample of existing community-based tobacco cessation programs for youths to understand their prevalence and overall characteristics. METHODS: We employed a 2-stage sampling design with US counties as the first-stage probability sampling units. We then used snowball sampling in selected counties to identify administrators of tobacco cessation programs for youths. We collected data on cessation programs when programs were identified. RESULTS: We profiled 591 programs in 408 counties. Programs were more numerous in urban counties; fewer programs were found in low-income counties. State-level measures of smoking prevalence and tobacco control expenditures were not associated with program availability. Most programs were multisession, school-based group programs serving 50 or fewer youths per year. Program content included cognitive-behavioral components found in adult programs along with content specific to adolescence. The median annual budget was 2000 dollars. Few programs (9%) reported only mandatory enrollment, 35% reported mixed mandatory and voluntary enrollment, and 56% reported only voluntary enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable homogeneity among community-based tobacco cessation programs for youths. Programs are least prevalent in the types of communities for which national data show increases in youths' smoking prevalence.

Percepção de gestores municipais diante da implementação da política de saúde mental / Percepción de los gestores municipales ante la implementación de la política de salud mental / Perception of municipal managers in the face of the implementation of the mental health policy

RESUMO Objetivo: apreender a percepção dos gestores de saúde sobre a implementação da Política de Saúde Mental nos municípios pertencentes a 5ª Regional de Saúde do Estado do Paraná. Métodos: estudo de abordagem qualitativa e caráter exploratório, realizado nos meses de fevereiro e março de 2015. Foram entrevistados 20 gestores de saúde da 5° Regional de Saúde, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise dos dados foi desenvolvida segundo o método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin, modalidade temática. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias: "A percepção dos gestores sobre aSM nos municípios" e "Dificuldades para a implementação da PNSM". Os gestores de saúde destacam a necessidade da melhor implementação da Política de Saúde Mental em seus municípios e a adequação da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. As dificuldades enfrentadas são a falta de recursos financeiros, capacitação profissional e preconceitos. Considerações finais: é perceptível a falta de visibilidade entre os gestores em saúdesobre o papel dos serviços que compõem a Rede de Atenção àSaúde Mental, especialmente a atenção primária, pois é a principal responsável pelas ações de acolhimento e de promoção e prevenção aos transtornos mentais.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender la percepción de los gestores de salud sobre la implementación de la Política de Salud Mental en los municipios pertenecientes a la 5ª Regional de Salud del Estado de Paraná-Brasil. Método: estudio de enfoque cualitativo y carácter exploratorio, realizado en los meses de febrero y marzo de 2015. Se entrevistaron a 20 gestores de salud de la 5ª Regional de Salud, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis de datos se desarrolló según el método de análisis de contenido de Bardin, modalidad temática. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías: "La percepción de los gestores sobre la SM en los municipios" y "Dificultades para la implementación de la PNSM". Los gestores de salud señalan la necesidad de una mejor aplicación de la Política de Salud Mental en sus municipios y la adecuación de la Red de Atención Psicosocial. Las dificultades a las que se enfrentan son la falta de recursos financieros, la formación profesional y los prejuicios. Consideraciones finales: es perceptible la falta de visibilidad entre los gestores de salud sobre el rol de los servicios que componen la Red de Atención a la Salud Mental, especialmente la atención primaria, por ser la principal responsable de las acciones de acogida y de promoción y prevención de los trastornos mentales.

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the perception of health managers about the implementation of the Mental Health Policy in municipalities belonging to the 5th Health Regional Unit of the State of Paraná. Methods: study with a qualitative approach and an exploratory nature, conducted in the months of February and March 2015. Twenty health managers from the 5th Health Regional Unit were interviewed, through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was developed according to Bardin's content analysis method, thematic modality. Results: two categories emerged: "The perception of managers about MH in the municipalities" and "Difficulties in implementing PNSM". Health managers highlight the need for better implementation of the Mental Health Policy in their municipalities and the adequacy of the Psychosocial Care Network. The difficulties faced are the lack of financial resources, professional training and prejudice. Final considerations: the lack of visibility among health managers about the role of the services that make up the Mental Health Care Network is noticeable, especially primary care, as it is primarily responsible for the actions of welcoming and promotion/prevention of mental disorders.

As tecnologias no processo de empoderamento dos cuidados primários de enfermagem em contexto da Covid-19 / Tecnologías en el proceso de empoderamiento de la atención primaria de enfermería en el contexto de Covid-19 / Technologies in the empowerment process of primary nursing care in the Covid-19 context

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender o uso de tecnologias no processo de empoderamento das práticas de enfermagem no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) em contexto de isolamento social provocado pela pandemia da Covid-19. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado de forma online, com 23 enfermeiros e residentes de enfermagem que atuam na Atenção Primária, através da aplicação de um formulário virtual divulgado no período de maio-junho de 2020. Os dados foram analisados pelo Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, com o aporte dos conceitos teóricos de Merhy e Nietsche. Resultados: Os discursos foram compilados no uso de tecnologias de interação social e ações individuais de educação em saúde, como também no resgate da comunicação em massa para reestruturação da assistência na identificação de indivíduos expostos. Estas tecnologias permeiam as densidades leve, leve-dura e dura, com fins educacionais, assistenciais e gerenciais. Conclusão: Novos modos de construir o processo de trabalho navegam por possibilidades antes invisíveis, com o recurso das tecnologias que empoderamos enfermeiros diante dos cuidados primários à saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender el uso de tecnologías en el proceso de empoderamiento de las prácticas de enfermería en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) en contexto de aislamiento social provocado por la pandemia de Covid-19. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, con enfoque cualitativo, realizado de forma online, con 23 enfermeros y residentes de enfermería que actúan en la Atención Primaria, a través de la aplicación de un formulario virtual divulgado en el período de mayo-junio de 2020. Los datos fueron analizados por el Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo, con el aporte de los conceptos teóricos de Merhy y Nietsche. Resultados: los discursos fueron compilados en el uso de tecnologías de interacción social y acciones individuales de educación en salud, así como en el rescate de la comunicación de masas para reestructuración de la asistencia en la identificación de individuos expuestos. Estas tecnologías permean las densidades: blanda, blanda-dura y dura, con fines educativos, asistenciales y de gerencia. Conclusión: nuevos modos de construir el proceso de trabajo navegan por posibilidades antes invisibles, con el recurso de las tecnologías que empoderamos enfermeros ante la atención primaria de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: Understand the use of technologies in the empowerment process of nursing practices in the Primary Health Care (PHC) context in a social isolation scenarios ulting from the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A descriptive and exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, conducted online, with 23 nurses and nursing residents who work in Primary Care, through the application of a virtual form released from May to June 2020. Data analysis was performed using the Collective Subject Discourse, with the contribution of Merhy and Nietsche's theoretical concepts. Results: The speeches were compiled regarding the use of social interaction technologies and individual health education actions, as well as in the recruitment of mass communication to restructure assistance in the identification of exposed individuals. These technologies permeate light, light-hard and hard densities, with educational, care and management objectives. Conclusion: New ways of creating the work process pass through previously unseen possibilities, using technologies that empower nurses in primary health care.

Preventing sudden death with n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids and defibrillators.

BACKGROUND: Because interventions that prevent and treat events due to cardiovascular disease are applied to different, but overlapping, segments of the population, it can be difficult to estimate their effectiveness if formal calculations are not available. METHODS: Markov chain analysis, including sensitivity analysis, was used with a hypothetical population resembling that of Olmsted County, MN, aged 30 to 84 in the year 2000 to compare the estimated impact of three interventions to prevent sudden death: (1) raising blood levels of n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids, (2) distributing automated external defibrillators (AEDs), and (3) implanting cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) in appropriate candidates. The analysis was performed in 2004, 2005, and 2006. RESULTS: Raising median n-3 fatty acid levels would be expected to lower total mortality by 6.4% (range from sensitivity analysis = 1.6% to 10.3%). Distributing AEDs would be expected to lower total mortality by 0.8% (0.2% to 1.3%), and implanting ICDs would be expected to lower total mortality by 3.3% (0.6% to 8.7%). Three fourths of the reduction in total mortality due to n-3 fatty acid augmentation would accrue from raising n-3 fatty acid levels in the healthy population. CONCLUSIONS: Based on central values of candidacy and efficacy, raising n-3 fatty acid levels would have about eight times the impact of distributing AEDs and two times the impact of implanting ICDs. Raising n-3 fatty acid levels would also reduce rates of sudden death among the subpopulation that does not qualify for ICDs.

Intervention development in occupational research: an example from the printing industry.

BACKGROUND: Intervention development research is an essential prerequisite of any study that attempts to determine whether specific interventions work to prevent work related injury and illness. METHODS: Focus groups (n = 5) and direct observational studies (n = 21) of printers were used to elicit key issues that would aid the development of subsequent interventions. Transcripts from these were analysed by standard qualitative methods to identify common and related themes. RESULTS: The views of managers differed significantly from those of print workers in a number of areas, and working practices did not always follow policy. The majority of printers did not perceive dermatitis to be a major problem, although many complained of dry hands. Other key results included: the lack of skin care policy in most companies; poor understanding of the nature, causes, and treatment of dermatitis; low priority of dermatitis within health and safety concerns; little or no provision of occupational health services, particularly skin checks; variability in provision of and access to appropriate skin protection; and lack of accessible washing facilities. CONCLUSIONS: As a result it was decided to evaluate the implementation of four INTERVENTIONS: provision of (1) skin checks and treatment advice; (2) gloves of the correct type and size, and use of an after-work cream; (3) information on dermatitis within the printing industry; and (4) development of best practice skin care policy.

Health promotion programs related to the Athens 2004 Olympic and Para Olympic games.

BACKGROUND: The Olympic Games constitute a first-class opportunity to promote athleticism and health messages. Little is known, however on the impact of Olympic Games on the development of health-promotion programs for the general population. Our objective was to identify and describe the population-based health-promotion programs implemented in relation to the Athens 2004 Olympic and Para Olympic Games. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of all stakeholders of the Games, including the Athens 2004 Organizing Committee, all ministries of the Greek government, the National School of Public Health, all municipalities hosting Olympic events and all official private sponsors of the Games, was conducted after the conclusion of the Games. RESULTS: A total of 44 agencies were surveyed, 40 responded (91%), and ten (10) health-promotion programs were identified. Two programs were implemented by the Athens 2004 Organizing Committee, 2 from the Greek ministries, 2 from the National School of Public Health, 1 from municipalities, and 3 from official private sponsors of the Games. The total cost of the programs was estimated at 943,000 Euros; a relatively small fraction (0.08%) of the overall cost of the Games. CONCLUSION: Greece has made a small, however, significant step forward, on health promotion, in the context of the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee and the future hosting countries, including China, are encouraged to elaborate on this idea and offer the world a promising future for public health.

Prevalence and factors related to Canadian workplace health programs.

BACKGROUND: This study documented the prevalence and factors related to workplace health programs in Canada, including Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs), drug testing programs, and Health Promotion Programs (HPPs). METHODS: A representative sample of 565 Human Resources Managers at worksites with 100 or more employees across Canada completed a questionnaire on the worksite characteristics and the types of programs at their workplace (response rate = 79.8%). RESULTS: EAPs were established in 67.8% of sampled worksites (95% CI: 63.9%-71.7%). The proportion of worksites with EAPs varied significantly across work sectors (p<0.001) but not across regions of Canada. Worksites with EAPs had significantly (p<0.001) fewer visible minorities and had more unionized employees (p<0.001) than worksites without EAPs. For drug-testing programs, about 10.3% of Canadian worksites have them (95% CI: 7.8%-12.8%). Significant differences were noted across regions (p<0.001) with Alberta most likely to have such programs (25.4%) and Ontario least likely (4.6%). Also, safety-sensitive worksites and those with United States ownership were significantly (p<0.05) more likely to have drug testing. The most common type of HPP was fitness programs (29.4%) and the least common was day/elder care programs (5.5%). Fitness programs were most common in the Eastern provinces and least common in Quebec. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, Canadian worksites favour a health promotion and treatment approach over a deterrence approach for addressing health and substance use issues in the workplace. Workplace health programs were related to several factors that have created an uneven system of health promotion, treatment and deterrence in Canadian worksites.

Elaboração e validação da cartilha "Higiene do Sono para Crianças" / Elaboración y validación de la cartilla "Higiene del sueño para niños" / Development and validation of the "Sleep Hygiene for Children" booklet

Resumo Objetivo Elaborar e validar cartilha sobre higiene do sono para crianças escolares. Métodos Estudo de abordagem metodológica, realizado no período de setembro de 2018 a outubro de 2019, seguindo as etapas de levantamento bibliográfico, elaboração e validação de conteúdo da cartilha por especialistas. O instrumento para validação, encaminhado a três profissionais da área da saúde, foi composto por sete itens, divididos em subitens, com respostas dispostas em escala tipo Likert. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados em planilha do Excel. Considerou-se adequado os valores da proporção de concordância dos subitens entre os examinadores (índice de validade do conteúdo) acima de 80%. Resultados A cartilha foi validada após a segunda rodada de avaliação, atingindo índice de validade de 85,7% do conteúdo total e sendo composta por quatro temas: "O que é higiene do sono?", "Importância do sono", "Como realizar a higiene do sono?" e "Guia rápido de recomendações de higiene do sono". Conclusão A cartilha de higiene do sono para crianças, validada por especialistas na segunda rodada, poderá auxiliar a criança a entender a importância do sono para seu desenvolvimento e obter hábitos adequados de sono e de autocuidado.

Resumen Objetivo Elaborar y validar una cartilla sobre higiene del sueño para niños escolares. Métodos Estudio de enfoque metodológico, realizado en el período de septiembre de 2018 a octubre de 2019, que siguió las etapas de recopilación bibliográfica, elaboración y validación del contenido de la cartilla por especialistas. El instrumento para la validación, que fue enviado a tres profesionales del área de la salud, estaba compuesto por siete ítems, divididos en subítems, con respuestas dispuestas en escala tipo Likert. Los datos obtenidos fueron tabulados en planilla de Excel. Los valores de la proporción de concordancia de los subítems entre los examinadores (índice de validez de contenido) superiores a 80 % se consideraron adecuados. Resultados La cartilla fue validada después de la segunda ronda de evaluación, con un índice de validez del contenido total del 85,7 %. El material está compuesto por cuatro temas: "¿Qué es la higiene del sueño?", "Importancia del sueño", "¿Cómo realizar la higiene del sueño?" y "Guía rápida de recomendaciones de higiene del sueño". Conclusión La cartilla de higiene del sueño para niños, validada por especialistas en la segunda ronda, podrá ayudar a los niños a entender la importancia del sueño para el desarrollo y a obtener hábitos adecuados de sueño y de autocuidado.

Abstract Objective To develop and validate a booklet on sleep hygiene for school children. Methods Methodological study conducted from September 2018 to October 2019, following the steps of bibliographic survey, development and content validation of the booklet by experts. The instrument for validation, sent to three health professionals, was composed of seven items, divided into sub-items with responses arranged on a Likert-type scale. Data obtained were tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet. Values of the proportion of agreement of sub-items between experts (content validity index) above 80% were considered appropriate. Results The booklet was validated after the second evaluation round, reaching a validity rate of 85.7% of the total content. It comprised the following four themes: "What is sleep hygiene?", "Importance of sleep", "How to practice sleep hygiene?" and "Sleep hygiene recommendations quick guide". Conclusion The sleep hygiene booklet for children, validated by experts in the second round, can help children understand the importance of sleep for their development and obtain appropriate sleep and self-care habits.

S4AC Case Study: Enhancing Underserved Seniors' Access to Health Promotion Programs.

The Seniors Support Services for South Asian Community (S4AC) project was developed in response to the underutilization of available recreation and seniors' facilities by South Asian seniors who were especially numerous in a suburban neighbourhood in British Columbia. Addressing the problem required the collaboration of the municipality and a registered non-profit agency offering a wide range of services and programs to immigrant and refugee communities. Through creative outreach and accommodation, the project has engaged more than 100 Punjabi-speaking seniors annually in diverse exercise activities. Case study research methods with staff and current and former senior participants of S4AC include participant observation, individual interviews, and focus groups. Viewed through the critical interpretive lens of the "candidacy framework", findings reveal the myriad ways in which access to health promotion and physical activity for immigrant older adults is a complex iterative process of negotiation at multiple levels.

Aplicativos móveis para as sociedades menos favorecidas / Aplicaciones móviles para las sociedades menos favorecidas / Mobile apps for disadvantaged societies

Resumo Objetivo Descrever os impactos dos aplicativos móveis diretamente em favor da saúde das comunidades menos favorecidas que vivem em países de baixa renda ou em desenvolvimento e, indiretamente, por meio dos profissionais de saúde que prestam assistência nestas áreas. Métodos Revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e LILACS de pesquisas originais baseadas em evidências, publicadas entre 2010 e 2019 disponíveis na íntegra e em português e inglês, mediante a questão norteadora: "Qual o impacto dos aplicativos móveis no cuidado direto e indireto em saúde em populações de baixa renda e em desenvolvimento?", a partir dos descritores: tecnologia biomédica, informação em saúde e aplicativos móveis, sendo este último presente em todos os cruzamentos. A estratégia de busca, seleção e categorização dos estudos foi realizada pela leitura de um pesquisador. Resultados Os aplicativos demonstraram benefícios quanto ao diagnóstico de doenças, adesão dos usuários ao tratamento, acompanhamento dos pacientes pelos profissionais de saúde e autocuidado, constituindo uma importante ferramenta para o monitoramento e gerenciamento de doenças. Conclusão A tecnologia móvel tem o potencial de melhorar os serviços de atenção primária por meio da qualificação dos cuidados em saúde promovidos pelos profissionais e acesso direto do usuário, sobretudo em países de baixa renda, cujos indicadores de saúde são preocupantes.

Resumen Objetivo Describir los impactos de las aplicaciones móviles directamente a favor de la salud en las comunidades menos favorecidas que viven en países de bajos recursos o en desarrollo e indirectamente a través de los profesionales de la salud que atienden en estas áreas, Métodos Revisión integradora de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y LILACS de estudios originales basados en evidencias, publicados entre 2010 y 2019, con texto completo disponible en portugués e inglés, mediante la pregunta orientadora: ¿Cuál es el impacto de las aplicaciones móviles en el cuidado directo e indirecto de la salud en poblaciones de bajos recursos y en desarrollo?, a partir de los descriptores: tecnología biomédica, información en salud y aplicaciones móviles, este último presente en todos los cruces. La estrategia de búsqueda, selección y categorización de los estudios fue realizada mediante la lectura de un investigador. Resultados Las aplicaciones demostraron beneficios con relación al diagnóstico de enfermedades, adherencia de los usuarios al tratamiento, seguimiento de los pacientes por parte de los profesionales de la salud y autocuidado, lo que constituye una importante herramienta para el monitoreo y gestión de enfermedades. Conclusión La tecnología móvil tiene el potencial de mejorar los servicios de atención primaria mediante la cualificación de los cuidados de la salud promovidos por los profesionales y el acceso directo del usuario, sobre todo en países de bajos recursos, cuyos indicadores de salud son preocupantes.

Abstract Objective To describe the impacts of mobile applications directly in favor of the health of disadvantaged communities living in low-income or developing countries and, indirectly, through healthcare professionals providing assistance in these areas. Methods This is an integrative literature review in the PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases of original evidence-based research, published between 2010 and 2019, available in full and in Brazilian Portuguese and English, through the guiding question: "What is the impact of mobile applications on direct and indirect health care in low-income and developing populations?". The following descriptors were used: biomedical technology, health information and mobile applications, the latter being present in all intersections. The strategy of search, selection and categorization of studies was performed by the reading of a researcher. Results The applications demonstrated benefits regarding the diagnosis of diseases, users' treatment adherence, patient follow-up by health professionals and self-care, constituting an important tool for monitoring and managing diseases. Conclusion Mobile technology has the potential to improve primary care services through qualification of health care promoted by professionals and direct access of users, especially in low-income countries, whose health indicators are worrisome.

2004 Foster G. McGaw Prize. Winner: Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan.

Henry Ford Health System's commitment to community service took root with its founding in 1915 and has been embraced by leaders ever since. Wide-ranging efforts of school health programs offering grief support for children earned it the 2004 McGaw Prize.

Urban environment interventions linked to the promotion of physical activity: a mixed methods study applied to the urban context of Latin America.

This study summarizes the evidence from quantitative systematic reviews that assessed the association between urban environment attributes and physical activity. It also documents sociopolitical barriers and facilitators involved in urban interventions linked with active living in the ten most populated urban settings of Latin America. The synthesis of evidence indicates that several attributes of urban environments are associated with physical activity, including land-use mix and cycling infrastructure. The documentary analysis indicated that despite the benefits and opportunities provided by the programs and existing infrastructure in the examined cities, an overall concern is the rising inequality in the coverage and distribution of the initiatives in the region. If these programs and initiatives are to achieve a real population level effect that helps to reduce health disparities, they need to examine their social and spatial distribution within the cities so they can reach underserved populations and develop to their full potential.

Aids em cartazes: representações sobre sexualidade e prevenção da Aids nas campanhas de 1º de dezembro no Brasil (2013-2017) / El Sida en los carteles: representaciones sobre sexualidad y prevención del Sida en las campañas del 1º de diciembre en Brasil (2013-2017) / AIDS in posters: representations on sexuality and Aids prevention in December 1st campaigns in Brazil (2013-2017)

Buscou-se analisar as representações da sexualidade e prevenção em cartazes produzidos pelo Departamento de Doenças de Condições Crônicas e Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DCCI) a partir da diretriz da prevenção combinada (PC), adotada em 2013. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo, de caráter descritivo e documental, dos cartazes de campanhas do dia 1º de dezembro (2013-2017). Resultados apontam que aspectos relacionais do uso do preservativo teriam menos relevância, ao passo que a individualização do cuidado vem se acirrando sob a lógica de "testar para se conhecer". Nota-se a oferta de alternativas de prevenção, por meio do símbolo do tripé "preservativo, teste e comprimido", ou de novas tecnologias como a profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) e Profilaxia Pós Exposição (PEP). Isso sugere que, desde seu lançamento, a PC passou a orientar as campanhas do DCCI, em oposição a campanhas anteriores que privilegiavam populações-alvo e o preservativo masculino.(AU)

El objetivo fue analizar las representaciones de la sexualidad y prevención en carteles producidos por el Departamento de Enfermedades de Condiciones Crónicas e Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (DCCI, por sus siglas en portugués), a partir de la directriz de prevención combinada (PC), adoptada en 2013. Se realizó el análisis de contenido, de carácter descriptivo y documental de los carteles de campañas del día 1º de diciembre (2013-2017). Los resultados señalan que aspectos relacionales del uso del preservativo tendrían menos relevancia, mientras que la individualización del cuidado se recrudece bajo la lógica de "hacer test para conocerse". Se observa la oferta de alternativas de prevención a través del símbolo del trípode: "preservativo, test y comprimido" o de nuevas tecnologías como PrEP y PEP. Eso sugiere que, desde su lanzamiento, la PC pasó a orientar las campañas del DCCI, en oposición a campañas anteriores que privilegiaban a poblaciones-objetivo y el preservativo masculino.(AU)

The article sought to analyze representations of sexuality and prevention on posters produced by the Department of Chronic Conditions Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections (DCCI) stemming from the combination prevention (CP) guidelines adopted in 2013. A descriptive and documental content analysis of posters relative to the World Aids Day (December 1st) was carried out (2013-2017). Results indicate that relational aspects of condom use appear to be less relevant, and increments of the individualization of care under the logic of "know your status" are becoming stronger. It is also possible to notice preventive alternatives, by way of the tripod symbol: "condom, test and pill", or new technologies such as PrEP and PEP. This suggests that the CP has been guiding the DCCI campaigns since its launch, as opposed to previous campaigns focusing on target populations and male condoms.(AU)