Novel imaging in renal cell carcinoma.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Renal cell carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease with a spectrum of subtypes and clinical behavior. Quantitative and qualitative imaging biomarkers are sought to correlate with genetic and histologic features and complement pathologic analysis. RECENT FINDINGS: Texture analysis, radiogenomics, and modality-specific advancements have yielded an array of renal cell carcinoma imaging biomarkers in the research domain. Although many techniques are promising, standardization and validation of these procedures are needed prior to implementation into clinical practice. SUMMARY: We introduce novel imaging techniques and analytic methods which have been shown to contribute to characterization of renal cell carcinoma and its subtypes, aggressiveness, and responsiveness to therapy, including associated advantages and limitations.