Cyto-genotoxic and inflammatory effects of commercial Linde Type A (LTA) nanozeolites on human alveolar epithelial cells.

ABSTRACT

Nanozeolites (NZs) are increasingly used in several sectors, including catalysts, ion exchange materials or thermal isolators, taking advantage of the major property of NZs to absorb residual water and moisture to preserve the insulation of devices and products, but very few data are available on their toxicity. We investigated the potential cyto-genotoxicity and pro-inflammatory effects of manufactured Linde Type A (LTA)-NZs on human alveolar cells (A549) exposed to 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL. LTA NZs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Cell viability, mortality and apoptosis were evaluated by cytofluorimetric assay after 24h exposure. Membrane damage was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase release and direct and oxidative DNA damage induction by formamide-pyrimidine glycosylase-Comet assay after 4 and 24 h. The induction of pro-inflammatory effects was evaluated in terms of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 cytokine release after 24 h by ELISA. We found a slight increase in apoptotic cell percentage at 50 and 100 µg/mL and dead cell percentage at 100 µg/mL after 24 h; slight, but statistically significant, direct DNA damage starting from 25 µg/mL and slight oxidative DNA damage both at 4 and at 24 h; increased release of IL-6 only at the lowest concentration after 24 h. The results show lack of cytotoxicity, early moderate genotoxicity and slight inflammatory effects at the lowest used concentration. These findings represent the first data on potential genotoxic, oxidative and inflammatory effects of LTA NZs and highlight the need to perform further studies to confirm such results.