Ca2+-Based Dual-Carbon Batteries in Ternary Ionic Liquid Electrolytes.

ABSTRACT

Herein, we propose Ca2+-based dual-carbon batteries (DCBs) that undergo a simultaneous occurrence of reversible accommodations of Ca2+ in a graphite anode (mesocarbon microbeads) and of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI-) in a graphite cathode (KS6L). For this purpose, we precisely tune electrolytes composed of Ca2+ complexed with a single tetraglyme molecule ([CaG4]) in N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium TFSI (Pyr14TFSI) ionic liquid (IL). This ternary electrolyte is required for the enhancement of anodic stability that is needed to accomplish maximal TFSI- intercalation into KS6L at a high potential. A solution of 0.5 M [CaG4] in IL ([CaG4]/IL) is found to be optimal for DCBs. First, the electrochemical properties and the structural evolution of each graphite in a half-cell configuration are described to demonstrate excellent electrochemical performance. Second, the negligible intercalation of Pyr14+ into an MCMB anode is ascertained in 0.5 M [CaG4]/IL. Finally, DCBs are constructed by coupling two electrodes to show high capacity (54.0 mA h g-1 at 200 mA g-1) and reasonable cyclability (capacity fading of 0.022 mA h g-1 cycle-1 at 200 mA g-1 during 300 charge/discharge cycles). This work is the first to examine DCBs based on Ca2+ intercalation and helps pave the way for the development of a new type of next-generation batteries.