Melanoma of the central nervous system based on neurocutaneous melanocytosis in childhood: A rare but fatal condition.

BACKGROUND: Melanomas of the central nervous system (CNS) based on neurocutaneous melanocytosis (NCM) are exceptionally rare in childhood and have been described only sporadically. Rapidly progressive disease may represent a major challenge for treating physicians, especially given the limited knowledge about this condition. This analysis aimed to increase knowledge about the occurrence and treatment of these malignancies. PROCEDURE: Data on diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of patients aged 0-18 years with CNS melanoma based on NCM recorded in the German Registry for Rare Pediatric Tumors (STEP registry) were analyzed. Additionally, published case reports on this condition were analyzed. RESULTS: In STEP, five patients with leptomeningeal melanoma based on NCM were identified, with a median age at melanoma diagnosis of 3.7 years. Various multimodal treatments were performed: (partial) resection (n = 4), irradiation (n = 2), trametinib (n = 3), different cytostatics (n = 2), and anti-GD2 immunotherapy (n = 1). All patients died between 0.3 and 0.8 years after diagnosis. Including published case reports, 27 patients were identified with a median age of 2.8 years at melanoma diagnosis (range: 0.2-16.6). Fourteen of 16 cases with reported data had a NRAS alteration (88%), particularly NRAS p.Q61K (85%). In the expanded cohort, no patient survived longer than 1 year after diagnosis despite multimodal therapy (including trametinib; n = 9), with a median survival of 0.4 years (range 0.1-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: CNS melanomas based on NCM in childhood are aggressive malignancies without curative treatment to date. Therapeutic approaches must be individualized. Genetic tumor sequencing is essential to improve understanding of tumorigenesis and potentially identify new therapeutic targets.

NUT carcinoma in pediatric patients: Characteristics, therapeutic regimens, and outcomes of 11 cases registered with the German Registry for Rare Pediatric Tumors (STEP).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Nuclear protein of the testis (NUT) carcinoma (NC) is a rare and highly aggressive tumor defined by the presence of a somatic NUTM1 rearrangement, occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults. We analyzed the clinical and biological features of German pediatric patients (≤18 years) with NC. METHODS: This study describes the characteristics and outcome of 11 children with NC registered in the German Registry for Rare Pediatric Tumors (STEP). RESULTS: Eleven patients with a median age of 13.2 years (range 6.6-17.8) were analyzed. Malignant misdiagnoses were made in three patients. Thoracic/mediastinal tumors were found to be the primary in six patients, head/neck in four cases; one patient had multifocal tumor with an unknown primary. All patients presented with regional lymph node involvement, eight patients (72.7%) with distant metastases. Seven patients underwent surgery, eight radiotherapy with curative intent; polychemotherapy was administered in all patients. Novel treatment strategies including immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and virotherapy were applied in three patients. Median event-free survival and overall survival were 1.5 and 6.5 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Every undifferentiated or poorly differentiated carcinoma should undergo testing for the specific rearrangement of NUTM1, in order to initiate an intense therapeutic regimen as early as possible. As in adults, only few pediatric patients with NC achieve prolonged survival. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies should be included and tested in clinical trials.

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas in childhood and adolescence-an analysis of the German Registry for Rare Pediatric Tumors (STEP).

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) are the most common entity among pediatric pancreatic tumors. Still, these are rare tumors with an annual incidence of 0.1-0.2/1,000,000, and little is known about their optimal treatment. This analysis aimed to increase knowledge about the occurrence and treatment strategies of SPN in childhood. Data regarding diagnostics, treatment, and outcome of children aged 0-18 years with SPN recorded in the German Registry for Rare Pediatric Tumors (STEP) were analyzed. Thirty-eight patients were identified with a median age of 14.5 years at diagnosis (range: 8-18) and a female preponderance (81.6%). The most frequent location of the tumor was the pancreatic tail. In histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, pseudopapillary, solid, and cystic lesions as well as expression of beta-catenin, progesterone receptors, and cyclin D1 were the most common findings. All patients underwent surgical resection. Most patients underwent open resection, predominantly tail resection for tumors in the tail region and pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy for tumors in the head region. The main postoperative sequela was exogenous pancreatic insufficiency (23.7%), especially with SPN in the pancreatic head. No recurrence occurred during follow-up, although two patients underwent resection with microscopic residue. CONCLUSION: SPN of the pancreas in childhood are low-grade malignancies with usually favorable treatment outcomes. However, therapy can lead to relevant long-term sequelae. To prevent recurrence, complete surgical resection is recommended, sparing as much healthy pancreatic tissue as possible. Interdisciplinary collaboration between specialists is essential to optimize treatment. Molecular genetic analysis of these tumors could improve understanding of their genesis. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) of the pancreas are very rare tumors in childhood. • Little is known about tumorigenesis, and there are no specific guidelines for treatment and follow-up in pediatric patients. WHAT IS NEW: • Characteristics, treatment, and outcome were comprehensively assessed in a large cohort of pediatric patients with SPN. • We propose recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of children with SPN, based on our analysis and considering published experience.

Incidences and characteristics of primary lung malignancies in childhood in Germany: An analysis of population-based data from German cancer registries.

BACKGROUND: Primary lung malignancies are a heterogeneous group of cancers that occur very rarely in childhood. Due to limited knowledge of their epidemiologic and clinical features, these tumors present a challenge to the treating physicians. This study aimed to increase the knowledge about the occurrence of primary lung malignancies in childhood in Germany. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pseudonymized data of cases recorded at the German Center for Cancer Registry Data (ZfKD) between 1990 and 2017 were retrieved. Primary lung malignancies were identified using the ICD- and ICD-O classification. Numbers were compared to those reported to the German Childhood Cancer Registry (GCCR). Crude incidence rates were calculated using the ZfKD database. RESULTS: A total of 168 patients diagnosed with primary lung malignancies in the age below 19 years were identified from the ZfKD. The median age at diagnosis was 13 years. The most common tumor entities were lung carcinoids (n = 49), lung carcinoma (n = 36), and pleuropulmonary blastoma (n = 14). An unexpected accumulation of lung cancer cases was noted in the first year of life without a clearly specified histopathological diagnosis. A substantial discrepancy in the numbers of primary lung malignancies between ZfKD and GCCR was found. CONCLUSIONS: We present population-based data on the occurrence of primary childhood lung malignancies in Germany, which were more frequent than previously anticipated but likely remained underreported. For better understanding and optimal treatment of these entities, cancer registration needs to be improved through mandatory reporting to the GCCR and regular data sharing between GCCR, population-based and clinical cancer registries.

Rare pediatric tumors in Germany - not as rare as expected: a study based on data from the Bavarian Cancer Registry and the German Childhood Cancer Registry.

Very rare pediatric tumors (VRTs) pose a challenge for treating physicians as little is known about the best diagnostic assessment and therapeutic decision-making in these malignancies. A large proportion of these cancers occur in adolescence. Therefore, the established structures of pediatric oncology including cancer registration may partly be circumvented. This may lead to an underregistration in clinical cancer registries of yet unclear extent. The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge on the occurrence of VRTs in pediatric patients in Germany. Pseudonymized data of cases recorded in the Bavarian Cancer Registry (BCR) between 2002 and 2014 were retrieved. VRTs according to the definition of the European Cooperative Study Group for Pediatric Rare Tumors were identified using the ICD and ICD-O classification. The numbers of registered patients were compared to those reported to the German Childhood Cancer Registry (GCCR). 6.3% (n = 290) of all malignancies (n = 4615) in the age below 18 years were classified as VRTs. Median age at diagnosis was 15 years (range 0-17 years). The most common tumor types included malignant melanoma, skin carcinoma, and gonadal tumors. During the same period, 49 pediatric patients from Bavaria with matchable VRTs were reported to the GCCR, accounting for 17% of cases reported to the BCR. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of VRTs in Germany is underestimated in the national GCCR. With this study, we present population-based data on the incidence of VRTs in Germany for the first time. In order to gain additional knowledge about these malignancies, registration of VRTs must be improved through enhanced data exchange between the GCCR, the public cancer registries, and the clinical Registry for Rare Pediatric Tumors (STEP). WHAT IS KNOWN: • Rare pediatric tumors pose a challenge for treating physicians as limited knowledge is available on these malignancies for diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. • Little is known about the frequency of these rare tumors in pediatric patients. WHAT IS NEW: • The frequency of rare pediatric tumors in Germany is distinctly underestimated in the German Childhood Cancer Registry. • We present population-based data on the incidence of these rare pediatric cancers for the first time.

Rare Tumors in Children and Adolescents - the STEP Working Group's Evolution to a Prospective Registry.

Background Very rare tumors (VRT) in children and adolescents have such a low incidence that until recently, they have not been integrated into the clinical and scientific network of pediatric oncology. Data is very limited and consistent treatment strategies are missing. Thus, VRTs are classic orphan diseases. To counteract this problem, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Seltene Tumorerkrankungen in der Pädiatrie (STEP) was founded. Here we report on patient recruitment during the first 10 years. Patients Patients aged up to 18 years and not included in any other clinical trial or GPOH registry were included in this analysis. Methods Data was collected from 2008 to 2018 by means of a standardized form. The recorded diagnoses were descriptively analyzed focusing on histology, localization, and year of report. Results A total of 623 patients with VRTs were registered. During 2008-2014, the annual number of registrations was around 40 and is around 90 since 2015. Most frequent diagnoses included tumors of the skin (n=150), tumors of the gastrointestinal tract (n=102), tumors of the gonads (n=77), the ENT region (n=68), and miscellaneous tumors (n=107). Discussion With the establishment of central structures for clinical consultation and documentation of VRTs, the number of registrations increased. Comprehensively, VRTs are as common as other classic pediatric oncology tumors, but extremely heterogeneous in terms of localization, histology, and prognosis. By a centralized and complete registration and analysis of VRTs, also in collaboration with international partners, it is possible to develop treatment strategies and thus greatly increase treatment quality.

Arsenic trioxide in pediatric cancer - a case series and review of literature.

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has become an established component of treatment protocols for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with excellent efficacy and no relevant sustained toxicity. Part of its action has been attributed to the inhibition of Hedgehog signaling (Hh) which enables a possible therapeutic approach as many pediatric tumor entities have been associated with increased Hh activity. We retrospectively analyzed 31 patients with refractory and relapsed pediatric cancer who were treated with ATO at the University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen. Additionally a literature review on the clinical and preclinical use of ATO in pediatric cancer treatment was performed.ATO alone as well as combinations with other drugs have proven effective in vitro and in mouse models of various pediatric malignancies. However, only few data on the clinical use of ATO in pediatric patients besides APL exist. In our patient sample, ATO was overall well tolerated in the treatment of various pediatric cancers, even in combination with other cytostatic drugs. Due to distinct tumor entities, differently progressed disease stages and varying co-medication, no clear statement can be made regarding the efficacy of ATO treatment. However, patients with proven Hh activation in molecular tumor profiling surpassed all other patients, who received ATO in an experimental treatment setting, in terms of survival. As molecular profiling of tumors increases and enhanced Hh activity can be detected at an early stage, ATO might expand its clinical use to other pediatric malignancies beyond APL depending on further clinical studies.

Characterization of PRAME immunohistochemistry reveals lower expression in pediatric melanoma compared to adult melanoma.

Pediatric melanomas are rare tumors that have clinical and histological differences from adult melanomas. In adult melanoma, the immunohistochemical marker PRAME is increasingly employed as a diagnostic adjunct. PRAME is also under investigation as a target structure for next-generation immunotherapies including T-cell engagers. Little is known about the characteristics of PRAME expression in pediatric melanoma. In this retrospective study, samples from 25 pediatric melanomas were compared with control groups of melanomas in young adults (18-30 years; n = 32), adult melanoma (>30 years, n = 30), and benign melanocytic nevi in children (0-18 years; n = 30) with regard to the immunohistochemical expression of PRAME (diffuse PRAME expression >75%/absolute expression). Pediatric melanomas show lower diffuse PRAME expression (4%) and lower absolute PRAME expression (25%) compared to young adult melanomas (15.6%/46.8%) and adult melanomas (50%/70%). A significant age-dependent expression could be observed. An analysis of event-free survival shows no prognostic role for PRAME in pediatric melanoma and young adult melanoma, but a significant association with diffuse PRAME expression in adulthood. The age dependency of PRAME expression poses a potential pitfall in the diagnostic application of melanocytic tumors in young patients and may limit therapeutic options within this age group. The immunohistochemical expression of the tumor-associated antigen PRAME is an increasingly important diagnostic marker for melanocytic tumors and is gaining attention as a possible immunotherapeutic target in melanoma. As the available data primarily stem from adult melanoma, and given the clinical and histological distinctions in pediatric melanomas, our understanding of PRAME expression in this specific patient group remains limited. The age-dependent low PRAME expression shown here constrains the use of this marker in pediatric melanoma and may also limit the use of immunotherapeutic strategies against PRAME in young patients.

Expression of the tumor antigens NY-ESO-1, tyrosinase, MAGE-A3, and TPTE in pediatric and adult melanoma: a retrospective case control study.

Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are potential targets for T cell-based immunotherapy approaches in cutaneous melanoma. BNT111, an investigational lipoplex-formulated mRNA-based therapeutic cancer vaccine encoding melanoma TAAs NY-ESO-1, tyrosinase, MAGE-A3, and TPTE, is undergoing clinical testing in adults. Expression of these TAAs in pediatric melanoma is unclear but is a prerequisite for feasibility of this treatment approach in children with melanoma. Our main objective was to characterize expression of those TAAs in pediatric melanomas compared to control cohorts. In this retrospective case control study, protein and transcript expression of NY-ESO-1, tyrosinase, MAGE-A3, and TPTE were analyzed in a cohort of 25 pediatric melanomas, 31 melanomas of young adults, 29 adult melanomas, and 30 benign melanocytic nevi in children using immunohistochemical staining and digital pathology (QuPath) and reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Based on IHC analysis, pediatric melanomas expressed tyrosinase (100.0%), TPTE (44.0%), MAGE-A3 (12.0%), and NY-ESO-1 (8.0%). Young adult melanomas expressed tyrosinase (96.8%), NY-ESO-1 (19.4%), MAGE-A3 (19.4%), and TPTE (3.2%). Adult melanomas expressed tyrosinase (86.2%), MAGE-A3 (75.9%), NY-ESO-1 (48.3%), and TPTE (48.3%). Childhood melanocytic nevi only expressed tyrosinase (93.3%). Expression prevalence of individual TAAs did not differ between subtypes of pediatric melanoma, and no association with prognosis was found. All four TAAs were expressed in pediatric melanoma, albeit NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A3 to a lesser extent than in adult melanoma. These data support the possibility of investigating vaccines targeting these TAAs for the treatment of pediatric melanoma.

Bronchial carcinoid tumors in children and adolescents - A report and management considerations from the German MET studies.

OBJECTIVES: Bronchial carcinoid tumors (BC) are exceptionally rare in childhood, with an incidence of <0.2/1,000,000 per year. Typical low-grade BCs are distinguished from atypical, intermediate-grade BCs. Little is known about BCs in pediatric patients and management guidelines are missing. In this study, we explored characteristics and outcome of pediatric patients with BC prospectively registered with the Malignant Endocrine Tumor studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective multicenter study in children, adolescents, and young adults (aged 0-20 years) with BC reported to the German MET registry between January 1997 and December 2022. Data were last updated on 28 of February 2023. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were diagnosed at a median age of 15.0 years (range, 9.8-19.2). Atypical BCs (23.3%) were less frequent than typical, but more common than in adulthood. Lymph node metastases were present in 14.3% of cases (atypical BC: 28.6%, typical BC: 10.5%), distant metastases in one (3.1%) patient with atypical BC. 92.6% of patients were in complete remission after surgical resection (median follow-up: 2.7 years). The patient with metastatic spread and one patient with atypical BC and multiple recurrences were on treatment at last follow-up. 5-year event-free survival of typical BC was 100% and 83.3% in atypical BC. CONCLUSIONS: Completely resected localized BCs in pediatric patients have a favorable outcome also with lung tissue sparing surgery. Atypical BC with risk of metastatic spread and recurrence occurred more frequently compared to adults. Interdisciplinary management and collaborative efforts are needed to improve our understanding and the management of pediatric BC.

Epidemiology and Characteristics of Gastric Carcinoma in Childhood-An Analysis of Data from Population-Based and Clinical Cancer Registries.

(1) Background: Gastric carcinoma is an exceptionally rare tumor in childhood. Little is known about the etiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of pediatric gastric carcinomas. This analysis aimed to fill this gap by increasing knowledge about the occurrence of gastric carcinoma in childhood. (2) Material and methods: Data from gastric carcinoma cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2017/2018 were retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) and the German Center for Cancer Registry Data. Data from patients <20 years of age were analyzed for patient- and tumor-related characteristics. In addition, clinical data from patients with gastric carcinoma registered in the German Registry for Rare Pediatric Tumors (STEP) were analyzed for diagnostics, therapy, and outcome. (3) Results: Ninety-one cases of gastric carcinoma, mainly in adolescents, were identified in the epidemiologic cancer registries. Among patients with recorded staging data, advanced tumor stages were common (66.7%). Within the follow-up period covered, 63.7% of patients with clinical follow-up data died. Eight pediatric patients with gastric carcinoma were enrolled in the STEP registry, among whom two were patients with hereditary CDH1 mutations and another was a patient with Peutz−Jeghers syndrome. Three patients were found to have distinctly decreased immunoglobulin concentrations. All four patients in whom complete resection was achieved remained in remission. Three of the other four patients died despite multimodal therapy. (4) Conclusions: A combination of Helicobacter pylori infection and tumor predisposition and/or immunodeficiency appears to promote the development of gastric carcinoma in childhood. While patients with localized disease stages have a good chance of achieving durable remission through complete resection, patients with stage IV carcinomas face a dismal prognosis, highlighting the need to develop new strategies such as mutation-guided treatments.

Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as individual treatment option in pediatric patients with very high-risk sarcomas.

Background: Prognosis of children with primary disseminated or metastatic relapsed sarcomas remains dismal despite intensification of conventional therapies including high-dose chemotherapy. Since haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) is effective in the treatment of hematological malignancies by mediating a graft versus leukemia effect, we evaluated this approach in pediatric sarcomas as well. Methods: Patients with bone Ewing sarcoma or soft tissue sarcoma who received haplo-HSCT as part of clinical trials using CD3+ or TCRα/ß+ and CD19+ depletion respectively were evaluated regarding feasibility of treatment and survival. Results: We identified 15 patients with primary disseminated disease and 14 with metastatic relapse who were transplanted from a haploidentical donor to improve prognosis. Three-year event-free survival (EFS) was 18,1% and predominantly determined by disease relapse. Survival depended on response to pre-transplant therapy (3y-EFS of patients in complete or very good partial response: 36,4%). However, no patient with metastatic relapse could be rescued. Conclusion: Haplo-HSCT for consolidation after conventional therapy seems to be of interest for some, but not for the majority of patients with high-risk pediatric sarcomas. Evaluation of its future use as basis for subsequent humoral or cellular immunotherapies is necessary.

Clinical trio genome sequencing facilitates the interpretation of variants in cancer predisposition genes in paediatric tumour patients.

The prevalence of pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in genes associated with cancer predisposition syndromes (CPS) is estimated to be 8-18% for paediatric cancer patients. In more than half of the carriers, the family history is unsuspicious for CPS. Therefore, broad genetic testing could identify germline predisposition in additional children with cancer resulting in important implications for themselves and their families. We thus evaluated clinical trio genome sequencing (TGS) in a cohort of 72 paediatric patients with solid cancers other than retinoblastoma or CNS-tumours. The most prevalent cancer types were sarcoma (n = 26), neuroblastoma (n = 15), and nephroblastoma (n = 10). Overall, P/LP variants in CPS genes were identified in 18.1% of patients (13/72) and P/LP variants in autosomal-dominant CPS genes in 9.7% (7/72). Genetic evaluation would have been recommended for the majority of patients with P/LP variants according to the Jongmans criteria. Four patients (5.6%, 4/72) carried P/LP variants in autosomal-dominant genes known to be associated with their tumour type. With the immediate information on variant inheritance, TGS facilitated the identification of a de novo P/LP in NF1, a gonadosomatic mosaic in WT1 and two pathogenic variants in one patient (DICER1 and PALB2). TGS allows a more detailed characterization of structural variants with base-pair resolution of breakpoints which can be relevant for the interpretation of copy number variants. Altogether, TGS allows comprehensive identification of children with a CPS and supports the individualised clinical management of index patients and high-risk relatives.

UV-radiation and MC1R germline mutations are risk factors for the development of conventional and spitzoid melanomas in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Genomic characterisation has led to an improved understanding of adult melanoma. However, the aetiology of melanoma in children is still unclear and identifying the correct diagnosis and therapeutic strategies remains challenging. METHODS: Exome sequencing of matched tumour-normal pairs from 26 paediatric patients was performed to study the mutational spectrum of melanomas. The cohort was grouped into different categories: spitzoid melanoma (SM), conventional melanoma (CM), and other melanomas (OT). FINDINGS: In all patients with CM (n = 10) germline variants associated with melanoma were found in low to moderate melanoma risk genes: in 8 patients MC1R variants, in 2 patients variants in MITF, PTEN and BRCA2. Somatic BRAF mutations were detected in 60% of CMs, homozygous deletions of CDKN2A in 20%, TERTp mutations in 30%. In the SM group (n = 12), 5 patients carried at least one MC1R variant; somatic BRAF mutations were detected in 8.3%, fusions in 25% of the cases. No SM showed a homozygous CDKN2A deletion nor a TERTp mutation. In 81.8% of the CM/SM cases the UV damage signatures SBS7 and/or DBS1 were detected. The patient with melanoma arising in giant congenital nevus (CNM) demonstrated the characteristic NRAS Q61K mutation. INTERPRETATION: UV-radiation and MC1R germline variants are risk factors in the development of conventional and spitzoid paediatric melanomas. Paediatric CMs share genomic similarities with adult CMs while the SMs differ genetically from the CM group. Consistent genetic characterization of all paediatric melanomas will potentially lead to better subtype differentiation, treatment, and prevention in the future. FUNDING: Found in Acknowledgement.

Primary lung carcinoma in children and adolescents: An analysis of the European Cooperative Study Group on Paediatric Rare Tumours (EXPeRT).

BACKGROUND: Primary lung carcinoma is an exceptionally rare childhood tumour, as per definition of the European Cooperative Study Group on Paediatric Rare Tumours (EXPeRT), with an incidence of 0.1-0.2/1,000,000 per year. Little is known about the clinical characteristics of children with primary lung carcinoma, a gap which this joint analysis of the EXPeRT group aimed to fill. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective case series of children (aged 0-18 years) with primary lung carcinoma, as collected through the EXPeRT databases between 2000 and 2021. We recorded relevant clinical characteristics including treatment and outcome. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were identified with a median age of 12.8 years at diagnosis (range: 0-17). Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) was the most frequent entity (n = 20), followed by adenocarcinoma (n = 12), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 4), adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 1) and small-cell lung cancer (n = 1). Patients with MEC presented rarely with lymph node metastases (2/20 cases). Overall, 19/20 patients achieved long-lasting remission by surgical resection only. Patients with other histologies often presented in advanced stages (14/18 TNM stage IV). With multimodal treatment, 3-year overall survival was 52% ± 13%. While all patients with squamous cell carcinoma died, the 12 patients with adenocarcinoma had a 3-year overall survival of 64% ± 15%. CONCLUSIONS: Primary lung carcinomas rarely occur in children. While the outcome of children with MEC is favourable with surgery alone, patients with other histotypes have a poor prognosis, despite aggressive treatment, highlighting the need to develop new strategies for these children, such as mutation-guided treatment.

Primary lung carcinoma in children and adolescents - Clinical characteristics and outcome of 12 cases from the German registry for rare paediatric tumours (STEP).

OBJECTIVES: Primary lung carcinomas are very rare paediatric tumours with an incidence of < 2/1.000.000 per year. They are clinically and histologically heterogeneous, and there are no therapeutic guidelines for this age group. Therefore, they represent a challenge for treating physicians. This analysis was performed to expand knowledge on characteristics, treatment and prognosis of primary lung carcinoma in paediatric patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 2009 and 2019, twelve children and adolescents with lung carcinoma were identified in the prospective German registry for rare paediatric tumours (STEP). Data were analysed for histopathological entities, symptoms, diagnostics, therapy, clinical course and outcome. RESULTS: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) was the most frequent entity (n = 7), followed by adenocarcinoma (n = 2), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; n = 2) and adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 1). Patients presented with non-specific symptoms and often, they were initially mistreated for airway infections. Patients with MEC showed no metastases and were successfully treated with complete resection. Patients with adenocarcinoma and SCC were older than 16 years of age at diagnosis. While patients with SCC presented with distant metastases and died within one year after diagnosis, those with adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma achieved complete remission after multimodal treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Presenting symptoms of lung carcinomas are unspecific and therefore, diagnostic evaluation and treatment are difficult. In the absence of carcinogen exposure, etiology seems to differ from adult lung carcinoma. Children diagnosed with MEC face a favourable outcome. In contrast, patients with prognostically unfavourable adenocarcinoma and SCC might benefit from molecular profiling and targeted therapies. International collaboration for the establishment of treatment protocols adjusted for distinct features of primary lung carcinoma in childhood is essential.

Callosal tissue loss in multiple system atrophy--a one-year follow-up study.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease not only affecting the basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum, and intermediolateral cell columns of the spinal cord but also the cerebral cortex. Clinically, cerebellar (MSA-C) and parkinsonian variants of MSA (MSA-P) are distinguished. We investigated 14 MSA patients (10 MSA-C, 4 MSA-P, men: 7, women: 7; age: 61.1 ± 3.3 years) and 14 matched controls (men: 7, women: 7; age: 58.6 ± 5.1 years) with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to analyze gray and white matter differences both at baseline and at follow-up, 1 year later. Baseline comparisons between patients and controls confirmed significantly less gray matter in MSA in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, and significantly less white matter in the cerebellar peduncles and brainstem. Comparisons of tissue-loss profiles (i.e., baseline versus follow-up) between patients and controls, revealed white matter reduction in MSA along the middle cerebellar peduncles, reflecting degeneration of the ponto-cerebellar tract as a particularly prominent and progressive morphological alteration in MSA. Comparisons between baseline and follow-up, separately performed in patients and controls, revealed additional white matter reduction in MSA along the corpus callosum at follow-up. This was replicated through additional shape-based analyses indicating a reduced callosal thickness in the anterior and posterior midbody, extending posteriorly into the isthmus. Callosal atrophy may possibly reflect a disease-specific pattern of neurodegeneration and cortical atrophy, fitting well with the predominant impairment of motor functions in the MSA patients.

Presentation, diagnosis, and management of multiple system atrophy in Europe: final analysis of the European multiple system atrophy registry.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a Parkinson's Disease (PD)-like α-synucleinopathy clinically characterized by dysautonomia, parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and pyramidal signs in any combination. We aimed to determine whether the clinical presentation of MSA as well as diagnostic and therapeutic strategies differ across Europe and Israel. In 19 European MSA Study Group centres all consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of MSA were recruited from 2001 to 2005. A standardized minimal data set was obtained from all patients. Four-hundred thirty-seven MSA patients from 19 centres in 10 countries were included. Mean age at onset was 57.8 years; mean disease duration at inclusion was 5.8 years. According to the consensus criteria 68% were classified as parkinsonian type (MSA-P) and 32% as cerebellar type (MSA-C) (probable MSA: 72%, possible MSA: 28%). Symptomatic dysautonomia was present in almost all patients, and urinary dysfunction (83%) more common than symptomatic orthostatic hypotension (75%). Cerebellar ataxia was present in 64%, and parkinsonism in 87%, of all cases. No significant differences in the clinical presentation were observed between the participating countries. In contrast, diagnostic work up and therapeutic strategies were heterogeneous. Less than a third of patients with documented orthostatic hypotension or neurogenic bladder disturbance were receiving treatment. This largest clinical series of MSA patients reported so far shows that the disease presents uniformly across Europe. The observed differences in diagnostic and therapeutic management including lack of therapy for dysautonomia emphasize the need for future guidelines in these areas.

Red flags for multiple system atrophy.

The clinical diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA) is fraught with difficulty and there are no pathognomonic features to discriminate the parkinsonian variant (MSA-P) from Parkinson's disease (PD). Besides the poor response to levodopa, and the additional presence of pyramidal or cerebellar signs (ataxia) or autonomic failure as major diagnostic criteria, certain other clinical features known as "red flags" or warning signs may raise the clinical suspicion of MSA. To study the diagnostic role of these features in MSA-P versus PD patients, a standardized red flag check list (RFCL) developed by the European MSA Study Group (EMSA-SG) was administered to 57 patients with probable MSA-P and 116 patients with probable PD diagnosed according to established criteria. Those red flags with a specifity over 95% were selected for further analysis. Factor analysis was applied to reduce the number of red flags. The resulting set was then applied to 17 patients with possible MSA-P who on follow-up fulfilled criteria of probable MSA-P. Red flags were grouped into related categories. With two or more of six red flag categories present specificity was 98.3% and sensitivity was 84.2% in our cohort. When applying these criteria to patients with possible MSA-P, 76.5% of them would have been correctly diagnosed as probable MSA-P 15.9 (+/-7.0) months earlier than with the Consensus criteria alone. We propose a combination of two out of six red flag categories as additional diagnostic criteria for probable MSA-P.

Dopamine transporter positron emission tomography in spinocerebellar ataxias type 1, 2, 3, and 6.

BACKGROUND: The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of autosomal dominant ataxias: some mutations, including SCA1, SCA2, and SCA3, are multisystemic disorders characterized by a variety of noncerebellar symptoms while others, like SCA6, give rise to a pure cerebellar syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To identify impairments of the dopaminergic system and regional changes of glucose metabolism in SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA6. METHODS: We used [11C]d-threo-methylphenidate and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to identify cerebral dopamine terminal loss and specific regional metabolic patterns in SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA6. RESULTS: The binding potential of [11C]d-threo-methylphenidate was reduced in the striatum in SCA2 and SCA3; in contrast to patients with Parkinson disease, no increased susceptibility of the putamen was evident. Decreased regional cerebral glucose metabolism was found in the cerebellum of all patients with SCA, the brainstem of SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, the thalamus and putamen of SCA3, and the parietal cortex of patients with SCA2. A trend toward increased regional cerebral glucose metabolism was found in the temporal cortex of all patients with SCA, pronounced in SCA6. CONCLUSIONS: Specific biochemical patterns point to different mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA6; dopamine terminal loss is severe in SCA2 but distinct from Parkinson disease.