ABSTRACT
Bacterial meningitis is a public health crisis in the northern part of Ghana, where it contributes to very high mortality and morbidity rates. Early detection of the causative organism will lead to better management and effective treatment. Our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Pastorex and Wellcogen latex agglutination tests for the detection of bacterial meningitis in a resource-limited setting. CSF samples from 330 suspected meningitis patients within the northern zone of Ghana were analysed for bacterial agents at the zonal Public Health Reference Laboratory in Tamale using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and two latex agglutination test kits; Pastorex and Wellcogen. The overall positivity rate of samples tested for bacterial meningitis was 46.4%. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis within the sub-region, with positivity rate of 25.2%, 28.2% and 28.8% when diagnosed using Wellcogen, Pastorex and PCR respectively. The Pastorex method was 97.4% sensitive while the Wellcogen technique was 87.6% sensitive. Both techniques however produced the same specificity of 99.4%. Our study revealed that the Pastorex method has a better diagnostic value for bacterial meningitis than the Wellcogen method and should be the method of choice in the absence of PCR.
Subject(s)
Latex Fixation Tests/methods , Meningitis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Meningitis, Bacterial/microbiology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Adolescent , Adult , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Ghana , Humans , Male , Meningitis, Bacterial/cerebrospinal fluid , Meningitis, Haemophilus/cerebrospinal fluid , Meningitis, Haemophilus/diagnosis , Meningitis, Haemophilus/microbiology , Meningitis, Meningococcal/cerebrospinal fluid , Meningitis, Meningococcal/diagnosis , Meningitis, Meningococcal/microbiology , Meningitis, Pneumococcal/cerebrospinal fluid , Meningitis, Pneumococcal/diagnosis , Meningitis, Pneumococcal/microbiology , Predictive Value of Tests , ROC Curve , Reproducibility of Results , Serotyping , Streptococcal Infections/cerebrospinal fluid , Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcus agalactiae/genetics , Streptococcus agalactiae/isolation & purification , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Increases in pneumococcal meningitis were reported from Ghanaian regions that lie in the meningitis belt in 2016-2017, despite introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in 2012 using a 3-dose schedule (6, 10, and 14 weeks). We describe pneumococcal meningitis epidemiology in the Ghanaian Northern and Upper West regions across two meningitis seasons. METHODS: Suspected meningitis cases were identified using World Health Organization standard definitions. Pneumococcal meningitis was confirmed if pneumococcus was the sole pathogen detected by polymerase chain reaction, culture, or latex agglutination in cerebrospinal fluid collected from a person with suspected meningitis during December 2015-March 2017. Pneumococcal serotyping was done using PCR. Annual age-specific pneumococcal meningitis incidence (cases per 100,000 population) was calculated, adjusting for suspected meningitis cases lacking confirmatory testing. FINDINGS: Among 153 pneumococcal meningitis cases, 137 (89.5%) were serotyped; 100 (73.0%) were PCV13-type, including 85 (62.0%) that were serotype 1, a PCV13-targeted serotype. Persons aged ≥5 years accounted for 96.7% (148/153) of cases. Comparing 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 seasons, the proportion of non-serotype 1 PCV13-type cases decreased from 20.0% (9/45) to 4.1% (3/74) (p = 0.008), whereas the proportion that was serotype 1 was stable (71.1% (32/45) vs. 58.1% (43/74); p = 0.16). Estimated adjusted pneumococcal meningitis incidence was 1.8 in children aged <5 years and ranged from 6.8-10.5 in older children and adults. CONCLUSIONS: High pneumococcal meningitis incidence with a large proportion of serotype 1 disease in older children and adults suggests infant PCV13 vaccination has not induced herd protection with this schedule in this high-transmission setting.