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INTRODUCTION: This paper provides a detailed discussion of the psychometric analysis and scoring of a revised measure of sexual function in women with pelvic floor disorders (PFD): the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire, IUGA-Revised (PISQ-IR). METHODS: Standard tools for evaluating item distributions, relationships, and psychometric properties were used to identify sub-scales and determine how the sub-scales should be scored. The evaluation of items included a nonresponse analysis, the nature of missingness, and imputation methods. The minimum number of items required to be answered and three different scoring methods were evaluated: simple summation, mean calculation, and transformed summation. RESULTS: Item nonresponse levels are low in women who are sexually active and the psychometric properties of the scales are robust. Moderate levels of item nonresponse are present for women who are not sexually active, which presents some concerns relative to the robustness of the scales. Single imputation for missing items is not advisable and multiple imputation methods, while plausible, are not recommended owing to the complexity of their application in clinical research. The sub-scales can be scored using either mean calculation or transformed summation. Calculation of a summary score is not recommended. CONCLUSION: The PISQ-IR demonstrates strong psychometric properties in women who are sexually active and acceptable properties in those who are not sexually active. To score the PISQ-IR sub-scales, half of the items must be answered, imputation is not recommended, and either mean calculation or transformed sum methods are recommended. A summary score should not be calculated.
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Pelvic Floor Disorders/complications , Pelvic Organ Prolapse/complications , Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological/diagnosis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Female , Humans , Psychometrics , Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological/etiologyABSTRACT
Background: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is one of the top infectious killer diseases in the world. The emergence of drug-resistant MTB strains has thrown challenges in controlling TB worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the states of Nigeria and the risk factors that can increase the incidence of tuberculosis. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional epidemiological research carried out in the six senatorial districts of Ekiti and Ondo states, Nigeria, between February 2019 and January 2020. A structured questionnaire was administered to 1203 respondents for socio-demographic information, and sputum samples were collected from them for TB investigation. GeneXpert technique was used to diagnose TB from the sputum samples, followed by bacterial isolation using Löweinstein-Jensen medium and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Results: Prevalence of TB in the two states combined was 15 â%; with 13.8 â% for Ekiti state and 16.1 â% for Ondo State. The distribution of TB in the senatorial districts was such that: Ondo South â> âEkiti Central â> âEkiti South â> âOndo North â> âEkiti North â> âOndo Central. The risk factors identified for TB prevalence in two states were gender, male â> âfemale (OR â= â0.548, p â= â0.004); overcrowding (OR â= â0.733, p â= â0.026); room size (OR â= â0.580, p â= â0.002); smoking (OR â= â0.682, p â= â0.019) and dry and dusty season (OR â= â0.468, p â= â0.005). The prevalence of MDR-TB in Ekiti and Ondo States were 1.2 â% and 1.3 â% respectively. The identified risk factors for MDR were education (OR â= â0.739, p â= â0.017), age (OR â= â0.846, p â= â0.048), religion (OR â= â1.95, p â= â0.0003), family income (OR â= â1.76, p â= â0.008), previous TB treatment (OR â= â3.64, p â= â0.004), smoking (OR â= â1.33, p â= â0.035) and HIV status (OR â= â1.85, p â= â0.006). Rifampicin monoresistant was reported in 6.7 â% of the rifampicin-resistant strains, while 93.3 â% were rifampicin polyresistant strains. Two (13.3 â%) of the MDR-TB strains were resistant to all the 3 first-line antimycobacterial agents. All the Rifampicin-resistant TB strains were susceptible to the aminoglycosides (Amikacin, Capreomycin and Kanamycin), also with high susceptibility to the fluoroquinilones: Moxifloxacin (100 â%) and Levofloxacin (86.7 â%). Sixteen (94.1 â%) of the 17 Rifampicin-susceptible strains were susceptible to all the eight antibiotics tested, while one (5.9 â%) was susceptible to Rifampicin and Isoniazid but resistant to the rest antibiotics. Conclusion: The study showed that there is high prevalence of TB and MDR-TB in Ekiti and Ondo States Nigeria, hence, to meet the SDG Target 3.3 of ending TB epidemic by 2030, culturing and antibiotic susceptibility testing should be carried out on every TB-positive sputum and the patients treated accordingly.
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OBJECTIVES: Childbirth is the leading reason for hospitalization in the United States, and maternity related expenditures are substantial for many health insurance programs, including Medicaid. We studied the relationship between primary payer and trends in hospital-based childbirth care. STUDY DESIGNS: Retrospective analysis of hospital discharge data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, a 20% stratified sample of US hospitals. METHODS: Data on 6,717,486 hospital-based births for the years 2002 through 2009 came from the NIS. We used generalized estimating equations to measure associations over time between primary payer (Medicaid, private insurance, or self) and cesarean delivery, vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), labor induction, and episiotomy. RESULTS: Controlling for clinical, demographic, and hospital factors, births covered by Medicaid had lower odds of cesarean delivery (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.91), labor induction (AOR, 0.73), and episiotomy (AOR, 0.62) and higher odds of VBAC (AOR, 1.20; P <.001 for all AORs) compared with privately insured births. Cesarean rates increased 6% annually among births paid by private insurance (AOR, 1.06; P <.001) and less rapidly (5% annually) among those covered by Medicaid. CONCLUSIONS: US hospital-based births covered by private insurance were associated with higher rates of obstetric intervention than births paid for by Medicaid. After controlling for clinical, demographic, and hospital factors, cesarean delivery rates increased more rapidly among births covered by private insurance, compared with Medicaid. Changes in insurance coverage associated with healthcare reform may impact costs and quality of care for women giving birth in US hospitals.
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Delivery, Obstetric/economics , Delivery, Obstetric/trends , Hospitalization/trends , Insurance, Health/economics , Parturition , Adult , Female , Hospitalization/economics , Humans , Insurance Coverage/economics , Pregnancy , Retrospective Studies , United States , Young AdultABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To analyze trends in invasive cervical cancer incidence by age, histology, and race over a 35-year period (1973-2007) in order to gain insight into changes in the presentation of cervical cancer. METHODS: Data from the nine Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries that continuously collected information on invasive cervical cancer were analyzed for trends. Standardized to the 2000 U.S population, annual age-adjusted incidence rates were estimated by race and histologic subtype. Histologic subtype was classified into squamous, adenocarcinoma, and adenosquamous. RESULTS: Overall incidence rates for invasive cervical cancer decreased by 54% over the 35 years, from 13.07/100,000 (1973-1975) to 6.01/100,000 (2006-2007), and the incidence rates declined by 51% and 70.2%, respectively, among whites and blacks. The incidence rates for squamous carcinoma decreased by 61.1% from 10.2/100,000 (1973-1975) to 3.97/100,000 (2006-2007). Incidence rates for adenosquamous cell carcinomas decreased by 16% from 0.27/100,000 (1973-1975) to 0.23/100,000 (2006-2007), and incidence rates for adenocarcinomas increased by 32.2% from 1.09/100,000 (1973-1975) to 1.44/100,000 (2006-2007). This increase in adenocarcinomas was due to an increase in incidence in white women; a decrease in incidence was observed for black women. CONCLUSIONS: Although marked reductions in the overall and race-specific incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer have been achieved, they mask important variation by histologic subtype. These findings suggest that alternatives to Pap smear-based screening, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and HPV vaccination, need to be prioritized if adenocarcinomas of the cervix are to be controlled.