High Anti-Müllerian Hormone Strongly Correlates with Reproductive Outcomes in Women Undergoing Assisted Reproduction.

BACKGROUND: In a retrospective cohort of 881 women with gynecologic and unexplained infertility, we aimed to study the relationship between serum AMH levels and ART outcomes. This retrospective cohort includes 881 infertile women aged 20 - 45 who underwent their first fresh autologous non-preimplantation genetic diagnosis ART cycles between 2012 and 2020. METHODS: We assessed the correlation between AMH levels and reproductive outcomes among infertile women with different causes of infertility (including endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and unexplained infertility). RESULTS: We found a strong correlation between high AMH levels and reproductive outcomes independent of age and the cause of infertility in women undergoing ART. In all patients with gynecologic and unexplained infertility, higher AMH correlated with the improved number of oocytes (p < 0.001), MII oocytes (p < 0.001), good-quality embryos (p < 0.001), chemical pregnancy rate (p < 0.001 in women < 37; and p = 0.002 in women over 37), clinical pregnancy rate (p < 0.05), and live birth rate (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Serum AMH concentrations can be invaluable for predicting ovarian reserve and reproductive outcomes in young and advanced-age infertile patients undergoing ART. However, it should not be used as the sole predictive marker for disqualifying infertile women from ART treatment. Further large cohort studies are warranted to determine an exact cutoff point for AMH to provide an accurate ART success prediction.

The effects of letrozole and clomiphene citrate on ligands expression of Wnt3, Wnt7a, and Wnt8b in proliferative endometrium of women with Polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinologic disorder in women of reproductive age characterized by polycystic ovaries, oligo/anovulation, and hyperandrogenism. Not only anovulation but also endometrial dysfunction can reduce fertility in PCOS patients. Wnt pathway is responsible for endometrial proliferation which be strongly regulated by estradiol. To determine the effects of clomiphene citrate (CC) and letrozole, we measured the expression of some main ligands of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling including Wnt7a, Wnt3, and Wnt8b in the endometrial samples taken from PCOS women on day 12 of the menses who received 100 mg CC or 5 mg letrozole as well as from women without treatment. Significantly, the mean estrogen and progesterone concentration were lower and higher, respectively, in letrozole than CC. The mean endometrial thickness (ET) was significantly greater in letrozole compared to CC. Assessment of the mRNA and protein expression of Wnt7a, Wnt3, and Wnt8b showed significantly lower expression in CC than the letrozole and control groups. Collectively, letrozole provided a better molecular response in the endometrium of PCOS patients during the proliferative phase, similar to natural cycles, compared to CC. CC decreased the ligands expression of Wnt3, Wnt7a, and Wnt8b, resulting in endometrial dysfunction.

In vitro fertilization outcome following embryo transfer with or without preinstillation of human chorionic gonadotropin into the uterine cavity: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Intrauterine injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at embryo transfer (ET) has been shown to improve the outcome of assisted reproductive techniques. The aim of this study was to confirm previous findings. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, 483 infertile women who were candidates for in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) for the first time were randomly assigned to receive an intrauterine injection of 500 IU hCG or placebo (tissue culture media) before ET. The main outcome measures were implantation and clinical pregnancy rates. RESULTS: Both the hCG-treated group (n = 240) and control group (n = 243) were similar at baseline in terms of demographic and obstetrical characteristics. There were significant differences between the two groups regarding the implantation rate (23.6 vs. 12.2%, p < 0.001), pregnancy rate (54.6 vs. 35.8%, p < 0.001), clinical pregnancy rate (50 vs. 32.1%, p < 0.001), ongoing pregnancy rate (15.3 vs. 9.2%, p < 0.001) and live delivery rate (14.3 vs. 8.4%, p < 0.001). The rate of fertilization and abortion rates were not statistically different. CONCLUSION: Intrauterine injection of hCG before ET improves implantation and pregnancy rates and may be considered an adjuvant in IVF/ICSI.

Embryo transfer in days 2 to 4 following intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Improvement of assisted reproductive technique (ART) results in higher pregnancy rates from positive Beta HCG to take home baby statistics. Despite developments in culture media allowing blastocyst stage transfer, some centers apply second, third and sometimes fourth day post injection for embryo transfer. This study aimed to compare their reproductive outcomes. METHODS: This prospective cohort study conducted on 218 infertile couples with at least 4 oocytes retrieved and 2 good quality embryos. They were divided consecutively into 2nd (ET2) or 3rd (ET3) day embryo transfer. Some patients experienced 4rd (ET4) day embryo transfer due to weekend reasons, so we included them in our comparison as well. There were 98, 97 and 23 patients in the aforementioned groups, respectively. Reproductive and pregnancy outcomes were evaluated by Chi square and t-test with the significance level set at α=0.05. RESULTS: Totally, 73 patients (33%) had positive beta HCG and 39.7 percent of them (n=29) experienced pregnancy loss. Positive Beta HCG was detected in 31(31.6%) of ET2 patients, 38 (39.2%) of ET3 patients and 4 (17.4%) of ET4 group. Abortion or pregnancy loss was reported in 9 (29%) of ET2 patients, 18 (47.4%) of ET3 patients and 2 (50%) of ET4 group. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that there may be a higher pregnancy as well as higher abortion in day 3 embryo transfer.

Efficacy of Ethanol Sclerotherapy Versus Laparoscopic Excision in the Treatment of Ovarian Endometrioma.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the recurrence rates of ovarian endometrioma, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and related complications between sclerotherapy and laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy in individuals aged 25 to 38. Methods: Eighty-eight women participated in this retrospective, single-center study between January 2020 and February 2022. Patients received either laparoscopy or sclerotherapy, depending on the opinion of the pertinent physician. In this study, the following parameters were retrospectively analyzed in follow-up visits 2, 6 and 12 months after sclerotherapy and laparoscopy: dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia by visual analog scale, complications following the intervention, and serial pelvic sonograms for endometrioma cyst recurrence. Moreover, serum Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level before and 6 months after sclerotherapy/surgery were analyzed. The collected data were then analyzed using R software. Results: The results demonstrate the efficiency of both sclerotherapy and laparoscopic techniques in reducing endometrioma-related dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia over a 12-month period. There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of complications and recurrence rate between these two therapies, and both are equally beneficial. Also, the rate of AMH decline after laparoscopy was higher than sclerotherapy; however there was not a statistically significant change in serum level of AMH in laparoscopy compared to the sclerotherapy after 6 months. Conclusion: Considering all the data, it appears that sclerotherapy, with its lower cost, shorter hospital stay, and quicker return to activities, can be a laparoscopic alternative to endometrioma cyst removal. More studies are required.

Can Laparoscopic Cystectomy Improve Pregnancy Outcomes in Endometrioma? A Prospective Clinical Trial Study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this prospective study was to compare the ovarian response and pregnancy outcomes
in the infertile women with endometrioma undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in two
groups, who were underwent laparoscopic cystectomy and received gonadotropin releasing hormone-agonist
(GnRH-agonist) and who only received GnRH-agonist without any surgery.
Materials and Methods: In this prospective clinical trial study, 79 infertile women with asymptomatic endometriomas
cyst (2-6 cm) were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups. First group underwent laparoscopic
cystectomy and received GnRH-agonist. Second group only received GnRH-agonist without any surgery. Following
ovulation induction, all patients underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Different parameters
such as the number of retrieved oocytes and embryos; were made our outcomes that analyzed using SPSS.
Results: The pregnancy rate, chemical and clinical, and live birth rate were higher in the combined group,
although these differences were not statistically significant (48.48% vs. 30.8%, P=0.12, 36.36% vs. 25.6%,
P=0.32, 36.36% vs. 23.1%, P=0.29). The number of injections, antral follicles, retrieved oocytes, mature oocytes,
total embryos, transferred embryos and duration of stimulation were similar in two groups.
Conclusion: Laparoscopic cystectomy followed by receiving GnRH-agonist improves pregnancy outcomes in endometrioma
prior to treatment with ART (registration number: IRCT201106116689N2).

The effect of intrauterine hCG injection before embryo transfer on pregnancy rate in frozen embryo transfer cycles.

Objective: HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), which is secreted by cytotrophoblast cells, plays an important role in improving pregnancy outcomes among patients with infertility or related problems. In this study, we evaluate the effect of intrauterine hCG injection prior to frozen embryo transfer on pregnancy outcomes. Methods: In this clinical trial study, among women with infertility problems referred to (XXX) and those with frozen embryos were included in the study. 155 patients in the intervention group received 500 units of hCG while 157 in control group received saline prior to embryo transfer. Along with demographic data, successful in vitro fertilization and clinical pregnancy, loss of pregnancy, successful transplantation, and biochemical parameters were compared among the two groups. Results: The mean age of the patients included in the study was 32.97 ± 3.31 years. The level of anti-Mullerian hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and the grade of frozen embryos were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). The rate of laboratory pregnancy in the intervention group was significantly higher than in the control group (51% vs 35%), p = 0.006. The rate of successful implantation and clinical pregnancy in the intervention group was also significantly higher, p = 0.01 and p = 0.006, respectively. Overall loss of pregnancy in intervention group was 78.1% and 86.0% in control group which was not significantly different, p = 0.068. Conclusion: The outcomes of our study showed that 500 IU of hCG prior to embryo transfer improves the rate of clinical and laboratory pregnancy. However, it does not reduce the rate of loss of pregnancy. Further studies are therefore required in this area.

Estradiol supplementation during the luteal phase in poor responder patients undergoing in vitro fertilization: a randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of adding Estradiol (E2) supplementation to progesterone (P) on improvement of pregnancy outcomes in poor responder patients who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF). METHODS: In a prospective randomized clinical trial, 118 poor responder patients, older than 38 years without contraindications of estradiol consumption from Infertility clinic of a university hospital were randomly divided (by computerized software) into two groups. Control group (59 patients) received only P and intervention group (59 patients) received P and E2 (4 mg/d). Supplementation was done with 4 mg E2 in the luteal phase. Fertilization rate, implantation rate, biochemical and clinical pregnancy rates, abortion rate, ongoing pregnancy, multiple pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy rates were documented for those who completed the study protocol in each group (per protocol analysis) and compared between groups. RESULT: Fifty five patients in control group and 53 patients in intervention group successfully completed the study protocol. Treatment outcomes were not significantly different between two groups. CONCLUSION: For poor responder women who underwent IVF, addition of E2 to P supplementation could not significantly improve pregnancy outcomes.

Astaxanthin Protects Human Granulosa Cells against Oxidative Stress through Activation of NRF2/ARE Pathway and Its Downstream Phase II Enzymes.

OBJECTIVE: Astaxanthin (AST) has been introduced as a radical scavenger and an anti-apoptotic factor that acts via regulating the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and related factors. Here, we intended to examine the effect of AST on granulosa cells (GCs) against oxidative stress by examining NRF2 and downstream phase II antioxidant enzymes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, we used cultured human primary GCs for the study. First, we performed the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test to evaluate cells viability after treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and AST. The apoptosis rate and ROS levels were measured by flow cytometry. To determine NRF2 and phase II enzymes expression, we performed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, we used western blot to measure the protein levels of NRF2 and Kelch-like ECsH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). Enzyme activity analysis was also performed to detect NRF2 activity. RESULTS: This study showed that AST suppressed ROS generation (P<0.01) and cell death (P<0.05) in GCs induced by oxidative stress. AST also elevated gene and protein expression and nuclear localization of NRF2 and had an inhibitory effect on the protein levels of KEAP1 (P<0.05). Furthermore, when we used trigonelline (Trig) as a known inhibitor of NRF2, it attenuated the protective effects of AST by decreasing NRF2 activity and gene expression of phase II enzymes (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results presented the protective role of AST against oxidative stress in GCs which was mediated through up-regulating the phase II enzymes as a result of NRF2 activation. Our study may help in improving in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes and treatment of infertility.

Metformin 2,500 mg/day in the treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome and its effect on weight, hormones, and lipid profile.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of metformin at the dosage of 2,500 mg/day in the treatment of obese women with PCOS and also to evaluate its effect on weight, hormones, and lipid profile. METHOD: This study was a 4-month open-label clinical trial. Sixty-nine PCOS patients aged 20-35 were recruited in the study. Testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), fasting insulin, dehydroepiandrostenedione-sulphate (DHEAS), FBS, LDH, HDL, TG, total cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio were measured before treatment and after 4 months of treatment. RESULTS: Significant reductions in serum insulin, BMI, waist/hip ratio, and LDL were observed. In addition, a significant increase in SHBG was obtained. Over the 4 months of the trial, 12 patients faced nausea, six patients had bloating, five patients had diarrhea and two had headache; none of these symptoms were severe except for two cases that dropped out due to severe vomiting. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that 2,500 mg daily dose of metformin in obese patients with PCOS is effective in the reduction of BMI, waist hip/ratio, LDL, serum insulin and increases SHBG. In general this dose was relatively safe and well tolerated.

Growth Hormone (GH) Improvement of Ovarian Responses and Pregnancy Outcome in Poor Ovarian Responders: A Randomized Study.

Recent evidence has emphasized growth hormone benefits in increasing the ovarian response and improving the pregnancy rate in poor responders (POR), caused by aging, ovarian surgery, chemotherapy and other reasons, undergoing IVF/ICSI. The most important factor in the treatment of POR patients is the quality and quantity of oocytes following ovarian stimulation; thus, efforts should be made to provide opportunities for young patients to improve their fertility and ovarian responses. The use of GH in these patients may offer a promising aid to successful fertility.In the present single-blinded clinical trial, POR patients were randomly assigned to receive one of three regimens: (A) Gonadotropin, a GnRH antagonist and GH from the eighth day of the cycle for about 5 days (n = 34); (B) Gonadotropin, a GnRH antagonist and GH from the third day of the previous cycle for about 20 days (n = 32); and (C) Gonadotropin, a GnRH antagonist, and a placebo from the eight day of the cycle for about 5 days (n = 26). Oocyte quality and pregnancy rates were compared across the three groups. A significantly lower number of collected oocytes, MII oocytes, fertilized oocytes, transferred embryos, and clinical pregnancy rate in the placebo group was noted as compared to the two experimental groups receiving GH. Live clinical pregnancies in B group were significantly greater than in the other groups. Our results together indicate that GH may play an important role in recruitment of dominant follicles and enhance follicular survival and the cell proliferation leading to high- quality embryos. Accordingly, administration of GH can considerably elevate the ovarian response in patients with POR planned to undergo IVF.

Investigation of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) level and ovarian response in infertile women with endometriosis in IVF cycles.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis, can cause ovarian conflict and reduced ovarian reserve that could lead to lower response to assisted reproductive techniques. OBJECTIVE: Current study was conducted to determine the association between level of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) and the infertility treatment outcomes in infertile females with endometriosis versus the non-endometriosis infertile subject. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this case-control study, 64 infertile females who referred to Shariati Hospital from April 2015 to November 2017 were enrolled. They were divided in two groups of 32 patients (endometriosis and non-endometriosis women). The anti-mullerian hormone level among all subjects was determined, treatment outcomes were evaluated and association between these factors was assessed. RESULTS: It was seen that the anti-mullerian hormone (p=0.06), the number of retrieved oocytes (p=0.7) and embryos (p=0.7), implantation rate (p=0.6) and clinical pregnancy rate (p=0.9) were similar between two groups. In patients with stage 3 or 4 endometriosis who had lower serum AMH level significantly (p=0.001) less oocytes were retrieved (p=0.001) and less transferrable embryos (p=0.03) were achieved. However, implantation and pregnancy rates did not differ (p=0.7) (p=0.6). CONCLUSION: Totally, according to the obtained results, it may be concluded that ovarian reserve has more significant role in predicting infertility treatment outcome rather than receptive endometrium.

Low-dose hCG as trigger day and 35 hr later have different ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome occurrence in females undergoing In vitro fertilization: An RCT.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an iatrogenic complication, which can cause high morbidity and mortality. Use of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist instead of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in GnRH antagonist cycles causes luteinizing hormone surge by GnRH stimulation which reduces the risk of OHSS by reducing the total amount of gonadotropin; however, there is no possibility of transferring fresh embryos. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of hCG along with GnRH agonist administration in the occurrence of OHSS and pregnancy rate in females undergoing in vitro fertilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The current randomized clinical trial was conducted on 80 cases in 2 groups. Gonal-F was used to stimulate the oocyte from the second day of menstruation. When follicle size was 12-14 mm, GnRH antagonist was added to the protocol till the detection of more than two follicles greater than 18 mm. Then, GnRH agonist was added to the protocol as a trigger. In group A, 35 hr after the administration of GnRH agonist, the low-dose human hCG, 1500 IU, was used. In group B, low-dose hCG, 1500 IU, was used at the same time by GnRH agonist administration. The rate of pregnancy, OHSS, and its severity were compared between 2 groups within 2 wk. RESULTS: There was no significant difference regarding chemical and clinical pregnancies between the 2 groups. Severe OHSS was significantly higher in group B (p= 0.03). CONCLUSION: Administration of hCG 35 hr after GnRH agonist administration results in lower rate of severe OHSS.

Effect of Increased Endometrial Thickness and Implantation Rate by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor on Unresponsive Thin Endometrium in Fresh In Vitro Fertilization Cycles: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The correlation between endometrial thickness and receptivity has been mentioned in various studies. This study investigated the effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in treating thin endometrium of infertile women who were chosen for in vitro fertilization in our infertility clinic in 2014 and 2015. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 28 women who were chosen for in vitro fertilization and had endometrial thickness of less than 6 mm on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection were included in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups: investigation and control groups. In investigation group (n = 13) one granulocyte colony-stimulating factor vial (300 micrograms in 1 mL) was infused into the uterus within five minutes by embryo transfer catheter. In control group (n = 15) 1 mL of saline was injected into the uterus with the same catheter. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of means of endometrial thickness on oocyte retrieval day (P = 0.001), embryo transfer day (P = 0.001), hCG injections (P = 0.001), and implantation rates (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor can increase endometrial thickness in women treated with in vitro fertilization. RCT Code is 201406046063N2.

Can letrozole plus HMG protocol improve pregnancy outcomes in frozen-thawed embryo transfer? An RCT.

BACKGROUND: There are different methods in endometrial preparation for frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the live birth rate in the artificial FET protocol (estradiol/ progesterone with GnRH-agonist) with stimulated cycle FET protocol (letrozole plus HMG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized clinical trial included 100 women (18-42 years) randomly assigned to two groups based on Bernoulli distribution. Group I received GnRH agonist [Bucerelin, 500µg subcutaneously] from the previous midlutea lcycle, Then estradiol valerat [2 mg/ daily orally] was started on the second day and was increased until the observation of 8mm endometrial thickness. Finally progesterone [Cyclogest, 800 mg, vaginally] was started. Group II received letrozole on the second day of the cycle for five days, then HMG 75 IU was injected on the7th day. After observing [18 mm folliclhCG10000 IU was injected for ovulation induction. Trans cervical embryo transfer was performed in two groups. The main outcome was the live birth rate. The rate of live birth, implantation, chemical, and clinical pregnancy, abortion, cancellation and endometrial thickness were compared between two groups. RESULTS: Implantation rate was significantly higher in group I. Live birth rate was slightly increased in group I without significant difference (30% vs. 26%). The rate of chemical and clinical pregnancy was similar in two groups. The abortion rate was lower in letrozole protocol but the difference was not statistically significant. The mean endometrial thickness was not different between two groups. CONCLUSION: Letrozole plus HMG method cannot improve pregnancy outcomes in frozen-thawed embryo transfer but it has only one injection compare to daily injections in artificial method.

In vitro fertilization outcome in frozen versus fresh embryo transfer in women with elevated progesterone level on the day of HCG injection: An RCT.

BACKGROUND: The effect of elevated progesterone level on human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) day in in vitro fertilization cycles is controversial. Some suppose that rise in progesterone level seems to have a negative impact on implantation and pregnancy by desynchronizing the endometrium, while others disagree. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the superiority of the frozen cycle over fresh cycle on live birth in patients with elevated progesterone level on HCG day. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized clinical trial, 72 women undergoing assisted reproductive technology with elevated progesterone level (≥1.8 ng/dl) on HCG day were included. The participants were grouped by fresh versus frozen embryo transfer, randomly. Finally, the clinical pregnancy and live birth rate were compared. RESULTS: The implantation rate was 21.51%. The clinical pregnancy rate was 47.22% in fresh embryo transfer group (17/36) and 41.66% in frozen group (15/36) (p=0. 40). The live birth rate was not significantly difference between two groups (p=0.56). CONCLUSION: None of the fresh and frozen cycles are superior to the other and we recommend individualizing the decision for each patient. The frozen cycle may impose more emotional stress on patients.

Hysteroscopy: A necessary method for detecting uterine pathologies in post-menopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding or increased endometrial thickness.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the histologic and hysteroscopic findings of post-menopausal women with uterine bleeding and asymptomatic women with increased endometrial thickness equal or more than 5 mm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed between May 2014 and June 2015 on 110 post-menopausal women aged 40-82 years. The women were divided into two groups: Women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB group) and asymptomatic women with increased endometrial thickness (asymptomatic group). RESULTS: Among the participants, 67 women had AUB and 43 women were asymptomatic. In the AUB group sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of hysteroscopy for normal findings were 98%, 100%, 100% and 90%, respectively. In the asymptomatic group, the same parameters were 98%, 100%, 100% and 85%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of hysteroscopy for polyps and myomas were 100%. Also, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 100% in hyperplasia cases found during hysteroscopy in both groups. CONCLUSION: Increased endometrial thickness in postmenopausal women with or without AUB is mostly due to benign lesions such as polyps and submucosal myomas. Hysteroscopy is a safe and reliable method for evaluating and treating these lesions.

Pretreatment Beck Depression Inventory score is an important predictor for post-treatment score in infertile patients: a before-after study.

BACKGROUND: The experience of infertility can be extremely stressful. Some of the risk factors for depression in infertility are being female, repeated unsuccessful treatment cycles or a 2 to 3 year history of infertility, low socioeconomic status, foreign nationality, lack of partner support, life events and previous depression. In this study, we analyzed the Beck Depression Inventory score at the beginning and the end of infertility treatment, to determine which factors may influence the BDI score after treatment of infertility. METHODS: In a before-after study, in a university-affiliated teaching hospital, 251 women who had been visited for assisted reproductive technology infertility treatment participated in the study. BDI score was assessed before and after treatment of infertility. RESULTS: The mean BDI score rose after unsuccessful treatment and dropped after successful treatment. Those with lower education levels had a higher BDI score before treatment. BDI score after treatment was positively correlated with pretreatment BDI scoreand duration of infertility. CONCLUSION: BDI score after treatment was strongly connected to the BDI score before treatment, the result of therapy and to the duration of infertility. The influence of duration of infertility on BDI score after treatment of infertility is weak. So a simple method to screen patients at risk of depression after infertility treatment is determining pretreatment BDI score and predicting the result of infertility treatment by other risk factors.

Low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin adjunct to an antagonist protocol in assisted reproductive technology: a randomized trial study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of adding low-dose hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), as an LH active supplement, to a GnRH antagonist protocol in patients undergoing assisted reproduction techniques. In this parallel-group randomized clinical trial, 137 infertile female outpatients aged 20 - 39 years were randomized into two groups: hCG group and non-hCG group. All patients received r-FSH (150-300 IU) and then a GnRH-antagonist, Cetrorelix (0.25 mg/day). Concomitantly with Cetrorelix, patients in the hCG group received low-dose hCG (200 IU daily), but the patients in the non-hCG group did not. 10,000 IU Urinary hCG (10,000 IU) was injected to all patients, and ICSI was performed after oocyte retrieval. The primary outcome of this study was comparing the pregnancy rates between two study groups. Other differences between two groups such as serum estradiol concentration, fertilization rate, etc. were considered as secondary outcomes. A total of 130 patients completed this trial. No significant difference was detected between pregnancy rates of the two groups (P=0.52) as well as the fertilization, implantation and ongoing pregnancy rates (P=0.11, P=0.75 and P=0.06 respectively). The only significant difference between two groups was a higher concentration of estradiol in the hCG-treated patients (P<0.05). HCG-treated patients experienced a shorter treatment duration and a lower r-FSH required dose than the non-hCG group, but none of these differences were statistically significant (P=0.19 and P=0.10, respectively). The findings of the current study did not support advantages of adding low-dose hCG to GnRH antagonist plus r-FSH protocol in an unselected population of patients. Well-designed trials with a larger sample size for specific patients' subgroups are warranted.

No Superiority of Granisetron Over Metoclopramide in Prevention of Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is considered as one of the most disturbing sequels of surgeries under general anesthesia, which if not controlled appropriately increases post-operative morbidity, nursing burden, and general healthcare costs. In this study, we compared granisetron with its brand Kytril(®) and also with metoclopramide regarding PONV management. METHODS: A total of 180 obstetrics and gynecology patients who underwent surgeries under general anesthesia participated in this prospective study at the Dr. Shariati Teaching Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The patients were randomly assigned to single-dose generic granisetron (40 mcg/kg), Kytril(®) (40 mcg/kg), or metoclopramide (0.2 mg/kg) at the end of the surgery. Two episodes of emetic symptoms (nausea and vomiting) were recorded by a gynecologist who had no knowledge of which treatment each patient had received. This gynecologist observed the patients at three different intervals: 0-6, 6-12, and 12-18 h post-surgery. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-seven patients (76.1 %) underwent hysterectomy and 40 patients (22.2 %) underwent myomectomy. Each group consisted of 60 patients (33 %). The incidence of vomiting in the first 6, 12, and 18 h post-surgery was 22, 15.2, and 13.3 % for granisetron; 18.6, 10, and 8.3 % for Kytril; and 22, 11.9, and 5 % for generic metoclopramide, respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of PONV with any of these agents. CONCLUSIONS: All three anti-nausea and vomiting agents, granisetron, its brand (Kytril), and generic metoclopramide, have a similar effect to manage PONV in obstetrics and gynecological surgeries. Trial registration This trial is registered with www.irct.ir, number IRCT201010134927N1.